Alan T. Rasof explains the four major types of Cerebral Palsy and why it is important that we, as a society, understand the differences and affects of each.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is divided into four major classifications: spastic, ataxic, dyskinetic, and mixed. The most common type is spastic CP, which is caused by damage to the pyramidal region and results in hypertonia, increased reflexes, and an abnormal gait. CP can be caused prenatally by factors like prematurity or infection, perinatally by hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy or kernicterus, or postnatally by infection or trauma. Diagnosis involves assessing for signs of abnormal muscle tone and movement, as well as investigations like brain imaging. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach including management of spasticity, associated issues like seizures
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is caused by non-progressive brain damage early in development and results in impaired movement and posture. Common symptoms include stiff/floppy muscles, poor head/trunk control, and developmental delays in rolling, sitting, crawling, etc. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors, medical history, neurological exam, and developmental tests. While there is no cure, treatment aims to improve function through physical, occupational, speech and other therapies, orthotics, surgery, and special education. Managing complications and providing support are also important aspects of care.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy (CP), including:
1) It defines CP as a group of permanent movement disorders appearing in early childhood, caused by injury to parts of the brain controlling muscle movement.
2) CP can be caused by events before, during, or after birth like infections, complications at birth, brain damage from trauma or lack of oxygen.
3) CP is classified by affected limbs and type of movement disorder like spastic, athetoid, or ataxic.
4) Signs include poor muscle control and coordination, tight muscles, walking abnormalities, and more. Associated problems include visual/hearing issues, feeding difficulties, seizures, and others.
Cerebral palsy can be classified in several ways:
(1) By the region of the body affected, such as hemiplegia which affects one side of the body, diplegia which primarily affects both legs, and quadriplegia which affects all four limbs.
(2) By the type of motor impairment, with spastic cerebral palsy being the most common type and affecting muscle tone, and other types including athetoid, choreiform, ataxic, and rigid.
(3) Temporally based on when the brain injury occurred such as prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal causes. Cerebral palsy results from a non-progressive
This document summarizes a seminar on cerebral palsy that included presentations from multiple speakers. It covered the epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, clinical evaluation and diagnosis, and differential diagnosis and treatment of cerebral palsy. The epidemiology section provided statistics on prevalence, risk factors like preterm birth, and trends over time. The anatomy section described the pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor systems. Pathophysiology focused on causes like periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants. Clinical manifestations included abnormal muscle tone, feeding difficulties, and lack of coordination. Assessment instruments for functional classification like the Gross Motor Function Classification System were also summarized.
Cerebral palsy is a neurological condition that inhibits normal development and causes a lack of motor control. It has several types defined by the affected muscles, such as spastic, athetiod, or ataxic. The causes include developmental malformations or neurological damage before, during or after birth. Symptoms include physical difficulties like poor muscle control and behavioral issues like difficulty concentrating. Treatments involve non-physical therapies like speech and occupational therapy, as well as physical therapy focused on skills like sitting, standing, walking, and using steps.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders caused by brain damage before, during, or shortly after birth that results in impaired motor skills. Early intervention through physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other treatments can help children with cerebral palsy develop motor skills and reach developmental milestones. Risk factors for cerebral palsy include older maternal age, multiple births, smoking during pregnancy, and other medical complications; early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes.
This document provides an overview of various physical disabilities including cerebrovascular accidents, head injuries, spinal cord injuries, disorders of the spine, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, amputation, diabetes mellitus, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. For each condition, it describes symptoms, causes, impairments, terminology, and other key details in brief paragraphs and bullet points. The document is intended as an introductory training module on kinesiotherapy for various physical disabilities.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is divided into four major classifications: spastic, ataxic, dyskinetic, and mixed. The most common type is spastic CP, which is caused by damage to the pyramidal region and results in hypertonia, increased reflexes, and an abnormal gait. CP can be caused prenatally by factors like prematurity or infection, perinatally by hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy or kernicterus, or postnatally by infection or trauma. Diagnosis involves assessing for signs of abnormal muscle tone and movement, as well as investigations like brain imaging. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach including management of spasticity, associated issues like seizures
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is caused by non-progressive brain damage early in development and results in impaired movement and posture. Common symptoms include stiff/floppy muscles, poor head/trunk control, and developmental delays in rolling, sitting, crawling, etc. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors, medical history, neurological exam, and developmental tests. While there is no cure, treatment aims to improve function through physical, occupational, speech and other therapies, orthotics, surgery, and special education. Managing complications and providing support are also important aspects of care.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy (CP), including:
1) It defines CP as a group of permanent movement disorders appearing in early childhood, caused by injury to parts of the brain controlling muscle movement.
2) CP can be caused by events before, during, or after birth like infections, complications at birth, brain damage from trauma or lack of oxygen.
3) CP is classified by affected limbs and type of movement disorder like spastic, athetoid, or ataxic.
4) Signs include poor muscle control and coordination, tight muscles, walking abnormalities, and more. Associated problems include visual/hearing issues, feeding difficulties, seizures, and others.
Cerebral palsy can be classified in several ways:
(1) By the region of the body affected, such as hemiplegia which affects one side of the body, diplegia which primarily affects both legs, and quadriplegia which affects all four limbs.
(2) By the type of motor impairment, with spastic cerebral palsy being the most common type and affecting muscle tone, and other types including athetoid, choreiform, ataxic, and rigid.
(3) Temporally based on when the brain injury occurred such as prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal causes. Cerebral palsy results from a non-progressive
This document summarizes a seminar on cerebral palsy that included presentations from multiple speakers. It covered the epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, clinical evaluation and diagnosis, and differential diagnosis and treatment of cerebral palsy. The epidemiology section provided statistics on prevalence, risk factors like preterm birth, and trends over time. The anatomy section described the pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor systems. Pathophysiology focused on causes like periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants. Clinical manifestations included abnormal muscle tone, feeding difficulties, and lack of coordination. Assessment instruments for functional classification like the Gross Motor Function Classification System were also summarized.
Cerebral palsy is a neurological condition that inhibits normal development and causes a lack of motor control. It has several types defined by the affected muscles, such as spastic, athetiod, or ataxic. The causes include developmental malformations or neurological damage before, during or after birth. Symptoms include physical difficulties like poor muscle control and behavioral issues like difficulty concentrating. Treatments involve non-physical therapies like speech and occupational therapy, as well as physical therapy focused on skills like sitting, standing, walking, and using steps.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders caused by brain damage before, during, or shortly after birth that results in impaired motor skills. Early intervention through physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other treatments can help children with cerebral palsy develop motor skills and reach developmental milestones. Risk factors for cerebral palsy include older maternal age, multiple births, smoking during pregnancy, and other medical complications; early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes.
This document provides an overview of various physical disabilities including cerebrovascular accidents, head injuries, spinal cord injuries, disorders of the spine, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, amputation, diabetes mellitus, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. For each condition, it describes symptoms, causes, impairments, terminology, and other key details in brief paragraphs and bullet points. The document is intended as an introductory training module on kinesiotherapy for various physical disabilities.
Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive brain disorder that causes impaired movement and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, most often before or during birth. The document discusses the definition, prevalence, causes, classifications, clinical presentation, treatments, and management of cerebral palsy. It notes that cerebral palsy affects movement, mobility, communication, learning, self-care and more. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary team approach including physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists and others.
Cerebral palsy is a permanent neurological disorder caused by non-progressive brain damage early in life. It affects movement and posture. The incidence is about 2 per 1000 live births in developed countries and 7 per 1000 in developing countries. Causes include complications during pregnancy, birth injuries, infections, and genetic factors. Treatment is non-curative and aims to improve function through a multidisciplinary approach including physiotherapy, orthopedic management, medications, assistive devices, and early intervention. Prognosis depends on the type and severity of symptoms present.
1. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain. It was first described by William Little in the 1860s. (2) CP can be caused by complications during pregnancy, childbirth, or early childhood. (3) It is characterized by impaired muscle coordination and abnormal muscle tone.
2. There is no cure for CP, but treatment aims to improve symptoms through physical, occupational, and speech therapy, braces or other assistive devices, medications, and sometimes surgery. Nursing care involves promoting optimal development, managing symptoms, educating families, and preventing complications.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy (CP), including:
1. CP is a motor function disorder caused by permanent, non-progressive brain lesions present at birth or shortly after. It causes a lack of muscle control and balance issues.
2. CP has various causes like developmental malformations, neurological damage before/during/after birth from issues like lack of oxygen.
3. There are four main types of CP defined by affected movements: spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed. Spastic CP is the most common.
4. Treatment aims to improve motor skills and independence through therapies, surgeries, medications, assistive devices, and family support
Cerebral palsy is a brain disorder that affects movement and muscle tone. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, which can occur before, during, or shortly after birth. Common symptoms include tight or weak muscles, impaired motor skills, walking difficulties, and problems with coordination or speech. While there is no cure for cerebral palsy, treatment focuses on helping individuals gain independence through physical, occupational, and speech therapy as well as braces, walkers, or wheelchairs. Creating an inclusive classroom environment that meets the specific needs of students with cerebral palsy is also important for their education and development.
This document provides guidance on approaching a pediatric patient with cerebral palsy by outlining what to inspect including positioning, movements, and abnormalities, defines cerebral palsy as a non-progressive brain lesion causing movement and posture disorders, and discusses the types, causes, and multidisciplinary management of cerebral palsy including physiotherapy, medications, and psychosocial support.
This document defines cerebral palsy as a heterogeneous group of motor and posture disorders caused by damage to the developing brain. Common causes include cerebral malformations, infections, prenatal stroke, multiple pregnancies, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Cerebral palsy is typically nonprogressive but clinical manifestations may change with brain development. Types include spastic, dyskinetic, hypotonic, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy. Problems commonly associated with cerebral palsy are mental retardation, learning disabilities, seizures, feeding and gastrointestinal issues, and behavioral/emotional problems.
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture caused by a non-progressive brain insult during fetal or infant development. It has an incidence of 1 in 500 births and is a major cause of childhood disability. The majority of cases are caused by prenatal factors. While there is no cure, prevention through proper antenatal care and fetal monitoring is key. Cerebral palsy manifests through increased muscle tone, involuntary movements, poor coordination, and other motor impairments depending on the type and severity. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach focusing on stimulation, nutrition, therapy, and managing comorbidities like seizures.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood. According to the CDC, about 764,000 children and adults in the US have CP. Each year in the US, around 10,000 babies are born with CP and another 1,200-1,500 preschool-aged children are diagnosed with CP. Boys have a higher prevalence of CP than girls. CP is caused by abnormal development or damage to the brain that affects a person's ability to control his or her muscles. Common symptoms in babies and young children include poor head control, stiff or weak muscles, tremors, poor coordination, and developmental delays. Treatment involves physical, occupational and speech therapy, medications
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy, including its definition, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, classifications, assessments, deformities, diagnostic tests, treatment goals, and treatment options. Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive brain disorder that causes motor impairments in children, including issues with movement, coordination, and muscle tone. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on improving mobility and function through therapies, medications, and sometimes surgery. The goals are maximizing independence and community integration while preventing complications.
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture caused by an injury to the developing brain. It has a variety of presentations ranging from mild motor impairment to severe involvement of the entire body. Risk factors include preterm birth, infections, genetic factors, and complications during delivery. The main types are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and hypotonic cerebral palsy. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on rehabilitation, physical therapy, medications, and surgery to improve symptoms and quality of life. Hydrocephalus is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain which can occur as a complication of cerebral palsy.
This document discusses cerebral palsy (CP), including its causes, types, symptoms, and management. CP is caused by non-progressive brain abnormalities early in development, resulting in motor impairments. The main types of CP are spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic. Spastic CP affects muscle tone and causes stiffness, while dyskinetic CP involves abnormal movements. Management is multidisciplinary and may include therapies, medications, surgery, and assistive devices to address motor skills, communication, daily living activities, and medical complications. The goal is improving function and quality of life for individuals with CP.
This document provides information on cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition, classification, causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches. CP is a non-progressive brain injury early in life that results in impaired motor function. It is classified based on the type of movement abnormality (e.g. spastic, athetoid) and the parts of the body affected (e.g. hemiplegia, diplegia). Common causes include prenatal infections, complications during birth like hypoxia, and postnatal infections. Treatment involves physical therapy, bracing, medication to reduce spasticity, botulinum toxin injections, and surgery to correct musculoskeletal deformities. The goals are to improve motor function, prevent
Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive disorder that affects movement and balance. It is caused by developmental malformations or neurological damage before, during, or after birth. There are four main types of cerebral palsy: spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed forms. Spastic cerebral palsy, which causes stiff movements, is the most common type, affecting 70-80% of people with the condition. Treatment options include both nonphysical therapies like speech and occupational therapy as well as physical therapy techniques and orthopedic surgeries.
This document provides information on cerebral palsy (CP), including what it is, its main types and causes, related conditions, classifications, its discovery by William John Little, and various treatment options. CP is a form of paralysis caused by brain damage, characterized by difficulty controlling voluntary muscles. The three main types are hemiplegia affecting one side of the body, diplegia affecting both legs more than arms, and quadriplegia affecting all four limbs. Causes include prenatal brain defects, birth injuries, infections, and accidents. Treatments include physical therapy, orthotics, surgery, Botox injections, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, massage, yoga, cord blood therapy and more.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to abnormalities in brain development. It is the most common motor disability in childhood, affecting 1 in 303 children in the US. There are four main types of CP: spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed. CP is caused by abnormalities before birth, often due to prematurity or low birth weight. While there is no cure for CP, treatment aims to help individuals be as independent as possible through therapies, medications, and assistive devices. A team approach is needed to manage CP and its related conditions.
A learning disorder is a neurological condition that makes it difficult for individuals to learn in traditional classroom settings. Learning disorders can affect how the brain processes, stores, and outputs information. They are often caused by issues during pregnancy/birth like low birth weight or head injuries after birth. Common signs include difficulties with reading, writing, spelling, math, coordination, memory, and attention. There are several types of specific learning disorders that affect reading, writing, listening, reasoning, and organization. Learning disorders are lifelong conditions that cannot be cured but can be managed through accommodations and specialized instruction.
Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive brain disorder that causes impaired movement and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, most often before or during birth. The document discusses the definition, prevalence, causes, classifications, clinical presentation, treatments, and management of cerebral palsy. It notes that cerebral palsy affects movement, mobility, communication, learning, self-care and more. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary team approach including physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists and others.
Cerebral palsy is a permanent neurological disorder caused by non-progressive brain damage early in life. It affects movement and posture. The incidence is about 2 per 1000 live births in developed countries and 7 per 1000 in developing countries. Causes include complications during pregnancy, birth injuries, infections, and genetic factors. Treatment is non-curative and aims to improve function through a multidisciplinary approach including physiotherapy, orthopedic management, medications, assistive devices, and early intervention. Prognosis depends on the type and severity of symptoms present.
1. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain. It was first described by William Little in the 1860s. (2) CP can be caused by complications during pregnancy, childbirth, or early childhood. (3) It is characterized by impaired muscle coordination and abnormal muscle tone.
2. There is no cure for CP, but treatment aims to improve symptoms through physical, occupational, and speech therapy, braces or other assistive devices, medications, and sometimes surgery. Nursing care involves promoting optimal development, managing symptoms, educating families, and preventing complications.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy (CP), including:
1. CP is a motor function disorder caused by permanent, non-progressive brain lesions present at birth or shortly after. It causes a lack of muscle control and balance issues.
2. CP has various causes like developmental malformations, neurological damage before/during/after birth from issues like lack of oxygen.
3. There are four main types of CP defined by affected movements: spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed. Spastic CP is the most common.
4. Treatment aims to improve motor skills and independence through therapies, surgeries, medications, assistive devices, and family support
Cerebral palsy is a brain disorder that affects movement and muscle tone. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, which can occur before, during, or shortly after birth. Common symptoms include tight or weak muscles, impaired motor skills, walking difficulties, and problems with coordination or speech. While there is no cure for cerebral palsy, treatment focuses on helping individuals gain independence through physical, occupational, and speech therapy as well as braces, walkers, or wheelchairs. Creating an inclusive classroom environment that meets the specific needs of students with cerebral palsy is also important for their education and development.
This document provides guidance on approaching a pediatric patient with cerebral palsy by outlining what to inspect including positioning, movements, and abnormalities, defines cerebral palsy as a non-progressive brain lesion causing movement and posture disorders, and discusses the types, causes, and multidisciplinary management of cerebral palsy including physiotherapy, medications, and psychosocial support.
This document defines cerebral palsy as a heterogeneous group of motor and posture disorders caused by damage to the developing brain. Common causes include cerebral malformations, infections, prenatal stroke, multiple pregnancies, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Cerebral palsy is typically nonprogressive but clinical manifestations may change with brain development. Types include spastic, dyskinetic, hypotonic, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy. Problems commonly associated with cerebral palsy are mental retardation, learning disabilities, seizures, feeding and gastrointestinal issues, and behavioral/emotional problems.
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture caused by a non-progressive brain insult during fetal or infant development. It has an incidence of 1 in 500 births and is a major cause of childhood disability. The majority of cases are caused by prenatal factors. While there is no cure, prevention through proper antenatal care and fetal monitoring is key. Cerebral palsy manifests through increased muscle tone, involuntary movements, poor coordination, and other motor impairments depending on the type and severity. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach focusing on stimulation, nutrition, therapy, and managing comorbidities like seizures.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood. According to the CDC, about 764,000 children and adults in the US have CP. Each year in the US, around 10,000 babies are born with CP and another 1,200-1,500 preschool-aged children are diagnosed with CP. Boys have a higher prevalence of CP than girls. CP is caused by abnormal development or damage to the brain that affects a person's ability to control his or her muscles. Common symptoms in babies and young children include poor head control, stiff or weak muscles, tremors, poor coordination, and developmental delays. Treatment involves physical, occupational and speech therapy, medications
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy, including its definition, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, classifications, assessments, deformities, diagnostic tests, treatment goals, and treatment options. Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive brain disorder that causes motor impairments in children, including issues with movement, coordination, and muscle tone. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on improving mobility and function through therapies, medications, and sometimes surgery. The goals are maximizing independence and community integration while preventing complications.
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture caused by an injury to the developing brain. It has a variety of presentations ranging from mild motor impairment to severe involvement of the entire body. Risk factors include preterm birth, infections, genetic factors, and complications during delivery. The main types are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and hypotonic cerebral palsy. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on rehabilitation, physical therapy, medications, and surgery to improve symptoms and quality of life. Hydrocephalus is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain which can occur as a complication of cerebral palsy.
This document discusses cerebral palsy (CP), including its causes, types, symptoms, and management. CP is caused by non-progressive brain abnormalities early in development, resulting in motor impairments. The main types of CP are spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic. Spastic CP affects muscle tone and causes stiffness, while dyskinetic CP involves abnormal movements. Management is multidisciplinary and may include therapies, medications, surgery, and assistive devices to address motor skills, communication, daily living activities, and medical complications. The goal is improving function and quality of life for individuals with CP.
This document provides information on cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition, classification, causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches. CP is a non-progressive brain injury early in life that results in impaired motor function. It is classified based on the type of movement abnormality (e.g. spastic, athetoid) and the parts of the body affected (e.g. hemiplegia, diplegia). Common causes include prenatal infections, complications during birth like hypoxia, and postnatal infections. Treatment involves physical therapy, bracing, medication to reduce spasticity, botulinum toxin injections, and surgery to correct musculoskeletal deformities. The goals are to improve motor function, prevent
Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive disorder that affects movement and balance. It is caused by developmental malformations or neurological damage before, during, or after birth. There are four main types of cerebral palsy: spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed forms. Spastic cerebral palsy, which causes stiff movements, is the most common type, affecting 70-80% of people with the condition. Treatment options include both nonphysical therapies like speech and occupational therapy as well as physical therapy techniques and orthopedic surgeries.
This document provides information on cerebral palsy (CP), including what it is, its main types and causes, related conditions, classifications, its discovery by William John Little, and various treatment options. CP is a form of paralysis caused by brain damage, characterized by difficulty controlling voluntary muscles. The three main types are hemiplegia affecting one side of the body, diplegia affecting both legs more than arms, and quadriplegia affecting all four limbs. Causes include prenatal brain defects, birth injuries, infections, and accidents. Treatments include physical therapy, orthotics, surgery, Botox injections, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, massage, yoga, cord blood therapy and more.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to abnormalities in brain development. It is the most common motor disability in childhood, affecting 1 in 303 children in the US. There are four main types of CP: spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed. CP is caused by abnormalities before birth, often due to prematurity or low birth weight. While there is no cure for CP, treatment aims to help individuals be as independent as possible through therapies, medications, and assistive devices. A team approach is needed to manage CP and its related conditions.
A learning disorder is a neurological condition that makes it difficult for individuals to learn in traditional classroom settings. Learning disorders can affect how the brain processes, stores, and outputs information. They are often caused by issues during pregnancy/birth like low birth weight or head injuries after birth. Common signs include difficulties with reading, writing, spelling, math, coordination, memory, and attention. There are several types of specific learning disorders that affect reading, writing, listening, reasoning, and organization. Learning disorders are lifelong conditions that cannot be cured but can be managed through accommodations and specialized instruction.
The document discusses how epilepsy is diagnosed and treated. For diagnosis, it is important for doctors to get a clear description of seizures from both patients and witnesses. Tests like brain scans, EEGs, and bloodwork can help diagnose epilepsy but may be normal. A diagnosis usually requires more than one seizure. Treatments include daily anti-seizure medications to stabilize brain activity, though epilepsy cannot be cured. Medication choice depends on seizure type, age, and other factors. Most people's seizures are controlled with one medication, though some require two.
Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the developing brain, which can occur during pregnancy, delivery, or early childhood. Over three quarters of cases result from issues during pregnancy, such as infection, lack of oxygen, prematurity, or genetic factors. Between 40-50% of cerebral palsy cases are in children born prematurely, with risks increasing the earlier the birth. Other risk factors include complications during delivery, low birth weight, infections, and genetic disorders. The main types of cerebral palsy are spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed, defined by the pattern of muscle tone and movement abnormalities.
A stoma bag collects waste from a surgically created opening (stoma) in the abdomen. A stoma may be needed for conditions like cancer or bowel disease. There are three main types of stoma - for the small bowel, large bowel, or ureters. To care for a stoma bag, the area around the stoma must be cleaned gently without rubbing before applying a new bag. The bag flange is cut to size and fitted securely over the stoma to collect waste without leaks. Full bags are emptied into the toilet and disposed of properly.
Feeding tubes are often inappropriately inserted in patients with dementia contrary to their and their families' wishes. Research shows little benefit from aggressive nutritional support via feeding tubes for those with dementia as it does not improve life expectancy, weight, or reduce complications. Feeding tubes should not be used for administrative convenience and have been found to adversely affect quality of life in terminal patients. Hospitals are now reviewing PEG requests with nutrition teams and consultants to appropriately assess if insertion will improve quality of life rather than just prolonging it.
Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures that affects 5-10 per 1000 people, making it one of the most common neurological diseases. Seizures occur when there is abnormal neuronal activity in the brain, resulting in temporary disturbances. Epilepsy has many potential causes including developmental anomalies, head injuries, blood clots or hemorrhages in the brain, genetic factors, as well as various environmental triggers such as chemical exposure, drug or alcohol use, sleep deprivation, stress, and antidepressant withdrawal.
The document discusses the signs and symptoms of autism which can vary widely but generally include difficulties with social communication, speech and language, and flexible or repetitive behaviors. Specifically, it notes problems with social interaction, preferring isolation, lack of pretend play, challenges understanding emotions and communication. Symptoms also involve delays or abnormalities in speech, language use and understanding. Difficulties with nonverbal cues like eye contact and interpreting facial expressions are discussed. The document also describes signs of inflexible or repetitive routines, interests and behaviors like strict schedules, unusual fixations or "stimming".
Pressure sores, also known as decubitus ulcers or bed sores, are localized skin injuries caused by prolonged pressure, friction, or shearing forces that impair blood flow. They commonly form over bony areas of immobilized patients and cost health systems billions annually to treat. Prevention focuses on reducing pressure, moisture, and shearing through frequent repositioning, skin care, nutrition, and devices like air mattresses. Pressure sores are staged from 1 to 4 based on tissue depth involvement and managed accordingly through cleaning, debridement, dressings, and sometimes antibiotics.
How to manage when dealing with people's challenging behaviourDaniel Boyer
A more cohesive way to look at working with "difficult people". 'How to manage when dealing with people's challenging behaviour' provides a foundation to how to work with people with challenging behaviour.
This document provides information on caring for and potential complications of a PEG tube. It describes routinely cleaning and rotating the tube to prevent adherence. Potential immediate complications within 72 hours include hemorrhage, perforation, aspiration or oversedation from the endoscopy, as well as ileus, pneumoperitoneum or wound issues. Delayed complications can include gastric outlet obstruction, buried bumper syndrome, dislodged or blocked tubes, or infections. PEG tubes should be removed if no longer needed, for persistent infections, or failure/deterioration, and the method depends on the tube type.
Epilepsy is defined as two or more unprovoked seizures and is caused by underlying brain dysfunction. It is a common neurological disease with varying prevalence worldwide. The causes of epilepsy are often unknown, though common causes in developed countries include cerebrovascular disease, tumors, alcohol use, and head trauma. Epilepsy results from an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain, which can be caused by structural abnormalities. Diagnosis is based on eyewitness accounts of seizures, which can include generalized convulsions or localized symptoms. Investigations help characterize seizures and guide management.
The document discusses challenging behavior, providing definitions and describing common types. It notes that challenging behavior is influenced by risk factors, ecological factors, setting events, and specific triggers. The consequences of behavior, whether reinforcement or punishment, influence whether the behavior will occur again. Positive behavioral support is presented as a proactive approach for understanding behavior and making environmental changes to reduce challenging behavior over time.
This document provides guidance on manual handling and supporting people. It defines manual handling as transporting or supporting loads by hand or bodily force. It lists examples of supporting people such as getting in/out of bed, bathing, using the toilet, and getting in/out of vehicles. It also outlines relevant legislation and principles for maintaining a healthy spine. Guidelines are provided for hoisting, sliding sheets, transfer boards, and ensuring safety when loads cannot bear weight. Risks of poor manual handling practices are outlined as cuts, bruises, fractures and damage to the musculoskeletal system.
Special education is designed to meet the unique needs of students with disabilities. It involves specially designed instruction, materials, facilities, and services to help students learn skills. The goals of special education are to ensure students with disabilities can be educated effectively and provided with supportive environments. It also aims to support development and adjustment into regular school and community activities. Special education teachers require specialized knowledge and skills to address the individual needs of students with disabilities.
The document discusses challenging behaviors in people with dementia and provides tips for caregivers. It explains that aggressive behaviors can be caused by feelings of fear, frustration, or loss of control. It advises caregivers not to take aggression personally and to remain calm. It also recommends identifying triggers for behaviors and addressing underlying needs or sources of discomfort, such as pain, thirst, or a disrupted routine. The document emphasizes the importance of caregiver self-care and seeking help from professionals if behaviors become difficult to manage.
This document provides definitions and information about seizures and epilepsy. It defines a seizure as a sudden wave of synchronous electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time. Epilepsy is defined as a condition that affects the central nervous system and requires a person to have had at least two seizures not caused by a known medical condition or extremely low blood sugar. The document discusses different types of seizures including partial and generalized seizures, as well as diagnostic testing and treatment options for epilepsy.
Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive neurological condition caused by damage to the developing brain that results in loss of muscle control and movement. There are three main types of cerebral palsy: spastic, which causes stiff movement; athetoid, characterized by involuntary movement; and ataxic, affecting balance and depth perception. Depending on the area of brain damage, people with cerebral palsy may experience muscle tightness, abnormal gait, seizures, and other issues. While there is no cure, medications, exercise, and adaptive equipment can help manage symptoms.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture as a result of damage to the developing brain. It was first described in the 1860s and can be caused by prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal factors that damage the brain such as infection, trauma, or lack of oxygen. The main types of CP are spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and hypotonic. Treatment involves medical management of symptoms, surgery to improve mobility, and rehabilitative therapies like physical, occupational, and speech therapy.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to damage to the developing brain. It was first identified by William Little in the 19th century. While difficult births were originally blamed, Sigmund Freud suggested other prenatal factors were involved. CP can be caused by problems before, during, or after birth. The majority of cases are congenital. Risk factors include preterm birth, low birthweight, infections during pregnancy, and brain injuries. Treatment focuses on improving mobility, function, and development through physical, occupational, and speech therapies. While there is no cure, early intervention can greatly improve quality of life.
Cerebral palsy is defined as a non-progressive disorder of movement, tone, and posture that is caused by a defect or lesion in the developing brain. It commonly causes developmental disabilities like mental retardation, epilepsy, and speech or sensory problems. Around 70% of cases are caused by events before birth like infections, lack of oxygen, or birth defects. The main types are classified by affected limbs and movement disorders, and include spastic, athetoid, and ataxic cerebral palsy. Treatment focuses on early intervention, physical, occupational and speech therapy to reduce effects over time.
1. Cerebral palsy is a motor dysfunction caused by damage to the brain's motor areas, resulting in problems with muscle control and movement.
2. The most common type is spastic cerebral palsy, which causes muscle stiffness. Other types include dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed forms.
3. Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, genetic disorders, infections, and complications during birth. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including physical therapy, medications, surgery, and rehabilitation.
This document defines cerebral palsy and discusses its symptoms, causes, types, diagnosis, and treatments. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the developing brain that affects movement, posture and muscle tone. Symptoms vary but can include poor muscle control or coordination. Treatments focus on improving mobility and function through therapies like physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as medications and surgery. The goal is to help those with cerebral palsy maximize their potential and independence.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to abnormal brain development or brain damage. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood. The symptoms of CP can range from mild, such as walking awkwardly, to more severe, where special equipment is needed or the person cannot walk at all. While the symptoms may change over a person's lifetime, CP does not get worse. CP can be caused before, during, or after birth from issues like infection, lack of oxygen, or head injury. The type and severity of CP depends on which areas of the brain are affected.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a physical impairment that affects movement and motor skills. It is caused by abnormalities in the developing brain, often before birth. Common causes include low birth weight, premature birth, infections, and lack of oxygen. CP affects areas like the cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. It can cause spasticity, ataxia, or dyskinesia. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and may include issues with mobility, muscle tone, coordination, speech, and secondary effects like pain, fatigue, and depression. As people with CP age, secondary effects can worsen earlier than normal. Challenging behaviors are also common, especially for those with intellectual disabilities or
This document provides an overview of movement disorders in paediatrics. It discusses the major categories of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders and some specific disorders including tics, chorea, dystonia, stereotypies, and tremor. For each disorder, it covers typical presentation, age of onset, differential diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment approaches. The document emphasizes that movement disorders in children often require a thorough history and examination to determine if the pattern is abnormal, changed over time, can be suppressed, and if there are other neurological findings or family history of similar conditions.
brain function and stroke facts (simple version)Dora Kukucska
The document provides an overview of the brain, its injuries, and rehabilitation. It discusses that the brain controls all body functions and is composed of three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. Each part performs different functions. Injuries to different areas can result in various deficits. Stroke is described as a common type of brain injury that occurs when blood flow is blocked or bleeding occurs in the brain. Symptoms of stroke vary but usually appear suddenly. Rehabilitation is important for recovery and generally begins in the hospital, with the goal of improving independence. A rehabilitation team provides various therapies to help patients regain abilities.
Habilitation Perspective in the management of Cerebral Palsy.pptxICDDelhi
Institute for Child Development (ICD) is a private company registered under section 25 of company registration act, 1956. ICD is the brain child of Dr. Mansoor Alam, a pediatric developmental specialist who has treated more than 50,000 children with special needs during the last 25 years. ICD is a premier organization which provides the best treatment to children with complex health issues, developmental delay, neurodevelopmental disorders and childhood onset disabilities. ICD’s facility is available to children from birth to 21 years of age. Adult with disabilities are specially supported in case of need. ICD is the only organization in India which practices integrated approach of treatment, named as Multimodal treatment / Combination Therapy for children with developmental disorders. Combination Therapy combines the best available treatments into one treatment plan to get the best result. Researches have proved that combination therapy is better than isolated therapy. In fact, pediatric developmental disorders cannot be treated in isolation. It requires a team of professionals with varied specialization.
Presently ICD has its model centre named as “PediaMed” in Malviya Nagar (South Delhi), New Delhi. The model centre has capacity to treat 100 children in daily basis.
ICD is going to have its branches in the following places
North Delhi
West Delhi
East Delhi
Noida ( UP)
Ghaziabad (UP)
Faridabad (Haryana)
Gurugram /Gurgaon (Haryana)
Bahadurgarh (Haryana)
ICD is open to collaborate with other organizations with similar interests in rest of India
Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive disorder affecting movement and posture, often with associated epilepsy, vision, speech, and intellectual impairments, resulting from brain lesions or defects during development. It is the most common motor disability in childhood, affecting 2-2.5 per 1,000 children in the US. Causes include prematurity, genetic factors, infections, and brain injuries during prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. Common types are spastic diplegia, hemiplegia, and quadriplegia. Diagnosis involves assessing abnormal movements, tone, reflexes and ruling out other causes through history and examination.
The document provides an overview of a presentation on cerebral palsy. It defines cerebral palsy as a non-progressive brain injury leading to motor dysfunction in infants. The main risk factors are prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal issues. Symptoms vary in severity but can include difficulties with movement, muscle tone abnormalities, seizures, and intellectual impairments. There are several types of cerebral palsy defined by the parts of the brain affected. Diagnosis involves parental observation of developmental delays, clinical examination of motor skills, review of medical history, and ruling out other potential causes.
Cerebral palsy is a motor function disorder caused by a permanent, non-progressive brain lesion that is present at birth or shortly thereafter. It is characterized by impaired muscle coordination and tone. The main types are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy. Treatment focuses on rehabilitation, physical therapy, surgery, and assistive devices to improve mobility and function rather than treating the underlying brain damage. The goals are to maximize independence and quality of life.
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of muscle movement and coordination caused by injury to the brain before or during infancy. It affects the part of the brain controlling body movement. Symptoms vary from mild awkwardness to virtually no muscle control and can include muscle tightness, involuntary movements, and difficulties with gross and fine motor skills. While there is no cure, early treatment including physical, occupational and speech therapy can help build strength and function. The goal is to help those with CP live as independently as possible.
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of muscle movement and coordination caused by injury to the brain before or during infancy. It affects the part of the brain controlling body movement. Symptoms vary from mild awkwardness to virtually no muscle control and can include muscle tightness, involuntary movements, and difficulties with gross and fine motor skills. While there is no cure, early treatment including physical, occupational and speech therapy can help build strength and function. The goal is to help those with CP live as independently as possible.
Cerebral palsy is a condition caused by injury to the brain before, during, or after birth that affects muscle movement and coordination. It is the most common physical disability in childhood. The signs and symptoms vary depending on the type and severity but may include difficulties with movement, muscle tone issues, seizures, cognitive impairments, and more. The types are spastic, ataxic, athetoid/dyskinetic, and mixed. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through therapies, medications, surgery, and assistive devices. Prevention emphasizes prenatal care, immunizations, and neonatal care and resuscitation.
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by motor symptoms like bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity. It has multiple causes including Parkinson's disease, which is the most common form. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The motor symptoms are diagnosed based on the presence of two of the four cardinal features - bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. Non-motor symptoms are also common. While there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, treatment aims to manage the motor symptoms and other associated issues through medications and other therapies.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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1. T Y P E S O F C E R E B R A L PA L S Y
C R E A T E D B Y A L A N T. R A S O F
2. • Types of Cerebral Palsy are
classified by which areas of
the brain are affected and
therefore which movement
disorders occur.
• The following movement
disorders are the most
common to those affected
by CP: stiff muscles
(spasticity), uncontrollable
movements (dyskinesia),
and poor balance and
coordination (ataxia).
3. S PA S T I C C E R E B R A L PA L S Y
• The first type of CP, and
the most common, is
called spastic Cerebral
Palsy, which affects 80% of
those diagnosed with CP.
4. • According to the CDC, “People with spastic
CP have increased muscle tone. This means
their muscles are stiff and, as a result, their
movement can be awkward. Spastic CP is
usually described by what parts of the body
are affected,” (cdc.gov).
5. S PA S T I C
D I P L E G I A
• Spastic diplegia predominantly
occurs in the legs and most
who are diagnosed under this
category have normal
movement and range in their
arms.
• Many people who have spastic
diplegia have trouble walking
because their leg and hip
muscles are extremely tight;
and often times their will turn
inward and cross at the knees.
6. S PA S T I C H E M I P L E G I A
• Spastic hemiplegia, on the other hand, affects only one side of
a person’s body and the arm tends to be affected more
heavily than the leg.
7. S PA S T I C
Q U A D R I P L E G I A
• Spastic quadriplegia affects
all four limbs, the trunk, and
the face of a person - it is
the most severe form of
spastic SP.
• Most people who have
spastic quadriplegia cannot
walk at all and have
developmental disabilities,
difficulty with their vision,
and seizures.
8.
9. D Y S K I N E T I C
C E R E B R A L PA L S Y
• Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy is
the second type of CP.
• Those who have dyskinetic
CP have difficulty
controlling movement of
their legs, feet, arms, and
hands, which results in
having trouble walking and
sitting down.
10. • According to the CDC, “Sometimes the
face and tongue are affected and the
person has a hard time sucking, swallowing,
and talking. A person with dyskinetic CP
has muscle tone that can change (varying
from too tight to too loose),” (cdc.gov).
11. ATA X I C C E R E B R A L PA L S Y
• The third type of
Cerebral Palsy is ataxic,
which correlates with
balance and
coordination.
• Those diagnosed with
this type of CP usually
have a hard time with
quick movements, or
movements that require
stability.
12. M I X E D
C E R E B R A L
PA L S Y
• Last, mixed Cerebral
Palsy is the fourth
type of CP, and
happens to those
who are affected by
more than one type
of CP.
13. • Most commonly, spastic-
dyskinetic CP occurs as a
mix, resulting in an
individual’s increased
muscle tone and difficulty
controlling movement in
their hands, arms, feet,
and legs.
14. • It is important that we are
all aware of these different
types of Cerebral Palsy so
that research can be
conducted to help ease
pain and aid in controlling
muscle movements on an
individual scale.
• Each human being is
affected differently by their
CP, and the more we can
understand as a society,
the more help we can
offer.