This document provides an overview of various physical disabilities including cerebrovascular accidents, head injuries, spinal cord injuries, disorders of the spine, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, amputation, diabetes mellitus, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. For each condition, it describes symptoms, causes, impairments, terminology, and other key details in brief paragraphs and bullet points. The document is intended as an introductory training module on kinesiotherapy for various physical disabilities.
Physical disability is an incapability/
disability on a person’s physical
performance, ability to move, dexterity
or stamina. Other physical disabilities
include impairments which limit other
facets of daily living, such as
respiratory disorders, blindness, and
epilepsy and sleep disorders.
Physical disability is an incapability/
disability on a person’s physical
performance, ability to move, dexterity
or stamina. Other physical disabilities
include impairments which limit other
facets of daily living, such as
respiratory disorders, blindness, and
epilepsy and sleep disorders.
This PPT aims to help the learner to give insight about Multiple Disabilities, Types of Multiple Disabilities, Causes of Multiple Disabilities, Treatment for Multiple Disabilities, Teaching Method of Multiple Disabilities.
Uploading this presentation for ACADEMIC WRITING (SWAYAM) assignment. it is about hearing problems and the data is collected from various sites, books and journals.
It discuss on what is physically challenged, causes, symptoms, types, treatment, Orthopedically handicapped, Sensory handicapped, Neurologically handicapped, Handicapped due to systemic diseases, Morbidity/Physically Challenged, TEACHERS’ APPROACHES
This PPT aims to help the learner to give insight about Multiple Disabilities, Types of Multiple Disabilities, Causes of Multiple Disabilities, Treatment for Multiple Disabilities, Teaching Method of Multiple Disabilities.
Uploading this presentation for ACADEMIC WRITING (SWAYAM) assignment. it is about hearing problems and the data is collected from various sites, books and journals.
It discuss on what is physically challenged, causes, symptoms, types, treatment, Orthopedically handicapped, Sensory handicapped, Neurologically handicapped, Handicapped due to systemic diseases, Morbidity/Physically Challenged, TEACHERS’ APPROACHES
Children with disabilities: concept of disability, definitions, categories, causes, rights, health and community care, prevention, community-based rehabilitation.
Complete peripheral nerve disease is not a common term, but it may refer to a severe form of peripheral neuropathy, which is a condition that affects the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral neuropathy can cause numbness, pain, weakness, and other symptoms in the hands, feet, or other parts of the body. There are many possible causes of peripheral neuropathy, such as diabetes, infections, injuries, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to toxins.
This PPT includes information about the disease and conditions related to lumbosacral plexus.The PPT is made from the trusted books of neurology and google is the source for the great images.
Kinesiotherapy is defined as the application of scientifically based exercise principles adapted to enhance the strength, endurance, and mobility of individuals with functional limitations, or those requiring extended physical conditioning.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA, Stroke)
• Loss of brain functions due to oxygen deprivation
• Oxygen deprivation occurs as result of a blockage or hemorrhage
• Blockage (Ischemic type) – caused by a clot (thrombus or
embolus) that occludes a blood vessel; accounts for 80% of all
strokes
• Hemorrhage – blood vessel bursts, often from an aneurysm;
accounts for 20% of all strokes
• Second leading cause of death worldwide
• Result in varying degrees of neurological impairment
• Ischemic strokes tend to result in greater neurologic loss, but also
tend to have a higher survival rate
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 3
5. CVA
• Risk factors for stroke include:
• Advanced age
• Diabetes
• Elevated cholesterol levels
• Smoking
• Hypertension (the most modifiable risk factor)
• Stroke Characteristics:
• Left brain lesion results in right side impairment
• Right brain lesion results in left side impairment
• Speech, memory, and vision are often impaired as well
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 5
6. CVA
• Terminology
• Hemiparesis – partial paralysis on one side, often resulting in
diminished motor skills
• Hemiplegia – paralysis in on one side, often resulting in loss of
motor skill
• Aphasia – partial or total loss of the ability to express or understand
verbal or written language
• Lability - uncontrollable emotional outbursts
• Apraxia – inability to perform purposeful movements, but not
accompanied by a loss of sensory function or paralysis
• Ataxia - inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 6
7. Head Injury
• Closed Head Injury – an injury to the brain caused by an external source
that imposes an acceleration, a deceleration, or rotational force
• Open Head Injury – an injury to the brain caused by a penetrating wound
• Symptoms depend upon the region of the brain that is injured
• Impairment as a result of brain injury:
• Physical – motor weakness, imbalance, spasticity
• Cognitive – impaired short term memory, perceptual function, and
decision making
• Behavioral – emotional outbursts, impulsivity
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 7
8. Spinal Cord Injury
• The spinal cord is an elongated cylindrical mass of nervous tissue that is
enclosed in the spinal canal of the vertebral column
• Between 17 or 18 inches long in the average adult
• Extends from the base of the brain to about the 1st or 2nd lumbar
vertebra
• Nerves descending below the ending of the spinal cord form the Cauda
Equina, before exiting to periphery
• Cervical and lumbar enlargements are noted, to accommodate the cell
bodies (lower motor neurons) for upper and lower extremities
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 8
10. Spinal Cord Injury
• Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
• Results from a lesion (injury) to the spinal cord, disrupting motor
function and sensation below the level of the lesion
• Classified according to the spinal level of the lesion, (i.e. injury at the
6th thoracic vertebra is classified as a T6 injury)
• Complete - injury that results in the complete loss of function below
the point of injury
• Incomplete - injury in which some feeling or movement is still evident
below the point of injury
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 10
11. Spinal Cord Injury
• Spinal Cord Injury
• Paralysis – inability to move a body part due to injury or disease of the
nerves that supply the involved muscles
• Plegia - true paralysis
• Paresis - significant weakening of the affected muscle(s)
• Causes:
• Trauma – the majority of SCI (gunshots, car/diving accident, etc)
• Infections – (viral, bacterial) polio, transverse myelitis, meningitis, etc
• Tumors – both benign and malignant
• Exposure to toxins
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 11
13. Spinal Cord Injury
• Complications:
• Motor loss
• Sensory loss
• Incontinence
• Decubitus ulcers
• Spasticity
• Urinary tract infections
• Respiratory illness
• Quadriplegia - lesion above T1 (1st thoracic vertebra)
• Involves any injury in the cervical spine
• Effects all four extremities, and trunk
• Paraplegia – lesion at T1 or lower
• Involves any injury from the 1st thoracic vertebrae down to the coccyx
• Effects both lower extremities
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 13
17. Disorders of the Spine
• Spinal Stenosis – progressive narrowing of the spaces in the spine, resulting
in compression of nerve roots or spinal cord by bony spurs or soft tissue
such as discs in the spinal canal
• Most often occurs in the lumbar spine, but can occur in the cervical
region; less frequently in the thoracic region
• Can cause pain or numbness in legs, back, neck, shoulders or arms; limb
weakness and
incoordination; loss of sensation
in extremities; problems
with bladder or bowel function
• Commonly caused by age-related
changes in the spine (osteo-
arthritis, disk degeneration,
thickened ligaments)
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 17
18. Disorders of the Spine
• Spondylolysis – a defect or fracture of the pars interarticularis (posterior
part of the spine)
• Pars joins together the upper and lower joints of the vertebra
• Spondyolisthesis - anterior or posterior displacement of one vertebra or
vertebral segment in relation to the vertebra below
• Usually occurs because there is a spondylolysis in the vertebra on top
• Can occur anywhere in the spine, but is most common in the lower
spine
• Displacement can cause pressure on spinal cord or nerve roots
• Ankylosing spondylitis - inflammation of the facet joints between
vertebrae; eventually causes the affected spinal bones to fuse
• Usually begins between the ages of 20 and 40; affects men more often
than women
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 18
20. Disorders of the Spine
• Herniated Disc - the inner disc material (nucleus), seeps through a crack in
its outer shell (annulus)
• Bulging Disc - a bulge in the annulus
• Occurs when the outer shell of a spinal disc weakens to the point where
pressure causes it to bulge
• Scoliosis - the sideways curvature of the spine
• Kyphosis - rounding forward of the upper spine
• Spina Bifida - incomplete closure of the bony spinal column; leaves a
portion of the membranes or spinal cord exposed
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 20
21. Disorders of the Spine
• Radiculitis - inflammation of a nerve root, synonymous with radicular pain
• Radicular Pain – pain which radiates along the dermatome (sensory
distribution) of a nerve due to inflammation or other irritation of the nerve
root from its connection to the spinal cord
• Radiculopathy - chronic injury of spinal nerve roots caused by nerve
compression or irritation
• Most common in lower back (lumbar radiculopathy) and neck (cervical
radiculopathy)
• Numbness, tingling, weakness, loss of motor function, and radiating
pain are some of the common symptoms
• Pain is often described as sharp and radiating; worsens with activity or
change in position
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 21
22. Multiple Sclerosis
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS) – a progressive neurologic disease characterized
by a loss of myelin (demyelinization)
• Myelin – the coating of nerve fibers
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 22
23. Multiple Sclerosis
• Often results in continual loss of physical functions with progressive
weakness, spasticity, and impaired coordination; can also affect speech and
vision
• Often marked by periods of exacerbations and remissions
• Exacerbations – symptoms worsen
• Remission – symptoms diminish or stabilize
• Excessive heat exacerbates negative symptoms
• Therapeutic exercise cannot reverse or halt the disease progression;
however exercise can help maintain musculoskeletal function so that the
patient can more effectively maintain functional independence
• Persons are prone to early muscular fatigue, so exercise progression should
avoid over-fatigue
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 23
24. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
• Guillain-Barre Syndrome – rare inflammatory disorder, causes symmetrical
paralysis and loss of reflexes; usually begins in the lower extremities, then
progresses upward
• An autoimmune disorder (the body’s immune system attacks itself)
• Results in destruction of the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerves
• Often occurs after a respiratory infection, or may be triggered by a
vaccination
• Weakness and numbness begin in the distal extremities and
progressively worsen as symptoms move toward the trunk
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 24
25. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
• Paralysis can progress to impair respiration
• If early symptoms are severe, there is a significant increase in risk for
serious long-term complications
• Outcome usually very good when symptoms abate within 3 weeks of
initial onset
• Complete recovery noted in 70-80% of cases, but recovery can take
weeks, months, or years; 20-30% have incomplete recovery
• Up to 10 percent of people will experience a relapse
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 25
26. Myasthenia Gravis
• Myasthenia Gravis – a non-progressive disease of unknown origin
• Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder
• Onset can be sudden or gradual
• No known cure but treatment efforts are often favorable
• Often goes into remission for long periods
• Results in extreme fatigue and muscular exhaustion
• Muscular fatigue worsens as the day progresses
• Patterns of weakness usually begin in the face and spread to the other body
parts
• An initial symptom is ptosis ( drooping eye lid) that exacerbates as the day
progresses
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 26
27. Myasthenia Gravis
• Muscular fatigue worsens as the day progresses (cont.)
• Other symptoms include double vision, speech impairments, and
difficulty chewing
• As symptoms spread, the shoulders and thighs become weak and can
eventually impair the muscles of respiration
• Symptoms get worse with repeated use and improve with rest
• Shortness of breath can lead to respiratory failure if proper treatment is not
administered
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 27
28. Amputation
• Amputation – the cutting off of a limb or part of a limb
• Major causes of amputation:
• Peripheral vascular disease – leading cause
• Particularly linked to smoking and diabetes
• Seen mostly in elderly
• Trauma – second leading cause
• Most related to motor vehicle accidents and gunshot wounds
• Young males represent the largest population group
• Lower extremity amputation sites:
• Toe
• Ray - toe and part of the corresponding metatarsal
• Transmetatarsal – through the metatarsal
• Lisfranc - amputation of the foot at the tarsometatarsal joint
• Chopart - removes the forefoot and midfoot, saving talus and calcaneus
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 28
29. Amputation
• Lower extremity amputation sites:
• Ankle disarticulation (Symes) – through the ankle
• Transtibial (BK - below knee)
• Knee disarticulation – through the knee
• Transfemoral (AK - above knee)
• Hip disarticulation – through the hip
• Hemipelvectomy – partial pelvis removal
• Hemicorporectomy – both lower limbs and all of pelvis removed
• Phantom Limb Sensation - any sensory phenomenon (except pain) which is
felt below an amputation site
• Phantom Limb Pain - mild to extreme pain felt in the area below the
amputation site; can be extremely agonizing
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 29
31. Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes Mellitus – A chronic disease in which the body either doesn’t
produce enough insulin or can’t use its own insulin efficiently
• Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas, an organ near the
stomach
• Insulin is needed to convert sugar and other food into energy
• This causes elevated blood glucose levels
• Type 1 Diabetes – juvenile onset, insulin dependent
• Type 1 is irreversible
• Type 2 Diabetes – Non-insulin dependent, primarily adult onset, but can
affect children
• Type 2 can be reversed or minimized through diet, exercise, and weight
control
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 31
32. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) – also known as Lou Gehrig’s
Disease
• Chronic, progressive, fatal disease characterized by degeneration of
both upper and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord
• As motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control
muscle movement is lost, affecting voluntary muscle action
• Generally results in total paralysis during the latter stages of the
disease
• Symptoms generally appear in the 4th or 5th decade of life
• Average life span is 8 years from the onset of the disease
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 32
33. Parkinson's Disease
• Parkinson’s Disease (paralysis agitans)- progressive movement disorder
caused by degeneration in areas of the cerebrum resulting in a decreased
production of dopamine
• Characterized by:
• Tremors
• Rigidity
• Slow voluntary movements (bradykinesia)
• Postural instability
• Muscle weakness
• Occurs when cells in one of the movement-control centers of the brain begin
to die for unknown reasons
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 33
35. Huntington's Disease
• Huntington’s Disease – inherited genetic disorder of the CNS,
characterized by progressive mental and physical deterioration, eventually
resulting in death
• Caused by a dominant gene, which when inherited the gene from one
or both parents, causes a 50% likelihood of developing the disease
• HD is also known as Huntington’s Chorea
• Chorea (dyskinesia) - a neurological disorder causing abnormal
involuntary movements
• Chorea comes from the Greek word for dance
• Chorea – restless, wiggling, turning bodily movements
• Chorea movements - uncontrollable and irregular muscle movements,
especially of the arms, legs, and face
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 35
36. Huntington's Disease
• Symptoms
• Can begin at any age from infancy to old age, but usually arise
between 35 and 44 years of age
• Earliest symptoms are a general lack of coordination and unsteady gait
• As the disease advances, uncoordinated jerky body movements become
more apparent, and behavioral and psychiatric problems increase
• Physical abilities are gradually impeded until coordinated movement
becomes very difficult to impossible
• Mental abilities generally decline into dementia
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 36
37. Alzheimer's Disease
• Alzheimer’s Disease – disabling neurological disorder resulting in dementia,
characterized by dysfunction and death of specific cerebral neurons
• Most serious form of dementia
• Results in widespread intellectual impairment and personality changes
• A significant pathological marker for the disease is the presence of
neurofibrillary tangles in specific portions of the brain
• Most important known risk factor is age
• The number of people with AD doubles every 5 years beyond age 65
• Forgetfulness is an early sign, then short term memory loss, progressing
to long term memory loss, and finally, total memory loss
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 37
39. Lupus
• Lupus – chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder affecting the
connective tissue
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - can affect any part of the body,
but most often harms the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver,
kidneys, and nervous system
• The course of the disease is unpredictable with periods of illness
(called flares) alternating with remissions
• Common complaints include fever, malaise, muscle pain, fatigue,
and temporary loss of cognitive abilities; joint pain especially in the
wrists, small joints of the hands, elbows, knees, and ankles is also
common
• Cutaneous (discoid) - version of the disease that is limited to the skin;
characterized by a rash that appears on the face, neck, and scalp; does
not affect internal organs
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 39
40. Lupus
• Characterized by sensitivity to direct sunlight; must avoid overheating
• More common in women; can occur at any age, but is usually diagnosed
between the ages of 15 and 40.
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 40
41. Arthritis
• Arthritis - joint disorder characterized by arthralgia , swelling, stiffness,
and redness
• Arthralgia – severe joint pain, extending along a nerve or group of
nerves
• Involves breakdown of articular cartilage
• Cartilage - dense, elastic, fibrous connective tissue composed of
collagen fibers and/or elastin fibers
• Cartilage is contained in various joint structures, the outer ear,
larynx, and various other body structures
• Over 100 different types of arthritis exist; the most common types are:
• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 41
43. Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type
• Chronic degenerative disorder primarily affecting the articular cartilage
of synovial joints
• Eventually results in bone remodeling, with spurs and lipping
overgrowth at the joint margins
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - an autoimmune, chronic, inflammatory,
systemic disease; initially attacks the synovial membrane within a joint
• Systemic - relating to or affecting the entire body or an entire organism
• Inflammation of the synovial membrane leads to the destruction of the
articular cartilage
Illness, Injuries, Diseases 43