RADAR is used for air traffic control and aircraft surveillance. It operates in the UHF and SHF bands using frequencies between 1-30 GHz. There are several types of RADAR used in aviation including en-route surveillance radar to track aircraft up to 300 NM, terminal approach radar for precision tracking near airports, and surface movement radar to monitor aircraft and vehicle movements on runways and taxiways. RADAR can use primary surveillance to detect aircraft via reflected pulses or secondary surveillance where aircraft transmit identification codes in response to interrogation signals.
This slideshow was made for an invited talk at a local radio club that took place in early 2013. It introduces the methods of navigation and gives overview on the role of aerodrome and airspace traffic control.
This powerpoint has some copyrighted materials which I don't have copyright for. Please msg/comment to let me know so I can amend/delete it.
This slideshow was made for an invited talk at a local radio club that took place in early 2013. It introduces the methods of navigation and gives overview on the role of aerodrome and airspace traffic control.
This powerpoint has some copyrighted materials which I don't have copyright for. Please msg/comment to let me know so I can amend/delete it.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) power point Presentation for aircraftPrabhat K.C.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) is a measuring device using ground and air components to determine the slant range of an aircraft from a point.
It is a radio navigation technology that measures the slant range (distance) between an aircraft and a ground station by timing the propagation delay of radio signals in the frequency band between 960 and 1215 megahertz (MHz).
A ppt for a general introduction to the Electronic flight instrument system used in modern aircraft cockpits it may be helpful for Easa part 66 module preparation.....
Aviation communication system - TelecomAcadmey.comHamza Arif
Aviation or Air transport system both refers to the activities surrounding air craft and mechanical flights industry. Aircraft includes fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air craft such as balloons and airships.
Application of secondary surveillance RADAR in Identification-friend or foe (IFF) technology. Finds a very important application in defence (military) domain
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) power point Presentation for aircraftPrabhat K.C.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) is a measuring device using ground and air components to determine the slant range of an aircraft from a point.
It is a radio navigation technology that measures the slant range (distance) between an aircraft and a ground station by timing the propagation delay of radio signals in the frequency band between 960 and 1215 megahertz (MHz).
A ppt for a general introduction to the Electronic flight instrument system used in modern aircraft cockpits it may be helpful for Easa part 66 module preparation.....
Aviation communication system - TelecomAcadmey.comHamza Arif
Aviation or Air transport system both refers to the activities surrounding air craft and mechanical flights industry. Aircraft includes fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air craft such as balloons and airships.
Application of secondary surveillance RADAR in Identification-friend or foe (IFF) technology. Finds a very important application in defence (military) domain
The Airport Surveillance Radar is a radar system used at airports to detect and display the position of aircraft in the terminal area. We have tried to analyse the basic setup of its operation used at every airport, the problems and challenges faced by the system and possible modifications in the technology.
Instrument Landing System is a system installed in the aeroplanes for a safe landing. This slide includes all the necessary details about the system, components, installations, working, upgradations.
Tutorial Content
This tutorial provides a broad-based discussion of radar system, covering the following topics:
-Introduction to Radars in Military and Commercial Applications
-Radar System Block Diagram
-Radar Antennas (slotted waveguide array, planar array), Transmitter (magnetron, solid-state), Receiver, Pedestal and Radome
-Plot Extraction, Tracking Algorithms and Display
-Radar Range Equation, Detection Performance
-Wave Propagation and Radar Cross Section
-Emerging and Advanced Radar Systems (phased-array, multi-beam, multi-mode, FMCW, solid-state)
In the discussion, practical systems, technical specifications and data will be used to enhance learning.In addition, simulation results will also be used to present findings.
The objective of the tutorial session is to equip participants with solid understanding of radar systems for system level applications and prepare them for advanced and professional radar courses, projects and research.
This tutorial is designed and developed based on the following references:
[1] G. W. Stimson, Introduction to Airborne Radar Second Edition, Scitech Publishing, 1998.
[2] L. V. Blake, A Guide to Basic Pulse-Radar Maximum-Range Calculation, NRL Report 6930, 1969.
[3] K. H. Lee, Radar Systems for Nanyang Technological University, TBSS, 2014.
topics covered are ASMGCS, HF transmitters an S-band radar. this ppt is useful for students who are taking summer training at Airports Authority of India.
Radars are very complex electronic and electromagnetic systems. Often they are
complex mechanical systems as well. Radar systems are composed of many different
subsystems, which themselves are composed of many different components. There is a great
diversity in the design of radar systems based on purpose, but the fundamental operation and
main set of subsystems is the same.
Airport authority of india, delhi industrial training college submission report on nav-aids, asmcgs,VHF with completer description and images and tables with proper alignment and data is complete.
Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April 1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India. The merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and airspace in the country. It manages 133 airports and covers 2.8 million square nautical miles area which includes the oceanic area of 1.7 million square nautical miles.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
3. • Introduction
• RADAR Frequencies
• RADAR Applications
• Types of RADAR
Topics To Be Covered
4.
5. Introduction
• RADAR is stand for Radio Detection And
Ranging and was developed prior to World
War II.
• Today RADAR is extremely important in civil
aviation.
• It is used by ATC to monitor and control
numbers of aircrafts in airspace as well as by
pilot for weather warning and navigation.
6. Radar Frequencies
• Radar operates on UHF and SHF - Super High
Frequency (1 GHz - 30 GHz).
• RADAR systems are in SHF bands because:
a) These frequencies are free from disturbance.
b) Higher frequency, shorter wavelength,
RADAR more effective.(shorter wavelengths
are reflected more efficiently.)
7. RADAR Applications
RADAR has a wide range applications including
1. Ground RADAR : extensively used by Air
Traffic Control to separate aircrafts.
2. Airborne Weather RADAR: used by pilots. It
provide pilots with information regarding
weather ahead.
9. 1) En-Route Surveillance Radar (RSR)
• En-Route Surveillance Radars (RSR) are long
range radars which the signal goes to 300 NM.
• It operates with frequency between 1 to 2
GHZ.
• It used for airway surveillance to provide
range and bearing of aircraft.
**Surveillance: close observation, especially of
a suspected spy or criminal.
10. 2) Terminal Approach Radar (TAR)
• TAR is a high definition radio detection
device which provides information on
identification, air speed, direction and
altitude of aircraft to assist air traffic
controllers to track the position of aircraft in
the air within the vicinity of the airport.
• This radar gives the air traffic controller a
better or true picture of all aircraft flying in
his control zone.
12. Working of PSR :
• Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) transmits a
high power signal.
• When a signal strikes an object or target, some
signal energy is reflected back and is received
by the radar receiver.
• RADAR receiver will plot the direction and the
distance of the target (aircraft) from the radar
station.
• Thus, the ATC could know the position of
aircraft. through the RADAR display.
Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR)
14. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
Working of SSR :
• Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) transmits
an interrogation signal which is received by
the target aircraft.
• The aircraft transponder sends back a coded
reply to the ground radar equipment.
• From the coded signal, information of the
aircraft’s call sign, altitude, speed and
destination.
• SSR requires an aircraft to be fitted with
transmitter/receiver called as transponder.
15. How SSR Works?
• The ground secondary radar transmits 1030MHz signal.
• The aircraft radar receives on 1030MHz and transmits back
0n 1090MHz.
• The transponder reply is more powerful than the reflected
radar signal allowing for far greater range. (250nm).
16. 3) Surface Movement Radar (SMR)
• SMR installed at airport (at top of ATC tower
building) to provide a very accurate radar
display in all weathers and conditions of
visibility. (operate with frequency 18-40Ghz)
• SMR radar display can show all of airfield
infrastructure including aircraft movements on
runway, taxiway and apron.
• It is designed to provide clear display of all
aircraft on runway or taxiway so that ATC can
ensure runway are clear for take-off/landing
and also guide aircraft to apron in order.
18. RADARS USED IN ATC
• Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)
• Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR)
• Airport Surface movement Detection
Equipment (ASDE)/Advanced Surface
Movement Guidance & Control System
(ASMGCS)
• Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
• Mono-pulse Secondary Surveillance Radar
(MSSR)
Editor's Notes
Radar is an object detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft &ships.Radar uses include:Air traffic control:Precision approach and landing guidance to aircraft.Weather Forecasting / Severe weather detectionMeasuring ocean surface wavesPolice detection of speeding trafficSatellite
Super High FrequencySHF3 GHz - 30 GHz0.10m - 0.01m
The need to be able to identify aircraft more easily and reliably led to another radar development SSR-Secondary Surveillance was developed in the late 1960s. It was another form of radar surveillance that receives transmission reflections every few seconds. However, these reflections provide much more data than in primary surveillance. These reflections are digitized messages that report each aircraft's identifications and altitude.These information are transmitted back by the Aircraft’s Transponder on the 1030 MHz back to the ground SSR’s Antennae
Radar operates on the 3,000 to 10,000 MHz frequency bands. (super high frequency SHF)Electromagnetic energy radiating outward from a source is reflected back by objects in its path.The time difference between transmission (trace) and reflection (echo) is measured giving an accurate indication of an objects distance.Distance, azimuth, and elevation can be used to fix the objects position in three dimensional space.Signal timing is critical to accuracy. (one microsecond error results in a distance error of almost 500ft.)As a result position accuracy is directly related to the accuracy of the timing device used.An enormous amount of energy must be transmitted in order for even a small amount to be reflected back.Radar must be very powerful as a transmitter and very sensitive as a receiver.This powerful transmitter would completely overpower the receiver. The problem is corrected by alternating the transmit and receive functions at very brief intervals (signal sharing) and at very high rates. (at a range of 40nm radar cycles between transmitting and receiving approx. 800 times/sec.) SHF waves are subject to line-of-sight limitations, which limit range and create problems with terrain masking.Radar has difficulty differentiating between different types of objects.It will show returns from aircraft, terrain, precipitation, flocks of birds, built up areas such as cities.-Primary Surveillance is a form of radar surveillance developed after World War II. It relies on the "skin effect," which is the reflection of the transmitted radar signal from the aircraft's metallic skins. Thus, air traffic controllers were able to observe the horizontal position of the aircraft.Determines the position of contacts by measuring and displaying reflected radio frequency signals from the contacts.The information is displayed to the user on an oscilloscope. (scope)Detects and reports reflections of aircraft, weather, flocks of birds, built-up areas, and terrain.It is a short range radar effective to 80nm.There is no way to tell one aircraft from another without having the pilots verify position.
The SSR interrogates aircraft by means of pulse trains forming questions (interrogation mode). Aircraft transponder interpret these questions and transmit back the pulse train which are replies that contain information relate to questions (interrogation). SSR receivers capture these signals and transform them for analysis and processing. SSR is complement to the primary radar as it provide ATC with additional info about aircraft such as aircraft’s call sign, altitude, speed and destination.SSR requires an aircraft to be fitted with transmitter/receiver called as transponder.Secondary Radar The principles of operation of primary radar and some of the factorswhich affect a radar’s performance have been illustrated. Some of the effects can beminimised by using Secondary Radar techniques. The principle of measuring range from atime delay is still applicable, but the target plays an active role.The interrogating radar unit sends out a pulse (interrogation pulse). When this pulse isdetected at the target, it triggers a transmitter to respond, sending a signal back to theinterrogator. This signal will be stronger than an echo, will not be dependent on how well thetarget has reflected the energy and could be coded with additional information.
-Secondary Surveillance was developed in the late 1960s. It was another form of radar surveillance that receives transmission reflections every few seconds. However, these reflections provide much more data than in primary surveillance. The transponder is a radio receiver and transmitter which receives on one frequency (1030 MHz) and transmits on another (1090 MHz).