This document provides an overview of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). It discusses the history of TCAS, which began development in the 1970s following several mid-air collisions. It then describes the components and functions of TCAS, including how it detects intruder aircraft, issues traffic advisories and resolution advisories, and uses specific symbology in its displays. The document also outlines pilots' and air traffic controllers' responsibilities during TCAS advisories to maintain safety. In summary, TCAS is an airborne collision avoidance system that monitors nearby aircraft and issues alerts to pilots if there is a potential collision threat.
This slideshow was made for an invited talk at a local radio club that took place in early 2013. It introduces the methods of navigation and gives overview on the role of aerodrome and airspace traffic control.
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This slideshow was made for an invited talk at a local radio club that took place in early 2013. It introduces the methods of navigation and gives overview on the role of aerodrome and airspace traffic control.
This powerpoint has some copyrighted materials which I don't have copyright for. Please msg/comment to let me know so I can amend/delete it.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations.
CAS is a system designed to help prevent rear‐end collisions with vehicles which are stationary or travelling in the same direction.
It uses visual and audio warnings to prompt the driver to take preventative action.
It also initiates braking if the driver fails to respond to the warnings.
There are generally two kinds of safety systems in automobiles:-
Passive safety – seatbelts, airbag system
Active safety – impact sensors, radar detection
CAS is a system designed to help prevent rear‐end collisions with vehicles which are stationary or travelling in the same direction. Several studies have shown that driver distraction or inattentiveness is a factor in the great majority of rear end accidents. The system is aimed at alerting the driver to an imminent rear end collision both at low speeds, typical of urban driving, and at higher speeds typical of rural roads and highways.
Abstract—Collision warning and collision avoidance systems are emerging automotive safety technologies that assist drivers in avoiding rear-end collisions. Their function is to allow the driver enough time to avoid the crash and yet avoid annoying the driver with alerts perceived as occurring too early or unnecessary. The purpose of this paper is to review various mechanisms under development or developed rear end collision avoidance of automobiles. Some of the reviewed work include an automatic braking system that safely stops an automobile while approaching an obstruction to avoid collision. Another separate but related system is to have a detection device, which alerts the driver in case the automobile veers off the road by crossing either the centre or side painted lines. The braking system senses an obstacle, calculates the relative distance and applies the variable brakes automatically to maintain a safe distance. Warning devices and sensor mechanisms used in obstacle avoidance systems are also reviewed. With the expansion in road network, motorization and urbanization in the country, the number of road accidents have surged. Road traffic injuries (RTIs) and fatalities have emerged as a major public health concern, with RTIs having become one of the leading causes of deaths, disabilities and hospitalizations which impose severe socio-economic costs across the world. Motor vehicle population has grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10 per cent 2000-2009, during fuelled by a rising tide of motorization. Concomitantly, traffic risk and exposure have grown. During the year 2010, there were around 5 lakh road accidents, which resulted in deaths of 134,513 people and injured more than 5 lakh persons in India. These numbers translate into 1 road accident every minute, and 1 road accident death every four minutes. The total number of accidents can be reduced through the safety systems installed in vehicles. However, it was found that many traditional safety measures are reducing their effectiveness.
Air traffic controlling machine that will enable pilots to know the other planes that are in their range. thus helping pilots to avoid collision between them.
“Sense and avoid”-what’s required for aircraft safety?
sensor and safety
aircraft safety using sensors
sensors for safety of people and aircraft traffic
seminar presentation
descriptive presentation
To help ensure safe flights, air traffic controllers enforce a minim.pdfarihantpuneteleshope
To help ensure safe flights, air traffic controllers enforce a minimum time interval between
takeoffs. Explain why this time interval between takeoffs can be shortened if the wind has a
cross-runway component ( as opposed to blowing directly down the runway)?
Solution
Answer :
Use different types of air traffic pattern.
Procedures in the pattern[edit]
Aircraft are expected to join and leave the pattern, following the pattern already in use.
Sometimes this will be at the discretion of the pilot, while at other times the pilot will be directed
by air traffic control.
There are conventions for joining the pattern, used in different jurisdictions.
Similarly, there are conventions for departing the pattern.
There is also a procedure known as an \"orbit\", where an aircraft flies a 360° loop either
clockwise or anticlockwise. This is usually to allow greater separation with other traffic ahead in
the pattern. This can be the result of a controller\'s instruction. If at the pilot\'s initiative, the pilot
will report e.g. \"(tail number or flight number) making one left-hand orbit, will advise
complete\".
To practice take off and landing, a pilot would often fly many patterns, one after another, from
the same runway. Upon each landing, depending on the runway distance remaining, aircraft and
pilot capabilities, noise abatement procedures in effect, and air traffic control clearance, the pilot
will perform either a full stop landing (taxi to the runway beginning for subsequent take-off), a
touch-and-go (stabilize in the landing roll, reconfigure the aircraft for take-off, and take-off
without ever stopping the aircraft), or a stop-and-go (decelerate to a stop, then take-off from the
remaining runway). In the U.S., when operating in a controlled airport a pilot can be cleared for
the option, allowing any of the landing options above, or a rejected landing, at pilot\'s discretion.
Time interval importance in radar system.
Radar coverage
Since centers control a large airspace area, they will typically use long range radar that has the
capability, at higher altitudes, to see aircraft within 200 nautical miles (370 km) of the radar
antenna. They may also use TRACON radar data to control when it provides a better \"picture\"
of the traffic or when it can fill in a portion of the area not covered by the long range radar.
In the U.S. system, at higher altitudes, over 90% of the U.S. airspace is covered by radar and
often by multiple radar systems; however, coverage may be inconsistent at lower altitudes used
by unpressurized aircraft due to high terrain or distance from radar facilities. A center may
require numerous radar systems to cover the airspace assigned to them, and may also rely on
pilot position reports from aircraft flying below the floor of radar coverage. This results in a
large amount of data being available to the controller. To address this, automation systems have
been designed that consolidate the radar data for the controller. This consolid.
PRESENTATION BY P. XEFTERIS AND C. DIONISIO FOR THE ITALIAN INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION. IT PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF ISSUES RELATED TO OPERATIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR CARGO TRANSPORT UAVs OVER 150kG MGTW
Design & application of cdo for ahmedabad airport within ahmedabad tmaARVIND KUMAR SINGH
ICAO has emphasized on aviation safety, air navigation capacity and efficient environmental protection by strategic objective. ICAO also focused on the development and implementation on PBN, CDO and CCO for sustainable growth of aviation. Global Air Navigation Plan (2013-2028) provides methodology for integrated aviation planning and increased importance of collaborations and partnership among stakeholders. GANP outlined the implementation issues involving the PBN all over the world. In line with ICAO objective, this focuses on CDO procedure at Ahmedabad airport.
Trial CDO has been implemented but no formal procedure for airlines operator has yet been promulgated at various Indian airports including Ahmedabad Airport. Area and Approach are physically located at same place and trained controllers provide these services on rotation basis at Ahmedabad airport. Air Traffic Services provided with surveillance tools. STARs and SIDs were introduced in year 2008 at Ahmedabad Airport. Ahmedabad Airport has medium density traffic of aircraft movement, average 150 schedule aircraft movement per day and approx 75 scheduled arrivals per day. Due to non availability of published procedure limited Continuous Descent Operations are being performed by the arrivals, at Ahmedabad Airport.
This emphasises on analysis of traffic pattern on arrival routes for possible implementation of CDO is existing arrival procedures and study of existing CDO procedure, analysis of cost benefit, fuel efficiency and carbon emission for Ahmedabad airport.
Design & Application of Continuous Descent Operation (CDO) procedure in Ahmedabad TMA for Ahmedabad Airport will provide more efficient airspace & arrival routes, reduction in pilot –controller work load, cost saving to airlines operators and environmental benefits through reduced fuel burn.
With good CDO procedure, initially minimum 65% of arrivals are expected to perform CDO at Ahmedabad leading to saving of cost of operations and carbon emission, in addition to brand and image building of AAI as ANSP at Ahmedabad. The experience gained will also help AAI extend such procedure to other medium to light density traffic airports and subsequently all airports in line with ICAO Guidelines and requirement.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Traffic Alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS)
1. Traffic Alert and Collision
Avoidance System
Presentation By:-
Arvind Kumar Singh
1Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System5/14/2016
2. History
CAS is known as TCAS and internationally as ACAS
(Airborne Collision Avoidance System)
Series of midair collisions led to airline and governmental
action to develop airborne devices that function
independent of air traffic control (ATC) for alerting and
collision avoidance
Early attempts (late 50s-60s) for reliable systems proved
to be impractical
Mid 70s Beacon Collision Avoidance System (BCAS)
became the basis for TCAS interrogation and tracking
capabilities
Aircraft must have operating transponder for TCAS to
provide collision avoidance protection
5/14/2016 2Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
3. Major Midair Accidents
1956 Grand Canyon, AZ — United DC-7 / TWA L-1049 (128 fatalities)
1960 New York, NY — United DC-8 / TWA L-1049 (134 fatalities)
1978 San Diego, CA — PSA B-727 / Cessna 172 (144 fatalities)
1986 Cerritos, CA — Aeromexico DC-9 / Piper PA-28 (82 fatalities)
1996 Charkhi Dadri, India — Saudi B-747 / Kazakhstan IL-76 (349 fatalities)
1997 Namibia (off-coast) — USAF C-141 / German AF Tu-154 (33 fatalities)
2002 Überlingen, Germany — Bashkirian Tu-154 / DHL B-757 (71 fatalities)
5/14/2016 3Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
4. TCAS
• An airborne system that interrogates transponders in other
aircraft.(Independently of Ground based equipment)
• From the replies received, the system analyzes the
intruding
Aircraft’s altitude (if altitude reporting),
Closure rate,
Projected flight path to predict a penetration
• Displays the other aircraft visually
To alert any potential threats of airspace conflict.
Report a resolution advisory (RA) only if the other
transponder is transmitting an altitude.
5/14/2016 4Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
5. Terminology
•Closest Point of Approach (CPA):
Predicted point in space at which the intruder will be closest to aircraft.
• Intruder
An SSR transponder equipped aircraft within the surveillance range.
Recognizes as a potential threat
•Traffic Advisory
Indication given to the flight crew that a intruder is a potential threat
and entering protected airspace
20-48 seconds from CPA
•Resolution Advisory
Maneuver intended to provide separation from all threats
Maneuver restriction intended to maintain existing separation
15-35 seconds from CPA
5/14/2016 5Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
6. TCAS – System Description
TCAS uses on-board surveillance to
detect transponder-equipped traffic and
provides:
Traffic Display and Traffic Alerts (TA) for
situational awareness of close aircraft
Resolution Advisories (RA) with vertical
guidance
Alerts are based on both projected:
Time to Closest Point of Approach (CPA)
Miss distance less than
600 to 800’ depending on altitude
(vertical miss distance)
0.2 to 1.1 NM depending on altitude
(horizontal miss distance)
RAs are selected to achieve or maintain
adequate vertical distance (300 – 700’)
and minimize pilot response/vertical
deviations
5/14/2016 6Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
7. Standardized Symbology for
Traffic Display
Own-aircraft. Airplane-like symbol, in
white or cyan.
Other Traffic, altitude unknown.
Unfilled diamond in white or cyan
Proximate Traffic, 1100 feet above and
descending. Filled diamond in white or
cyan
Traffic Advisory (TA), 900 feet below
and level. Filled yellow/amber circle.
Resolution Advisory (RA), 500 feet
below and climbing. Filled red square.
5/14/2016 7Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
9. Functions of TCAS II
•Surveillance
Interrogations at 1030 MHz and respond at 1090 Mhz.
Reliable surveillance to a range of 14 NM and in traffic densities of up to
0.3 aircraft per square NM.
•Generation of TA
•Threat Detection
•Generation of RAs
•Coordination
•Communication with Ground Stations
5/14/2016 9Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
10. Salient Features of TCAS
Collision Avoidance System
Predicts time to and separation at the intruders CPA using
Range
Closer rate
Altitude and vertical speed
Issue TA
If further close, will issue RA ( Five second crew reaction
time to achieve separation)
Display different traffic symbols , changes colour and shape
depends upon urgency
Can track 45 aircraft and display 30 of them
21 aircraft in a 5 NM radius, can provide advisory
5/14/2016 10Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
11. Alerting Threshold Values
TCAS alerts based on time to closest approach and time to being co-
altitude (tau)
All RAs are inhibited below 1,000’ AGL
Fixed distance alerting thresholds are also used in some situations
Many parallel runway operations
500’ IFR/VFR separation when both aircraft are level
TCAS does not consider IFR/VFR status or pilot intentions
5/14/2016 11Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
12. Transition from Passive to Active Surveillance
5/14/2016 12Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
15. Ground Estimation Logic
• Aircraft is below 1750 ft AGL.
• Ground level estimate is
subtracted from the pressure
altitude received from each Mode
C equipped aircraft.
to determine each aircraft above
the ground.
• If this difference is less than 360
feet, TCAS considers the reporting
aircraft to be on the ground.
5/14/2016 15Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
16. Resolution Advisory
RA Sense Selection
Selection of Non-crossing
RA Sense
5/14/2016 16Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
18. Concept of Operation
• TCAS creates a “bubble” of protected airspace around aircraft.
• TCAS begins to “track” other transponder equipped aircraft.
• At approx 40 NM out other transponder equipped aircraft can be
displayed on the active PFD/MFD (or depends upon range).
• At 30 approx NM a data-link is established with other Mode S
transponders to begin conflict resolution planning.
• At 20 to 48 seconds prior to CPA a TA is issued.
• AT 15 to 35 seconds from CPA an RA is generated.
• If the RA is ignored, the crew response is too slow, or the conflict
traffic alters its course a corrective RA is issued.
• When the traffic is no longer a threat TCAS announces “CLEAR
OF CONFLICT”.
5/14/2016 18Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
20. Carriage of Airborne Collision Avoidance
System(GEN-1.5)
Unless otherwise authorized by DGCA , no person shall
operate in the Indian airspace , an aeroplane having a
maximum certified passenger seating configuration of
more then 30 or maximum payload capacity of more then
3 tonne.
After 31st December 1998, if it is not equipped with an
approved TCAS II and
After 1st Jan 2003, if it is not equipped with an approved
TCAS II with change 7 (equivalent to ACAS`)
After 1st Jan. 2002 for the purpose of registration and
operation within, to and from India shall be fitted with
TCAS II with change 7
5/14/2016 20Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
21. Operational Circular 4 of 2002
All crew must reduce the aircraft rate of climb or
descent as applicable
500 ft per minute or less when the airplane is 2000 ft
to level off altitude.
5/14/2016 21Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
22. Controller’s Responsibilities
• If an aircraft responding to a TCAS RA
Do not issue control instructions that are contrary to the RA,
which crew are executing.
Provide safety alerts regarding terrain or obstructions and traffic
advisories
• Unless advised by other aircraft to responding to a TCAS RA,
Do not assume that the other aircraft in proximity involved in the RA
Continue to provide control instructions, safety alerts, and traffic
advisories as appropriate to such aircraft.
5/14/2016 22Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
23. Controller’s Responsibilities
• Issue traffic advisories
• Except more RAs, when working aircraft that climb descend quickly.
• Controller is not responsible for providing standard separation
between the aircraft that is responding to an RA and any other
aircraft, airspace, terrain, or obstructions.
• Responsibility for standard separation resumes when-
The responding aircraft has returned to its assigned altitude.
The flight crew informs that the TCAS maneuver is completed and
standard separation has been established.
The responding aircraft has executed an alternate clearance and
standard separation has been re-established.
5/14/2016 23Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
24. Phraseologies
Circumstances Phraseologies
After a flight crew starts to deviate from any ATC
clearance or instruction to comply with an ACAS
resolution advisory (RA)
* TCAS RA;
ROGER;
After the response to an ACAS RA is completed
and a return to the ATC clearance or instruction
is Initiated
*CLEAR OF CONFLICT,
RETURNING TO (assigned
clearance);
ROGER (or alternative
instructions);
After the response to an ACAS RA is completed
and the assigned ATC clearance or instruction
has been resumed
* CLEAR OF CONFLICT
(assigned clearance) RESUMED;
ROGER (or alternative
instructions);
After an ATC clearance or instruction
contradictory to the ACAS RA is received, the
flight crew will follow the RA and inform ATC
directly
* UNABLE, TCAS RA;
ROGER;
5/14/2016 24Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System
25. Thank You
for your patience
25Traffic Alret and Collision Avoidance System5/14/2016