1) Biotechnology can help improve agricultural productivity and address issues caused by climate change such as increasing temperatures, reduced arable land, and declining crop yields. 2) Traits related to heat, drought, and pest/disease tolerance can be engineered into crops using biotechnology to help them adapt to changing conditions caused by climate change. 3) Adopting biotechnology and more sustainable farming practices such as no-till can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and increase carbon sequestration in soils.

1. Biotechnology as a tool for improved agricultural productivity as a result of climate change and solution to reduced global warming due to agricultural activities Maurice E. Oyoo, * Muniu FK and Kibet PK [email_address] K. A. R. I. (Kenya)

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9. Table 2: Leading world producers of GM foods Rank Country Area (million hectares) Biotech Crops 1* USA # 57.7 Soybean, maize, cotton, canola, squash, papaya, alfalfa 2* Argentina # 19.1 Soybean, maize, cotton 3* Brazil 15 Soybean, cotton 4* Canada # 7 Canola, maize, soybean 5* India 6.2 Cotton 6* China 3.8 Cotton, tomato, poplar, petunia, papaya, sweet pepper 7* Paraguay 2.6 Soybean 8* South Africa # 1.8 Maize, soybean, cotton 9* Uruguay 0.5 Soybean, maize 10* Philippines # 0.3 Maize 11* Australia # 0.1 Cotton 12* Spain 0.1 Maize 13* Mexico # 0.1 Cotton, soybean 14 Colombia # <0.1 Cotton, carnation 15 Chile # <0.1 Maize, soybean, canola 16 France <0.1 Maize 17 Honduras # <0.1 Maize 18 Czech Republic <0.1 Maize 19 Portugal <0.1 Maize 20 Germany <0.1 Maize 21 Slovakia <0.1 Maize 22 Romania <0.1 Maize 23 Poland <0.1 Maize  * - 13 biotech mega - countries g rowing 50,000 hectares, or more, of biotech crops  # - Deploying stacked products containing two or three traits with multiple benefits.  Source: Clive James, 2007 .

17. Table 3. Tractor fuel consumption by tillage method Source: “GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996-2006,” Barfoot, P. and Brookes, G (2008). Tillage system Tractor fuel consumption ( Litre/ha) Traditional cultivation: mouldboard plough, disc and seed planting etc. 46.65 Conservation cultivation (RT): chisel plough, disc and seed planting 28.83 No-till (NT) (fertilizer knife, seed planting plus 2 sprays: pre-plant burn down and post-emergent) 14.12

19. Table 4. Context of carbon sequestration impact 2006: car equivalents Source: GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1999-2006. Bafoot, P and Brookes, G (2008). Crop/trait/country Permanent CO2 savings arising from reduced fuel use (million kg of CO2) Average family car equivalents removed from the road for a year from the permanent fuel savings Potential additional soil carbon sequestration savings (million kg of CO2) Average family car equivalents removed from the road for a year from the potential additional soil carbon sequestration US: GM HT soybeans 245 108,877 4,064 1,806,345 Argentina: GMHT soybeans 659 293,094 6,994 3,108,408 Other countries: GM HT soybeans 77 34,091 813 361,547 Canada: GM HT canola 136 60,541 1,677 745,304 Global GM IR cotton 98 43,582 0 0 Total 1,215 540,186 13,549 6,021,604

22. GM crop (Research & Development) Major global players Leader countries in Africa * Field trials conducted Agricultural Biotechnology Focus in Africa Improved crop quality or HT or IT Developing countries with significant programs Countries with potential and/or engaged research

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