— A field study was carried out to at Agriculture Research Institute, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, to investigate the effect of various nitrogen levels on growth and yield contributing traits of two wheat varieties. Wheat varieties Benazir and TJ-83 were evaluated against four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1).The results revealed that the effect of nitrogen levels as well as varieties differed significantly for all the growth and yield contributing traits and N @ 150 kg ha-1 resulted in maximum values for plant height (87.66 cm), number of tillers m-2 (265.17), spike length (13.05 cm), number of spikelets spike-1 (22.02), number of grain spike-1 (68.21), seed index (48.80 g) and grain yield (4320 kg ha-1). In varieties, Benazir showed its superiority over its companion variety with 82.91 cm plant height, 224.17 tillers m-2 , 10.52 cm spike length, 18.21 spikelets spike-1 , 53.00 grains spike-1 , 45.29 g seed index and 3649.50 kg ha-1 grain yield. The commercial variety TJ-83 ranked 2 nd with 78.33 cm plant height, 207.75 tillers m-2 , 11.42 cm spike length, 19.82 spikelets spike-1 , 57.31 grains spike-1 , 40.98 g seed index and 3143.20 kg ha-1 grain yield. It was observed that treatment interaction N @150 kg × variety Benazir proved to be effective treatment and variety combination for achieving higher wheat yields; while, variety Benazir showed its genetic superiority yielding higher than its companion variety TJ-83.
1. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of zinc sulphate on the growth and yield of groundnut.
2. The soil at the experimental site was red sandy loam with low nitrogen, high phosphorus and medium potassium.
3. The experiment involved five treatments of zinc sulphate at varying levels (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha) applied to the groundnut crop grown under normal recommended dose of fertilizers.
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
This document discusses grain processing and storage. It covers several topics:
1. The importance of grain processing to improve palatability, nutrition, and shelf life through operations like preservation, removal of inedible parts, and subdivision into ingredients.
2. Common unit operations in grain processing like grinding, which reduces particle size, and their benefits such as increasing surface area.
3. Details of rice and corn processing, including steps like cleaning, grading, dehusking, polishing, and milling to transform grains into edible forms.
4. Methods for parboiling rice to improve nutrition and milling recovery.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student’s Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1, NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m2, increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1, grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (un-treated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Groundnut is one of the most important cash crops in our country. It is a low- priced commodity but a valuable source of all the nutrients. Groundnut is the sixth most important oilseed crop in the world. It contains 48-50% of oil and 26-28% of protein and is a rich source of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. The production of groundnut is concentrated in Asia and Africa with 56% and 40% of the global area and 68% and 25% of the global production, respectively
Comparative efficiency of soil and foliar applied zinc inAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a field study that evaluated the comparative efficacy of soil and foliar applied zinc in improving the yield and yield components of wheat variety Kiran-95. The study found that applying zinc through both soil (5 kg/ha at tillering and 5 kg/ha at booting stage) and foliar spray (0.2% at tillering and 0.2% at booting stage) led to maximum plant height, tillers, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, seed index, biological yield, and grain yield, followed closely by the foliar application treatment. While soil application of 10 kg/ha at tillering produced the third highest results, control plots without zinc application showed
Response of Nutrient Management Practices through Organic Substances on Rice ...AI Publications
The management of soil organic matter is crucial to maintain a productive organic farming system. No one source of nutrient usually fulfills to maintain productivity and quality control in organic system. In addition, the inputs to supplement nutrient availability are often not uniform presenting additional challenges in meeting the nutrient requirements of crops in organic system. With this concept, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, at Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist. Palghar, Maharashtra, during Kharif 2018-19 in rice. Different treatments comprising organic amendments such as T1-FYM @ 5 t/ha (control), T2-T1 + vermicompost @2.5 t/ha, T3-T1+Neem cake @ 250 kg, T4- T1+ vermiwash @ 3% spray, T5-T1+ Jeevamrut @ 3 % spray, T6-T1+ Panchgavya @ 3 % Spray, T7-T1+ Enriched Bananpseudostem sap @ 3% spray and T8-T1+ Regular Banana sap @ 3% spray were tried in organic crop production. These treatments were compared with absolute control (FYM @ 5 t/ha + No biofertilizer+ No Spray). A Rice variety ‘GR-11’ was taken for study. Results revealed a significant enhancement in grain yield of rice over absolute control due to the application of different organic amendments applied alone or in combinations. The rice grain yield (3.19 t ha-1) obtained under combined application of FYM and vermicompost was at par with the yield recorded under neem cake, vermiwash and panchgavya. An interesting observation recorded was that there was no serious attack of any insects pest or disease in organically grown crop. The study revealed that addition of four organic amendments viz. vermicompost, vermiwash, neem cake&panchgavyacould give the optimum yield of organic rice var. GR-11.
1. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of zinc sulphate on the growth and yield of groundnut.
2. The soil at the experimental site was red sandy loam with low nitrogen, high phosphorus and medium potassium.
3. The experiment involved five treatments of zinc sulphate at varying levels (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha) applied to the groundnut crop grown under normal recommended dose of fertilizers.
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
This document discusses grain processing and storage. It covers several topics:
1. The importance of grain processing to improve palatability, nutrition, and shelf life through operations like preservation, removal of inedible parts, and subdivision into ingredients.
2. Common unit operations in grain processing like grinding, which reduces particle size, and their benefits such as increasing surface area.
3. Details of rice and corn processing, including steps like cleaning, grading, dehusking, polishing, and milling to transform grains into edible forms.
4. Methods for parboiling rice to improve nutrition and milling recovery.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student’s Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1, NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m2, increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1, grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (un-treated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Groundnut is one of the most important cash crops in our country. It is a low- priced commodity but a valuable source of all the nutrients. Groundnut is the sixth most important oilseed crop in the world. It contains 48-50% of oil and 26-28% of protein and is a rich source of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. The production of groundnut is concentrated in Asia and Africa with 56% and 40% of the global area and 68% and 25% of the global production, respectively
Comparative efficiency of soil and foliar applied zinc inAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a field study that evaluated the comparative efficacy of soil and foliar applied zinc in improving the yield and yield components of wheat variety Kiran-95. The study found that applying zinc through both soil (5 kg/ha at tillering and 5 kg/ha at booting stage) and foliar spray (0.2% at tillering and 0.2% at booting stage) led to maximum plant height, tillers, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, seed index, biological yield, and grain yield, followed closely by the foliar application treatment. While soil application of 10 kg/ha at tillering produced the third highest results, control plots without zinc application showed
Response of Nutrient Management Practices through Organic Substances on Rice ...AI Publications
The management of soil organic matter is crucial to maintain a productive organic farming system. No one source of nutrient usually fulfills to maintain productivity and quality control in organic system. In addition, the inputs to supplement nutrient availability are often not uniform presenting additional challenges in meeting the nutrient requirements of crops in organic system. With this concept, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, at Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist. Palghar, Maharashtra, during Kharif 2018-19 in rice. Different treatments comprising organic amendments such as T1-FYM @ 5 t/ha (control), T2-T1 + vermicompost @2.5 t/ha, T3-T1+Neem cake @ 250 kg, T4- T1+ vermiwash @ 3% spray, T5-T1+ Jeevamrut @ 3 % spray, T6-T1+ Panchgavya @ 3 % Spray, T7-T1+ Enriched Bananpseudostem sap @ 3% spray and T8-T1+ Regular Banana sap @ 3% spray were tried in organic crop production. These treatments were compared with absolute control (FYM @ 5 t/ha + No biofertilizer+ No Spray). A Rice variety ‘GR-11’ was taken for study. Results revealed a significant enhancement in grain yield of rice over absolute control due to the application of different organic amendments applied alone or in combinations. The rice grain yield (3.19 t ha-1) obtained under combined application of FYM and vermicompost was at par with the yield recorded under neem cake, vermiwash and panchgavya. An interesting observation recorded was that there was no serious attack of any insects pest or disease in organically grown crop. The study revealed that addition of four organic amendments viz. vermicompost, vermiwash, neem cake&panchgavyacould give the optimum yield of organic rice var. GR-11.
Resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field ...Nikhil Kumar
This document provides a summary of a credit seminar presentation on resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field crop production. The presentation covers topics like the definition of water productivity and resource conservation technologies. It discusses various resource conservation technologies that can help improve water productivity, such as laser land leveling, bed planting systems, zero tillage, system of rice intensification, mulching, and crop diversification. It provides examples and research findings on the benefits of these technologies in saving water and increasing crop yields and productivity. The overall aim of the presentation is to promote the adoption of resource conservation technologies for optimizing water use and enhancing agricultural productivity.
Effect of Intercropping with Soybean on Growth and Yield of Several Promising...AI Publications
Rice is normally cultivated by the farmers under flooded conditions. This study aimed to examine the effect of additive intercropping with soybean on growth and yield of three promising lines of black rice grown on raised-beds under an aerobic irrigation system. The experiment was carried out on an irrigated rice growing area located in Dasan Tebu (-8.653912, 116.130813), West Lombok, Indonesia, from April to August 2021, which was arranged according to Split Plot design, with three blocks and two treatment factors: black-rice genotypes as the main plots (G3, G9, G4/15), and intercropping as the subplots (T0= monocrop and T1= rice-soybean-intercropping). On the intercropping beds, soybean of Dena-1 variety was relay-planted in additive series between double-rows of black-rice at two weeks after seeding of black-rice. Results indicated that intercropping with soybean increased growth and yield components of black rice with an average grain yield of 36.95 g/clump in T1 and 32.63 g/clump in T0. Grain yield was also different between genotypes with the highest grain yield of 39.32 g/clump in G4/15 line. However, the significant interaction between factors on biomass weight indicated that both G9 and G4/15 lines showed positive but G3 negative response to additive intercropping with soybean, which reasons are still unclear and need further investigation, although it seems that the G4/15 line was the most responsive to intercropping with soybean in increasing black-rice grain yield, with the highest grain yield was on G4/15 line intercropped with soybean (42.73 g/clump or 8.55 ton/ha).
SMART FERTILIZERS FOR FOOD SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETYCSAUA&T, Kanpur
The document discusses smart fertilizers as a solution to enhance food production while preserving environmental quality. It notes that conventional fertilizers can pollute water and soil while smart fertilizers provide controlled nutrient release and avoid excess application. Smart fertilizer formulations discussed include nanofertilizers, water soluble fertilizers, customized fertilizers for specific soils/crops, and coated slow release fertilizers. Research shows these smart fertilizers increase yields and nutrient use efficiency compared to conventional fertilizers. They allow continuous nutrient availability for plants and are more environmentally friendly.
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
Effect of Cow Manure on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of MungbeanSYED TARIK MAHABUB
Cow manure had significant positive effects on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of mungbean plants. Applying 10 tons of cow manure per hectare resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, branches, and pods per plant. It also led to the earliest flowering, fastest maturity, longest pods, highest seed and stover yields, and greatest nutrient levels in the seeds. Applying 5 tons of cow manure per hectare produced similar beneficial results. The control treatment with no cow manure consistently had the lowest values. The study demonstrates that cow manure improves mungbean productivity by enhancing various growth parameters and nutrient uptake.
Organic vegetable production in India faces several challenges. While it can increase soil fertility and reduce environmental pollution, yields may initially decrease as chemical inputs are removed. Total conversion to organic is not feasible nationally due to issues like nutrient availability, pest management knowledge, and lack of markets and research support. However, integrating organic resources with chemicals can sustain soil quality while maintaining productivity. Addressing research gaps, developing crop-specific organic packages, and promoting markets can encourage more farmers to adopt organic techniques.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the quality of snap bean pods grown in Jimma, Ethiopia. Five levels of N (0-164 kg/ha) and four levels of P (0-138 kg/ha) were applied in a field experiment. The results showed that increasing N and P rates significantly improved several quality parameters, including pod length, diameter, and marketable yield. Specifically, applying 82 kg N/ha and 46 kg P2O5/ha optimized pod quality by increasing length, diameter, fiberless nature, and marketable yield compared to other treatment combinations and the unfertilized control.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons/ha) on the growth of okra plants. A field trial was conducted in Nigeria using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and stem girth compared to the control treatment. Increasing levels of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer generally led to better plant growth. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers supported greater okra growth than either treatment alone. Both p
The document provides information about a seminar on advances in anaerobic fermentation techniques for conservation of forage for small holders. It discusses:
1) The importance of green fodder for livestock and the need to conserve limited supplies of quality fodder for small holders.
2) Techniques like silage making which involve packing chopped green fodder in an airtight condition to preserve nutrients and make it easily digestible.
3) How silage can be made using inexpensive methods like plastic bags that are easy for small holders to use and provide a nutritious fodder that can be stored for long periods.
The document proposes a research study on the inheritance of grain yield and its components in barley varieties. The study will be conducted over 2021-2022 in Peshawar, Pakistan, using four barley varieties. The study aims to determine the inherited relationships between grain yield and its components, and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield. The research will analyze how factors like number of spikes, tillers, and grain weight per plant influence grain yield.
Upland Rice Production As Influenced by the Organic and Inorganic Applicatio...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
A Technology demonstration on upland rice production was conducted to determine which among the three treatments would provide better yield of upland rainfed rice and serves as a technological show-case to Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs) and Non- Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs) in the community.This study consists of three (3) treatments. Treatment 1 – Regional Soils Laboratory In-organic fertilizer recommended rates alone. Treatment 2 – ½ Regional Soils Laboratory In-organic fertilizer recommended rates plus 12.5 bags Vermicast per hectare. Treatment 3 – Organic fertilizer alone at 25 bags vermi cast per hectare. Result shows that the best practices of fertilizer application is Treatment 3 the application of organic fertilizer which produces heaviest weight of fresh palay (31 grams/hill) and dried weight of palay(4.3 grams/hill) and obtained the highest yield of upland rice(6.20 tons/ha) than variable 1 and 2. Based on the cost analysis the application of organic fertilizer (Treatment 3) produced high profit due to low price of organic fertilizer.
The document discusses integrated weed management in cereal-based cropping systems. It begins with an introduction to integrated weed management and its importance. It then outlines research studies on integrated weed management in rice, maize, sorghum and pearl millet-based cropping systems. The studies show the effects of herbicides, tillage practices, and intercropping on weed control efficiency and crop yields over multiple seasons. Maintaining soil cover and rotating crops, herbicides and other control methods provides effective long-term weed control and protects soil health and the environment.
Presenter: K. N. Bhatt
Title: Finger Millet for Nutrition, Health and Ecological Security: SFMI
Date: June 5, 2015
Venue: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Sponsor: SRI-Rice
This document provides an overview of the lecture topic "Meaning and Scope of Agronomy" for the course Principles of Agronomy and Agricultural Meteorology. It defines agronomy as the branch of agriculture dealing with soil, water, and crop management. The scope of agronomy includes yield maximization, reduced production costs, better water use efficiency, appropriate soil fertility management, and intensive cropping patterns for sustainable food production. It also discusses agro-climatic zones which are classifications based on topography, temperature, rainfall, and cropping patterns. Two examples of zones mentioned are the Western Himalayan Zone and Eastern Himalayan Zone.
Dr. Swapan Kumar Datta discusses pulses research and development in India. 111 improved varieties of pulses have been developed along with 6000 demonstrations across the country. There is a need for pod borer resistant GM pigeon pea and chickpea. Lentils are a nutritious grain legume high in protein, carbohydrates, calcium, iron, and folates. Chickpea production in India is projected to increase from 18.5 mt currently to 28 mt by 2020-21 through yield increases of 8.6% annually. Challenges for pulses in India include declining area, low genetic yield potential, biotic and abiotic stresses, and post-harvest losses. The government has implemented several programs
1) The document outlines a research work on the economic analysis of pesticide use in soybean cultivation in Nagpur district.
2) The objectives are to study pesticide use patterns, costs and returns with pesticide use, optimal pesticide levels, and pesticide safety practices.
3) A literature review found studies showing excessive and improper pesticide use increased costs and led to pest resistance, and recommended integrated pest management.
An Agronomic field study was conducted at University of Limpopo Experimental farm, Syferkuil, over two summer growing seasons to determine the optimum phosphorus (P) rate and also assess the productivity of pigeonpea under intercrop with maize. Five P rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg P ha-1) were evaluated under sole and intercropped pigeonpea. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results revealed that variable P fertilizer rates exerted significant effect on pigeonpea grain yield in both seasons. Highest grain yields of 922 and 1141.7 kg ha-1 under sole and intercrop plots, respectively, were achieved at 45 kg P ha-1 during first and second seasons, respectively. However, the predicted optimum grain yield of 734 and 1034 kg ha-1 based on the response model was achieved at 52.67 kg P ha-1 and 42.84 kg P ha-1, in the respective seasons. Intercropping achieved a significantly higher pigeonpea grain yield (+37%) during second year than sole cropping following P addition; with over 21% mean grain yield advantage across the two planting seasons. Hence, depending on the inherent soil-P level, application of 42-53 kg P ha-1 under pigeonpea/maize intercrop represents the range at which P is optimum for maximum pigeonpea grain yield and better returns for farmers.
Review and prospect of transgenic rice researchFOODCROPS
This document reviews research on transgenic rice. It discusses the goal of developing "Green Super Rice" with traits like insect/disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrient efficiency, yield and quality. Transgenic approaches are seen as important for achieving this goal. The document summarizes advances in rice transformation techniques and research progress on transgenic rice traits, including insect/disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, quality, yield and herbicide tolerance. It views prospects for transgenic rice development positively.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Comparative efficiency of soil and foliar applied zinc inAlexander Decker
The study evaluated the comparative efficacy of soil and foliar applied zinc on the growth and yield of wheat variety Kiran-95. It found that applying zinc through both soil (5 kg/ha at tillering and 5 kg/ha at booting stage) and foliar spray (0.2% at tillering and 0.2% at booting stage) produced the maximum plant height, tillers, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, seed index, biological yield, and grain yield, followed closely by the foliar application treatment. While soil application of 10 kg/ha at tillering performed third best, it was found that both the split soil and split foliar applications were most effective and
2 ijhaf nov-2017-4-effect of organic productsAI Publications
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different organic products on wheat variety Amber during Rabi 2015-16 in Randomized Block Design at ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist Palghar, Maharashtra. The study comprised sixteen different treatments of organic products viz. FYM @ 10 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermiwash @ 2%, Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost@2.5 t ha-1+Noval fertilizer@ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2% and 100% RDF @ 120:60:40 NPK kg ha-1. Wheat was sown at row spacing 20 cm X 5 cm on flat beds. The results showed that the treatments of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and spray with Noval fertilizer @ 1% at 30 and 60 days after sowingrecorded highest seed yield of2100 kg ha-1 followed by FYM @ 10 t ha-1 with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and Panchgavya @ 2% (2049 kg ha-1). The same treatment proved its superiority in increasing all yield attributing factors along with grain yield of wheat indicating the most effective organic treatment for wheat under North Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra.
Resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field ...Nikhil Kumar
This document provides a summary of a credit seminar presentation on resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field crop production. The presentation covers topics like the definition of water productivity and resource conservation technologies. It discusses various resource conservation technologies that can help improve water productivity, such as laser land leveling, bed planting systems, zero tillage, system of rice intensification, mulching, and crop diversification. It provides examples and research findings on the benefits of these technologies in saving water and increasing crop yields and productivity. The overall aim of the presentation is to promote the adoption of resource conservation technologies for optimizing water use and enhancing agricultural productivity.
Effect of Intercropping with Soybean on Growth and Yield of Several Promising...AI Publications
Rice is normally cultivated by the farmers under flooded conditions. This study aimed to examine the effect of additive intercropping with soybean on growth and yield of three promising lines of black rice grown on raised-beds under an aerobic irrigation system. The experiment was carried out on an irrigated rice growing area located in Dasan Tebu (-8.653912, 116.130813), West Lombok, Indonesia, from April to August 2021, which was arranged according to Split Plot design, with three blocks and two treatment factors: black-rice genotypes as the main plots (G3, G9, G4/15), and intercropping as the subplots (T0= monocrop and T1= rice-soybean-intercropping). On the intercropping beds, soybean of Dena-1 variety was relay-planted in additive series between double-rows of black-rice at two weeks after seeding of black-rice. Results indicated that intercropping with soybean increased growth and yield components of black rice with an average grain yield of 36.95 g/clump in T1 and 32.63 g/clump in T0. Grain yield was also different between genotypes with the highest grain yield of 39.32 g/clump in G4/15 line. However, the significant interaction between factors on biomass weight indicated that both G9 and G4/15 lines showed positive but G3 negative response to additive intercropping with soybean, which reasons are still unclear and need further investigation, although it seems that the G4/15 line was the most responsive to intercropping with soybean in increasing black-rice grain yield, with the highest grain yield was on G4/15 line intercropped with soybean (42.73 g/clump or 8.55 ton/ha).
SMART FERTILIZERS FOR FOOD SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETYCSAUA&T, Kanpur
The document discusses smart fertilizers as a solution to enhance food production while preserving environmental quality. It notes that conventional fertilizers can pollute water and soil while smart fertilizers provide controlled nutrient release and avoid excess application. Smart fertilizer formulations discussed include nanofertilizers, water soluble fertilizers, customized fertilizers for specific soils/crops, and coated slow release fertilizers. Research shows these smart fertilizers increase yields and nutrient use efficiency compared to conventional fertilizers. They allow continuous nutrient availability for plants and are more environmentally friendly.
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
Effect of Cow Manure on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of MungbeanSYED TARIK MAHABUB
Cow manure had significant positive effects on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of mungbean plants. Applying 10 tons of cow manure per hectare resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, branches, and pods per plant. It also led to the earliest flowering, fastest maturity, longest pods, highest seed and stover yields, and greatest nutrient levels in the seeds. Applying 5 tons of cow manure per hectare produced similar beneficial results. The control treatment with no cow manure consistently had the lowest values. The study demonstrates that cow manure improves mungbean productivity by enhancing various growth parameters and nutrient uptake.
Organic vegetable production in India faces several challenges. While it can increase soil fertility and reduce environmental pollution, yields may initially decrease as chemical inputs are removed. Total conversion to organic is not feasible nationally due to issues like nutrient availability, pest management knowledge, and lack of markets and research support. However, integrating organic resources with chemicals can sustain soil quality while maintaining productivity. Addressing research gaps, developing crop-specific organic packages, and promoting markets can encourage more farmers to adopt organic techniques.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the quality of snap bean pods grown in Jimma, Ethiopia. Five levels of N (0-164 kg/ha) and four levels of P (0-138 kg/ha) were applied in a field experiment. The results showed that increasing N and P rates significantly improved several quality parameters, including pod length, diameter, and marketable yield. Specifically, applying 82 kg N/ha and 46 kg P2O5/ha optimized pod quality by increasing length, diameter, fiberless nature, and marketable yield compared to other treatment combinations and the unfertilized control.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons/ha) on the growth of okra plants. A field trial was conducted in Nigeria using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and stem girth compared to the control treatment. Increasing levels of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer generally led to better plant growth. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers supported greater okra growth than either treatment alone. Both p
The document provides information about a seminar on advances in anaerobic fermentation techniques for conservation of forage for small holders. It discusses:
1) The importance of green fodder for livestock and the need to conserve limited supplies of quality fodder for small holders.
2) Techniques like silage making which involve packing chopped green fodder in an airtight condition to preserve nutrients and make it easily digestible.
3) How silage can be made using inexpensive methods like plastic bags that are easy for small holders to use and provide a nutritious fodder that can be stored for long periods.
The document proposes a research study on the inheritance of grain yield and its components in barley varieties. The study will be conducted over 2021-2022 in Peshawar, Pakistan, using four barley varieties. The study aims to determine the inherited relationships between grain yield and its components, and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield. The research will analyze how factors like number of spikes, tillers, and grain weight per plant influence grain yield.
Upland Rice Production As Influenced by the Organic and Inorganic Applicatio...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
A Technology demonstration on upland rice production was conducted to determine which among the three treatments would provide better yield of upland rainfed rice and serves as a technological show-case to Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs) and Non- Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs) in the community.This study consists of three (3) treatments. Treatment 1 – Regional Soils Laboratory In-organic fertilizer recommended rates alone. Treatment 2 – ½ Regional Soils Laboratory In-organic fertilizer recommended rates plus 12.5 bags Vermicast per hectare. Treatment 3 – Organic fertilizer alone at 25 bags vermi cast per hectare. Result shows that the best practices of fertilizer application is Treatment 3 the application of organic fertilizer which produces heaviest weight of fresh palay (31 grams/hill) and dried weight of palay(4.3 grams/hill) and obtained the highest yield of upland rice(6.20 tons/ha) than variable 1 and 2. Based on the cost analysis the application of organic fertilizer (Treatment 3) produced high profit due to low price of organic fertilizer.
The document discusses integrated weed management in cereal-based cropping systems. It begins with an introduction to integrated weed management and its importance. It then outlines research studies on integrated weed management in rice, maize, sorghum and pearl millet-based cropping systems. The studies show the effects of herbicides, tillage practices, and intercropping on weed control efficiency and crop yields over multiple seasons. Maintaining soil cover and rotating crops, herbicides and other control methods provides effective long-term weed control and protects soil health and the environment.
Presenter: K. N. Bhatt
Title: Finger Millet for Nutrition, Health and Ecological Security: SFMI
Date: June 5, 2015
Venue: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Sponsor: SRI-Rice
This document provides an overview of the lecture topic "Meaning and Scope of Agronomy" for the course Principles of Agronomy and Agricultural Meteorology. It defines agronomy as the branch of agriculture dealing with soil, water, and crop management. The scope of agronomy includes yield maximization, reduced production costs, better water use efficiency, appropriate soil fertility management, and intensive cropping patterns for sustainable food production. It also discusses agro-climatic zones which are classifications based on topography, temperature, rainfall, and cropping patterns. Two examples of zones mentioned are the Western Himalayan Zone and Eastern Himalayan Zone.
Dr. Swapan Kumar Datta discusses pulses research and development in India. 111 improved varieties of pulses have been developed along with 6000 demonstrations across the country. There is a need for pod borer resistant GM pigeon pea and chickpea. Lentils are a nutritious grain legume high in protein, carbohydrates, calcium, iron, and folates. Chickpea production in India is projected to increase from 18.5 mt currently to 28 mt by 2020-21 through yield increases of 8.6% annually. Challenges for pulses in India include declining area, low genetic yield potential, biotic and abiotic stresses, and post-harvest losses. The government has implemented several programs
1) The document outlines a research work on the economic analysis of pesticide use in soybean cultivation in Nagpur district.
2) The objectives are to study pesticide use patterns, costs and returns with pesticide use, optimal pesticide levels, and pesticide safety practices.
3) A literature review found studies showing excessive and improper pesticide use increased costs and led to pest resistance, and recommended integrated pest management.
An Agronomic field study was conducted at University of Limpopo Experimental farm, Syferkuil, over two summer growing seasons to determine the optimum phosphorus (P) rate and also assess the productivity of pigeonpea under intercrop with maize. Five P rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg P ha-1) were evaluated under sole and intercropped pigeonpea. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results revealed that variable P fertilizer rates exerted significant effect on pigeonpea grain yield in both seasons. Highest grain yields of 922 and 1141.7 kg ha-1 under sole and intercrop plots, respectively, were achieved at 45 kg P ha-1 during first and second seasons, respectively. However, the predicted optimum grain yield of 734 and 1034 kg ha-1 based on the response model was achieved at 52.67 kg P ha-1 and 42.84 kg P ha-1, in the respective seasons. Intercropping achieved a significantly higher pigeonpea grain yield (+37%) during second year than sole cropping following P addition; with over 21% mean grain yield advantage across the two planting seasons. Hence, depending on the inherent soil-P level, application of 42-53 kg P ha-1 under pigeonpea/maize intercrop represents the range at which P is optimum for maximum pigeonpea grain yield and better returns for farmers.
Review and prospect of transgenic rice researchFOODCROPS
This document reviews research on transgenic rice. It discusses the goal of developing "Green Super Rice" with traits like insect/disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrient efficiency, yield and quality. Transgenic approaches are seen as important for achieving this goal. The document summarizes advances in rice transformation techniques and research progress on transgenic rice traits, including insect/disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, quality, yield and herbicide tolerance. It views prospects for transgenic rice development positively.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Similar to Agronomical efficiency of two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties against different level of Nitrogen fertilizer in Subtropical region of Pakistan
Comparative efficiency of soil and foliar applied zinc inAlexander Decker
The study evaluated the comparative efficacy of soil and foliar applied zinc on the growth and yield of wheat variety Kiran-95. It found that applying zinc through both soil (5 kg/ha at tillering and 5 kg/ha at booting stage) and foliar spray (0.2% at tillering and 0.2% at booting stage) produced the maximum plant height, tillers, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, seed index, biological yield, and grain yield, followed closely by the foliar application treatment. While soil application of 10 kg/ha at tillering performed third best, it was found that both the split soil and split foliar applications were most effective and
2 ijhaf nov-2017-4-effect of organic productsAI Publications
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different organic products on wheat variety Amber during Rabi 2015-16 in Randomized Block Design at ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist Palghar, Maharashtra. The study comprised sixteen different treatments of organic products viz. FYM @ 10 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermiwash @ 2%, Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost@2.5 t ha-1+Noval fertilizer@ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2% and 100% RDF @ 120:60:40 NPK kg ha-1. Wheat was sown at row spacing 20 cm X 5 cm on flat beds. The results showed that the treatments of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and spray with Noval fertilizer @ 1% at 30 and 60 days after sowingrecorded highest seed yield of2100 kg ha-1 followed by FYM @ 10 t ha-1 with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and Panchgavya @ 2% (2049 kg ha-1). The same treatment proved its superiority in increasing all yield attributing factors along with grain yield of wheat indicating the most effective organic treatment for wheat under North Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra.
Effects of Herbicides on Growth and Yield of Wheat Crop Triticum Astivum L.ijtsrd
One year field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2019 20 at the agricultural research farm Pilikothi Tilak Dhari Post Graduate College Jaunpur U.P. The experiment comprised of nine treatments viz. weedy check, weed free two hand weeding 30 and 45 DAS , Sulfosulfuron at 0.025 kg ha 1, Metribuzin at 0.2 kg ha 1, Carfentrazone ethyle at 0.02 kg ha 1Carfentrazone ethyle at 0.025 kg ha 1, Metsulfuron methyle at 0.004 kg ha 1, Sulfosulfuron Metsulfuron methyle 0.030 0.004 kg ha 1 and 2, 4 D at 0.500 kg ha 1, replicated four times in Randomized Block Design. Wheat variety HD 2967 was used as attest crop. Application of Sulfosulfuron Metsulfuron methyle 0.030 0.004 kg ha 1 significantly increased the plant height and dry matter accumulation at different growth stages over weedy check resulted into higher yield attributes viz. effective plant population in per m2 920.25 at harvesting time, grain ear 1 49.25 and 1000 grain weight 40.00 g . Consequently, highest grain 4546.00 kg ha 1 , Straw 6214 kg ha 1 and biological yield 10761.50 kg ha 1 were through controlling weeds by Sulfosulfuron Metsulfuron methyle after two hand weeding which was at per Carfentrazone ethyle at 0.025kg ha 1 3908.25,5811.50 and 9719.75 kg ha 1 followed by Carfentrazone ethyle at 0.020 kg ha 1 and proved significantly superior over rest of other treatments. Abhijeet Kumar Patel | Dr. Shrish Kumar Singh | Rakesh Bind | Subhash | Aravind Kumar Patel "Effects of Herbicides on Growth and Yield of Wheat Crop (Triticum Astivum L.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49647.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49647/effects-of-herbicides-on-growth-and-yield-of-wheat-crop-triticum-astivum-l/abhijeet-kumar-patel
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
Yogendra Katuwal on Influence of N levels on Yield of Improved and Hybrid Ric...Yogendra Katuwal
Not always increasing N dose can be economical. Use efficiency of hybrids and improved varieties vary greatly.
Prepared By:
Yogendra Katuwal a MSc.Ag (Agronomy) student in AFU, Rampur, Nepal.
Poultry manure application and fallow improves peanut production in a sandy s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
To meet our food security demands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) needs to improve smallholder subsistence agriculture by promoting the production of cash crops that mature early and have a high market value. Peanut is a typical example of a cash crop which potentially has a high market value, but pod yields are low due to declinein soil quality. A field experiment was conducted under 4 different land use systems (LUS) to evaluate the effects of continuous peanut cultivation on peanut pod yield and on selected soil properties. Peanut pod yield declined significantly under the continuous peanut and peanut/corn rotation systems; while the poultry manure and land fallow systems significantly increased pod yield. Over the 3 cropping seasons, significant changes in organic carbon; extractable potassium and CEC in all cropping systems occurred, while changes in total N was significant in the peanut/corn rotation and poultry manure cropping systems only. No significant changes in bulk density; field capacity; electrical conductivity; soil pH and available phosphorus were observed in all the 4 LUS over the 3 cropping seasons. We suggest that adequate fallow periods of more than 1 year and poultry manures are applied to enhance soil quality and improve peanut productivity and/or sustain peanut production in marginal lands under continuous cultivation
Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Different Supplementary Irri...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Field experiment was conducted in Humera in 2015 main cropping season in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the performance of sesame under different supplementary irrigation applications and nitrogen fertilizer rates. The study consists of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer rates (0kg N2/ha, 23kgN2/ha, 37.5kgN2/ha and 46kgN2/ha) and three levels of supplementary irrigation; rain-fed (I0), four irrigations (I4), and six irrigations (I6). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in two splits, with the first half at sowing and the remaining half 30 days after emergence. Data on plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, thousand seed weight, harvest index, aboveground biomass and grain yield were recorded. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), in indicated that application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) affected sesame grain yield. The highest grain yield 423.4kg/ ha, and 455kg/ha was obtained from application of 46kg nitrogen per hectare, and six supplementary irrigation. The results obtained in this experiment showed that, application of supplementary irrigation could be an important climate change adaptation strategy in areas where onset and cessation of rainfall occur.
Technical Programme of P.h.D Experiment on Maize shikharverma26
This document provides details of a proposed PhD experiment on the effects of nano zinc, inorganic fertilizers, and organic manures on the growth and yield of maize. The experiment will have 21 treatments in a split plot design with 3 replications. Treatments will evaluate the effects of farmyard manure, vermicompost, and different combinations of recommended NPK doses with zinc sulfate and nano zinc on maize growth parameters, yield, nutrient uptake, and soil properties. Economic analysis of treatments will also be conducted.
This document summarizes the role of nitrogen for plant growth and development. It discusses how nitrogen is essential for plants and is required for key physiological processes like protein synthesis and chlorophyll formation. It is needed in large quantities by plants. The document reviews how nitrogen increases crop yields and positively impacts growth parameters for important crops in Pakistan like wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, and oilseeds. Optimum nitrogen rates are discussed for maximizing yields of these crops. The conclusion is that nitrogen deficiency is widespread in Pakistani soils and judicious nitrogen application is needed to boost agricultural production and improve food quality.
The combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yi...Open Access Research Paper
A study was conducted at Bina Sub-station Nalitabari, Sherpur Farm from June to October 2022 to investigate the effect of combining organic and inorganic fertilizers on rice growth and yield. It followed a randomized block design with three replications and a unit plot size of 3m×4m.The experiment consisted of five treatments: T1 100% STB (N90P15K75S12Zn2), T2 (85% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), T3 (85% CF+ 4t/ha vermicompost), T4 (70% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), and T5 (70% CF+ 2t/ha vermicompost). The objective was to assess their impact on the growth, yield, and yield-contributing characteristics of the BINAdhan-17 rice variety. The study found that combining inorganic fertilizer with 2t/ha of vermicompost resulted in the highest yield. Chemical fertilizer (CF) with organic sources increased yield. The tallest plants were in T1 (104.9cm), while the shortest was in T4. The highest grain yield was in T3 (5.9t/ha), and lowest in T4 (4.7t/ha).When combining 4t/ha of vermicompost with 85% CF (77kg N, 13kg P, 64kg K, 12kg S, 2kg Zn), the parameters of tillers per plant, panicle length, filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield were maximized.Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Using high-quality rice varieties and incorporating compost, alone or with chemical fertilizers, increases yields compared to full inorganic fertilizer. The study emphasizes the importance of judicious organic and chemical fertilizer application for significantly enhancing rice yields.
Effect of application of “Grinophyll” on Growth and Yield of RiceAI Publications
The present investigation entitled “effect of application of “Grinophyll” on growth and yield of rice was carried out during kharif season of the year 2021 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa farm, At-Nare, Tal-Wada, Dist- Palghar, Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design. The three treatments (Control, Grinophyll @ 4ml, and Grinophyll @6ml per 15 liters of water) were replicated twice times on four varieties of rice namely Dandi, Gurjari, Jaya, and GAR-13. The plant population per meter square (34.5), plant height (105.9 cm), number of tillers per plant (13.7), number of panicles per plant (13), number of panicles per square meter (442) and length of panicle (25.8 cm) was recorded maximum with application of Grinophyll @ 6 ml /15 liters of water on rice cv. “GAR-13”. The highest number of seeds per panicle (203.5), test weight (34.1 g), grain yield (57.45 q/ha) and straw yield (85.08 q/ha) was found with application of Grinophyll @ 6 ml / 15 liters of water.The data clearly revealed that, the yield obtained with treatment Grinophyll @ 6 ml / 15 liters of water on rice cv. “GAR 13” was significantly higher than all other treatments and also for growth parameters.
No 5. effect of-irrigation_levels_on_growth_yield_attributes_and_yield_of_wheat_PARTNER, BADC, World Bank
1) The study tested the effects of different irrigation levels on the growth, yield attributes, and yield of wheat. Four irrigation treatments were used: no irrigation (control), irrigation at 20 days after sowing, irrigation at 55 days after sowing, and irrigation at 75 days after sowing.
2) The results showed that irrigation at 20 days after sowing led to the highest dry matter content, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, and number of tillers and spikes compared to the other treatments. It also resulted in the highest grain yield.
3) The no irrigation treatment produced the lowest values for all growth and yield parameters measured. Irrigation was found to significantly improve the growth and yield of wheat.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
1) The document discusses innovative production technologies for maximizing rice productivity and profit, focusing on irrigated rice systems in Tamil Nadu, India. It describes techniques for crop establishment, nutrient management, soil-water-weed management, and direct wet seeded rice.
2) Key recommendations include using a modified rice mat nursery to produce robust 15-day old seedlings, transplanting these seedlings at wider spacing, and using site-specific nutrient management guided by the leaf color chart to optimize fertilizer application.
3) Adopting these integrated crop management practices can increase yields by 32-50% and profits by Rs. 12,000/ha compared to conventional methods.
This document summarizes a study comparing the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production in Pakistan. It finds that total costs per hectare were higher for hybrid rice (Rs 148,992.23) than conventional rice (Rs 140,661.68), mainly due to higher seed prices and land management costs for hybrid rice. However, hybrid rice yields were significantly higher (196.14 monds/hectare vs 140.14 monds/hectare for conventional rice). As a result, hybrid rice provided higher total revenue, gross margins, and net returns compared to conventional rice varieties. Most farmers had shifted to growing hybrid rice due to its yield advantages and higher profits.
Performance of Hybrid and Conventional Rice Varieties in Sindhsanaullah noonari
The study was design to compare the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses financial gain from hybrid rice comparing with conventional rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on hybrid and conventional rice varieties are
grown, primary data on hybrid and conventional rice was collected from the farmers through personal interviews
with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the
data. Statistical approaches used to analysis the data. Total costs per hectare of hybrid rice were 148992.23 Rs
per hectare which were more then conventional rice was 140661.68 Rs per hectactare. Major differences in
hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs. On an
average higher yield (196.14 monds per hectare) was obtained from hybrid rice while conventional rice yield
(140.14 monds per hectare) was less then hybrid rice. There was 16.64 percent increase in hybrid rice yield
comparing with conventional rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in hybrid rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow hybrid rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, performance, hybrid, conventional, varieties, Pakistan
An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different organic manure on the growth yield and nutritive value of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum). This experiment was designed in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Treatments were control (without any manure) (T 1), Goat manure alone (25 t ha -1) (T 2), Poultry manure alone (25t ha -1) (T 3), Cattle manure alone (25 t ha -1) (T 4). These were applied as basal and topdressing application of manure in this experiment and their performance was recorded once in three weeks. Analysis of Variance was performed to define a significant difference among treatments (p < 0.05). Results revealed that plants grown in Poultry manure (T3 )(25 t ha -1) showed significantly (p < 0.05) better performance in the measured growth parameters viz. plant height(217.2cm), leaf area, number of tillers, maximum leaf length and maximum leaf width while the lowest performance was observed in control (T1) at 11 WAP( weeks after planting). Further the results of this study revealed that relatively higher total dry matter (149.61g/plant) and nutrition composition viz crude protein (14.48%), Ash content(19.78%),crude fiber(16.17%), Ether extract (8.75%) was obtained from the plants treated with poultry manure alone (T3) followed by T4,T2 whereas the lowest dry-matter yield(62.7g/plant) and nutrition composition was observed in control (T1). Therefore, it could be concluded that the poultry manure can be used to enhance the growth and nutritive value of Guinea grass.
Weed control is an important agronomic practice that improves growth and maximizes yield in maize. An experiment was carried out to investigate the ‘effect of different weed control methods on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the western highlands of Cameroon. The work was carried out during the 2017/2018 main cropping season from the 14th of March to the 14th of July at the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Bambui experimental field. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The experiment comprised of seven treatments: weedy check or control (T1), constant hand hoeing (T2), delay hand hoeing (T3), pre-emergence herbicide application of Atrazine 90 DF ( 0.9 kg ha-1) (T4), post-emergence herbicide application of Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T5), pre- herbicide application of Atrazine 90 DF ( 0.9 kg ha-1) + Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T6) and delay post-emergence herbicide application of Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T7). The white maize variety CHC 201 (“KASAI”) was used during the experiment and sown in plot sizes of 4 m x 5 m with a planting density of 80cm by 50cm with 2 plants per station with the aim of achieving a plant population of 50,000 plants ha-1. All agronomic practices were followed from planting to harvesting. The data recorded were plant height, number of green leaves per plant, leaf area, stem girth, days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, ear height, ear length, ear girth, number of gain rows per ear, number of gains per ear, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.. The data collected were analyzed with the aid of STATGRAPHICS Plus 5.0 Software and ANOVA was run to find the differences between the various treatments. The highest 1000 grain weight (314.13g) came from the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application treatment and did not differ significantly (P˃0.05) from the constant hand hoeing treatment (307.83g). The lowest 1000 grain weight (234.67g) was seen in the weedy check treatment. The constant hand hoeing had the highest grain yield (6.27 ton ha-1) and this did not differ significantly (P˃0.05) from the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application treatment (6.07 ton ha-1). The lowest grain yield (3.18 ton ha-1) was seen in the weedy check treatment. From the study, the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application may be recommended for increasing maize yield particularly in the case of high scale production.
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Agronomical efficiency of two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties against different level of Nitrogen fertilizer in Subtropical region of Pakistan
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 28
Agronomical efficiency of two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Varieties against different level of Nitrogen fertilizer in
Subtropical region of Pakistan
Muhammad Farooq1*
, Imran Khan2
, Shabir Ahmed3
, Naila Ilyas4*
, Abdul Saboor5
,
Muhammad Bakhtiar6
, Shoaib Khan7
, Iltaf Khan8
, Nabeela Ilyas9
, Ali Yar Khan10
1
Institute of Food Sciences and Technology Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan.
2
Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan.
3
Assistant Director Food Zhob Balochistan.
4
Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
5
School of Food Science & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, China.
6
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
7
Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan.
8
Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
9
Department of Environmental Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan.
10
Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Corresponding Authors Email: farooq.fst28@gmail.com, inaila471@gmail.com
Abstract— A field study was carried out to at Agriculture Research Institute, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, to
investigate the effect of various nitrogen levels on growth and yield contributing traits of two wheat varieties. Wheat varieties
Benazir and TJ-83 were evaluated against four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1
).The results revealed that the
effect of nitrogen levels as well as varieties differed significantly for all the growth and yield contributing traits and N @
150 kg ha-1
resulted in maximum values for plant height (87.66 cm), number of tillers m-2
(265.17), spike length (13.05 cm),
number of spikelets spike-1
(22.02), number of grain spike-1
(68.21), seed index (48.80 g) and grain yield (4320 kg ha-1
). In
varieties, Benazir showed its superiority over its companion variety with 82.91 cm plant height, 224.17 tillers m-2
, 10.52 cm
spike length, 18.21 spikelets spike-1
, 53.00 grains spike-1
, 45.29 g seed index and 3649.50 kg ha-1
grain yield. The commercial
variety TJ-83 ranked 2nd
with 78.33 cm plant height, 207.75 tillers m-2
, 11.42 cm spike length, 19.82 spikelets spike-1
, 57.31
grains spike-1
, 40.98 g seed index and 3143.20 kg ha-1
grain yield. It was observed that treatment interaction N @150 kg ×
variety Benazir proved to be effective treatment and variety combination for achieving higher wheat yields; while, variety
Benazir showed its genetic superiority yielding higher than its companion variety TJ-83.
Keywords— Growth parameters, grain yield, Nitrogen, wheat.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), cultivated worldwide is the principal source of human diet with prominent position among
cereals [1] particularly in the Asia and more specifically in the south Asian region supplying 68 percent of the calories and
protein in the diet [2].Wheat flour is used for leavened, flat and steamed breads as well as most of the baked products [3].
The daily diet of people in Pakistan is mainly based on wheat [4].Importance of wheat in Pakistan can be noted from the fact
that agricultural policies are formulated focusing this crop; 60 percent of daily diet of common man is based on wheat with
average per capita consumption of 125 kg [5].
Pakistan is known to be the most important country where wheat is cultivated extensively in its all ecological conditions and
included in world top ten wheat producing countries [6] but the average yields are much lower than other major wheat
growing countries including China, USA, and India etc. [7]. Wheat is the leading food grain of Pakistan and occupies the
largest area under single crop and contributes 10.0 percent to the value added in agriculture and 2.1 percent to GDP. Area
under wheat has decreased to 9180 thousand hectares in 2014-15 from last year’s area of 9199 thousand hectares which
shows a decrease of 0.2 percent. The production of wheat stood at 25.478 million tons during 2014-15, showing a decrease of
1.9 percent over the last year’s production of 25.979 million tons [8].Grain yield per unit area of wheat achieved in the
country is still far less than the advanced wheat growing countries of the world. The low yield is attributable to many factors
that include various agronomic factors [9] such as improper inputs application [10, 11]. Besides its tremendous significance,
average yield is far below than developed countries [12]. Nutrient deficiency is one of the important factors.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 29
The universal deficiency of N has become more severe in regions of continuous cropping [13]. Nitrogen is essential element of
bio-molecules (amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, phytohormones and enzymes and coenzymes). N stimulates growth,
expands crop canopy and interception solar radiation [14].Plants are surrounded by the N in atmosphere; and every acre of
the earth’s surface is covered by thousands of pounds of nitrogen [15].Varieties and fertilizers are two dominant factors
which greatly influence the yield. Introduction of new wheat varieties has not only raised the production, but also the
standard of down trodden farmers. New varieties are more responsive to fertilizer than older ones and resistant to lodging.
Nitrogen plays an important role in boosting up the yield when used in an appropriate amount. The studies carried out earlier
indicated that highest wheat grain yield (4293 kg ha-1
) was recorded with application of 150 kg N ha-1
[16, 17]. A linear
increase in wheat grain and straw yield with additive dose of N fertilizer up to 120 kg N ha-1
[18].The high wheat yield can
sustainably be achieved with application of N fertilizer in addition to P and K at optimum rates. The recommended dose
120kg P ha-1
for achieving higher grain yield, nutrient uptake, spike number and grains spike-1
[19]. The highest wheat yields
when the crop was fertilized with 90 kg of N ha-1
. The use of mineral fertilizers is beneficial for increasing the soil fertilizer
status and crop productivity and 80-120 kg N ha-1
fertilization in wheat for achieving higher yields [20]. Nitrogen upto 180
kg ha-1
in addition to P, at 120 kg ha-1
for achieving higher yields in different wheat varieties [21]. Recommended dose of
200 kg N ha-1
compared to dose of 150 kg N ha-1
for increased grain yield [22]. Nitrogen at the rate of 200 kg ha-1
resulted in
maximum crop performance for height of plants, leaves plant-1
,tillers, earhead length, matter yield, grains earhead-1
, spikelets
earhead-1
and biological yield [23]. In view of the facts stated above, the experiment was performed to identify the optimum
nitrogen requirement of two wheat varieties under agro-ecological conditions of Tandojamto assess the growth and yield
response of different wheat varieties to different levels of nitrogen and to find out wheat variety with enhanced yield
potential and optimum Nitrogen use.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
In order to evaluate nitrogen requirement of wheat varieties, the study was carried out during the year 2014-15 at the
experimental fields of Plant Physiology Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam. Split plot design was used for
laying out this experiment with three replicates in a split size of 4 x 3 m (12 m2
). The details of treatments are given as under:
2.1 Layout plan of the experiment
Experimental design: Split Plot Design (SPD)
Replications: Three
Net plot size: 4 m x 3 m (12 m2
)
Treatments Two Factor = A and B
Factor = A
Main plot (Varieties) = 02 V1 = Benazir
V2 = TJ- 83
Factor = B
Sub-plot (Nitrogen levels) = 04
N1 = Control (0 kg N ha-1
)
N2 = 90 kg N ha-1
N3 = 120 kg N ha-1
N4= 150 kg N ha-1
.The cultural practices generally recommended were adopted uniformly in all the experimental
units. The details are given as under:
2.2 Land preparation
The land was prepared by giving two dry plowings, followed by land leveling. After soaking dose when land came in
condition, it was plowed crosswise with cultivator, followed by rotavator and planking for achieving a good seedbed.
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 30
2.3 Sowing time and method
The seed of wheat variety T.J-83 at recommended rate of 125 kg ha-1
was sown with single row hand drill in the 1st
week of
November, 2012 maintaining row to row distance of 22.5cm.
2.4 Irrigation and fertilizer application
The first irrigation was applied at the crown root initiation stage i.e. 21 days after sowing; subsequent irrigations were
applied as and when it was needed until the crop reached physiological maturity. In all six irrigations were applied. All
Phosphorus (in the form of Single Super Phosphate) and 1/3rd
of N was applied at the time of sowing, and remaining 1/3rd
of
N at 1st
irrigation and 1/3rd
of N was applied at 2nd
irrigation in the form of urea.
2.5 Weeding
All narrow leaf and broad leaf weeds were controlled by applying suitable post-emergence herbicides recommended for
wheat crop.
2.6 Crop harvesting and threshing
At maturity five plants from each treatment of all replications was selected at random for harvest. These plants were
harvested by cutting at soil level with sickle. The earheads were separated from straw, placed in separate paper bags, oven-
dried for 24 hours at 78o
C and threshing was carried out manually. The observations were recorded on the following
parameters:
a) Plant height (cm)
b) Number of tillers m-2
c) Spike length (cm)
d) Number of spikelets spike-1
e) Number of grain spike-1
f) Seed index (1000 grain weight, g)
g) Grain yield (kg ha-1
)
2.7 Procedure for recording observations
2.7.1 Plant height (cm)
Plant height was recorded at maturity of the crop in randomly selected plants using measuring tape from bottom to tip of the
spike in centimeters.
2.7.2 Tillers m-2
Total number of tillers in a square area of one meter was counted at the time of maturity in each plot and averaged.
2.7.3 Spike length (cm)
The length of all the spikes in randomly selected plants was measured in centimeters with measuring tape and average was
worked out.
2.7.4 Number of spikelet’s spike-1
The number of spikelets in each spike of the randomly selected plants was counted at the crop maturity and average was
worked out.
2.7.5 Number of spike-1
The number of grains spike-1
in each of the randomly selected plants was counted at the crop maturity and average was
calculated.
2.7.6 Seed index
One thousand grains from each plot were collected at random and weighed to record the seed index in grams.
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 31
2.7.7 Grain yield ha-1
The grain received from each plot was weighed and on the basis of grain yield plot-1
, grain yield ha-1
was calculated in
kilograms using the following formula:
𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ℎ𝑎 − 1 =
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 − 1(𝑘𝑔)
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚 − 2)
× 10000
2.8 Statistical analysis
The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis to analyze the variance in treatment means. L.S.D (Least Significant
Difference) test was applied to observe the statistical differences within treatments following the method developed by [24].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Result
The study was carried out during 2014-15 to assess nitrogen requirement of two wheat varieties (Benazir and TJ-83)
examining four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1
). The wheat varieties were considered as main plot, while the sub-
plots were the nitrogen levels in split plot design. Plant height, number of tillers m-2
, spike length, number of spikelets spike-
1
, number of grain spike-1
, seed index (1000 grain weight) and grain yield were the traits of economicimportance included in
this experiment; and the data on these traits are produced in Tables 1.
3.1.1 Plant height (cm)
The plant height of wheat varies among varieties and this trait is generally associated with the genetic make of varieties. The
optimum nitrogen requirement of wheat varieties in relation to their plant height was examined and the results are shown in
Table1. The analysis of variance indicated that effect of varying nitrogen levels and varieties on plant height of wheat was
significant (P<0.05); while non-significant for treatment interaction between nitrogen levels × varieties (P>0.05). The
nitrogen @ 150 kg ha-1
resulted in tallest plants on average (87.66 cm); while height of the plants followed a declining trend
i.e. 85.33 cm and 80.66 cm with decreasing nitrogen levels upto 120 kg ha-1
and 90 kg ha-1
, respectively. The wheat plants of
minimum height (69.83 cm) recorded in plots kept untreated of nitrogen (control). Similarly, wheat variety Benazir produced
plants of maximum height (82.91 cm); while variety TJ-83 produced plants of minimum height (78.83 cm). Treatment
interaction of N @150 kg ha-1
× Variety Benazir produced plants of maximum height (89.33 cm); while interaction of N
Control× Variety TJ-83 produced plants of minimum height (68.66 cm). It was observed that increasing N levels linearly
increased the plant height, regardless the varieties.
3.1.2 Number of tillers m-2
The tillering capacity in wheat is very important trait and varieties with higher tillering capacity produce higher grain yields.
The effect of different nitrogen doses on the tillers m-2
of two wheat varieties was investigated and the data are presented in
Table 1. The analysis of variance showed that tillers m-2
of wheat were significantly (P<0.05) affected by nitrogen levels and
varieties; while interactive effect of nitrogen levels × varieties on tillers m-2
was non-significant (P>0.05). The nitrogen @
150 kg ha-1
produced maximum number of tillers m-2
(265.17); while tillers m-2
decreased to 253.50 and 195.67 with
decreasing nitrogen levels upto 120 kg ha-1
and 90 kg ha-1
, respectively. However, the lowest tillers m-2
(149.50) was
obtained from the control plots where nitrogen was not applied. In case of wheat varieties, Benazir produced significantly
higher number of tillers m-2
(224.17) as compared to variety TJ-83 (207.75 m-2
). Treatment interaction of N @150 kg ha-1
×
Variety Benazir produced plants of highest number of tillers m-2
(270.00); while interaction of N Control× Variety TJ-83
produced lowest number of tillers m-2
(144.00). This indicated that increase in nitrogen rate showed a simultaneous positive
impact on the number of tillers m-2
. However, in varieties Benazir showed its genetic superiority over TJ-83 for tillering
capacity.
3.1.3 Spike length (cm)
The spike length in wheat is one of the most important traits influenced by the genetic makeup of the parent material of
respective varieties. The effect of various nitrogen levels on the spike length of two wheat varieties was evaluated and the
results are given in Table 1. The analysis of variance demonstrated that spike length of wheat was significantly (P<0.05)
influenced by rate of nitrogen application and varieties; while non-significant influence on spike length was observed due to
interaction between nitrogen levels × varieties (P>0.05). The application of nitrogen at highest rate of 150 kg ha-1
resulted in
longest spikes (13.05 cm); while length of the spikes followed a decreasing trend i.e. 12.33 cm and 10.17 cm with reduced
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 32
nitrogen levels upto 120 kg ha-1
and 90 kg ha-1
, respectively. The shortest spikes (8.31 cm) were recorded in plots kept
untreated of nitrogen (control). Similarly, wheat variety TJ-83 produced longer spikes (11.42 cm) as compared to variety
Benazir (10.52 cm). Interactive effect of N levels and varietie4s showed that interaction of N @150 kg ha-1
× Variety TJ-83
resulted in longest spikes (13.50 cm); while interaction of N Control× Variety Benazir resulted in shortest spikes (7.88 cm).
Irrespective of varieties, there was linear impact of increasing nitrogen levels on the spike length of wheat. However, variety
TJ-83 was genetically superior line over Benazir so far the spike length is concerned.
3.1.4 Number of spikelets spike-1
The effect of different nitrogen levels on the number of spikelets spike-1
of two wheat varieties was examined and the data
are shown in Table 1. The analysis of variance suggested that the number of spikelets spike-1
of wheat varieties were
significantly (P<0.05) affected by nitrogen levels and varieties; while interactive effect of nitrogen levels × varieties on this
trait was statistically non-significant (P>0.05). The nitrogen @ 150 kg ha-1
produced maximum number of spikelets spike-1
(22.02); while spikelets spike-1
reduced to 21.15 and 17.95 with decreasing nitrogen levels upto 120 kg ha-1
and 90 kg ha-1
,
respectively. However, the lowest spikelets spike-1
(14.93) were recorded in control plots where nitrogen was not applied. In
case of varieties, TJ-83 resulted in significantly higher number of spikelets spike-1
(19.82) than variety Benazir (18.21).
Treatment interaction of N @150 kg ha-1
× Variety TJ-83 produced highest number of spikelets spike-1
(23.06); while
interaction of N Control× Variety Benazir resulted in lowest number of spikelets spike-1
(14.56). This showed that increase in
nitrogen levels showed a concurrent encouraging effect on spikelets spike-1
. However, in varieties TJ-83 has capability to
produce more spikelets spike-1
than Benazir.
3.1.5 Number of grains spike-1
The number of grains spike-1
is mainly influenced by the spike length and this trait is guided by the genetic makeup of
parental material of varieties. The effect of various nitrogen levels on grains spike-1
of two wheat varieties was determined
and the results are presented in Table 1. The analysis of variance indicated that the number of grains spike-1
of wheat
varieties was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by nitrogen levels and varieties; while nitrogen levels × varieties interaction
was non-significant (P>0.05). It can be seen from the results that maximum number of grains spike-1
(68.21) was achieved in
plots supplied with nitrogen @ 150 kg ha-1
; while grains spike-1
decreased slightly to 67.10 when the crop was fertilized with
nitrogen @120 kg ha-1
; while nitrogen @ 90 kg ha-1
resulted in 47.14 grains spike-1
. However, the minimum number of
grains spike-1
(38.17) was obtained in absence of nitrogenous fertilization (Control). In case of varieties, TJ-83 produced
significantly more grains spike-1
(57.31) as compared to variety Benazir (53.00). Treatment interaction of N @150 kg ha-1
×
Variety TJ-83 produced highest number of grains spike-1
(71.21); while interaction of N Control× Variety Benazir produced
lowest number of grains spike-1
(37.23). It was observed that increase in nitrogen levels resulted in a linear increase in the
number of grains spike-1
. However, statistically the differences in grains spike-1
between 150 and 120 kg N ha-1
were non-
significant; suggesting 120 kg N ha-1
as an optimum N level for the number of grains spike-1
trait. However, in varieties, TJ-
83 proved to be superior over Benazir in regards to number of grains spike-1
.
3.1.6 Seed index (1000 grains weight, g)
The seed index is a quality trait in wheat that measures the grain quality on the basis of overall weight of the grain. The
influence of varying nitrogen levels on seed index of wheat varieties Benazir and TJ-83 was examined and the data are
shown in Table 1. The analysis of variance demonstrated significant (P<0.05) influenced by nitrogen levels and varieties;
while the interactive effect of nitrogen levels × varieties was non-significant (P>0.05). The results in Table 6 indicated that
highest seed index (48.80 g) was recorded in crop supplied with nitrogen at the highest rate of 150 kg ha-1
; followed by 120
kg and 90 kg ha-1
N levels that resulted in average seed indexvalue of 47.14 g and 41.17 g, respectively.However, the lowest
seed index value of 35.42 g was recorded in plots kept without nitrogenous fertilizer (Control). In varieties, Benazir produced
bolder grains with seed index value of 45.29 g as compared to variety TJ-83 (40.98 g). Treatment interaction of N @150 kg
ha-1
× Variety Benazir resulted in maximum seed index (50.70 g); while N Control× Variety TJ-83 produced minimum seed
index(33.64). It was observed that the crop receiving higher levels of nitrogen fertilizer produced bolder grains and hence
higher seed index value was obtained. Linear impact of each increased N level on seed index was observed; while among
varieties, Benazir produced bolder grains than TJ-83.
3.1.7 Grain yield ha-1
The grain yield is constituted by a number of its contributing traits such as tillers plant-1
, grains spike-1
, grains weight spike-1
as well as seed index. The grain yield is primarily guided by the genetic makeup of varieties; but the impact of proper rate of
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 33
fertilizers is also one of the most influencing factors. The results in regards to grain yield ha-1
of two wheat varieties as
influenced by different nitrogen levels are shown in Table 1. The analysis of variance showed that the grain yield ha-1
of
wheat varieties was significantly (P<0.05) affected by nitrogen levels, varieties as well as by nitrogen levels × varieties
interaction. It is obvious from the results that highest grain yield of 4320 kg ha-1
was achieved in plots fertilized with N @
150 kg ha-1
; while grain yield decreased to 4075 kg ha-1
and 3076.7 kg ha-1
in plots receiving N @120 kg ha-1
and N @ 90 kg
ha-1
, respectively. However, the lowest grain yield ha-1
(2113.7 kg) was obtained in plots kept untreated of N fertilizers
(Control). In case of varieties, Benazir produced significantly higher grains yield of 3649.50 kg ha-1
than its companion
variety TJ-83 (3143.20 kg ha-1
). Treatment interaction of N @150 kg ha-1
× Variety Benazir produced maximum grain yield
ha-1
(4643.3 kg); while interaction of N Control× Variety TJ-83 resulted in lowest grain yield ha-1
(1989.3 kg). The grain
yield increased substantially with each increment in nitrogen levels and 150 kg N ha-1
showed optimistic results in regards to
yield ha-1
of wheat. Moreover, variety Benazir found to be more promising than variety TJ-83 surpassing this variety in yield
by considerable margin.
TABLE 1
EFFECT OF NITROGEN LEVEL AND WHEAT VARIETIES ON GROWTH INDICES OF WHEAT PRODUCTION.
Growth index
Wheat
varieties
Nitrogen level
Mean
N1=0kgha-1
N2=90kgha-1
N=3120kgha-1
N4=150kgha-1
Plant height
(cm)
Benazir 71.00d
84.00c
87.33b
89.33a
82.91A
Tj-83 68.66d
77.33c
83.33b
86.00a
78.33B
Mean 68.66d
77.33c
83.33b
86.00a
Number of tillers
(m-1
)
Benazir 155.00 d
211.67c
260.00b
270.00a
224.16A
Tj-83 144.00d
247.00b
260.33a
207.75c
214.77B
Mean 149.50d
229.33c
260.16a
238.87b
Spike length
(cm)
Benazir 7.88c
9.58 b 12.00 a
12.61a
10.51A
Tj-83 8.73d
10.77c
12.67b
13.5a
11.41A
Mean 8.30d
10.17c
12.30b
13.05a
Number of spikelets
spike -1
Benazir 14.56c
16.96b
20.33a
20.98a
18.20A
Tj-83 15.30d 18.93c
21.96b
23.06a
19.81 B
Mean 14.93d
17.94c
21.14b
22.02a
Number of grains spike -1
Benazir 37.23d
44.73c
64.83b
65.22a
53.00B
Tj-83 39.10 d
49.54c
69.36b
71.21a
57.3025A
Mean 38.16 d
47.13 c
67.09 b
68.215a
Seed Index
( 1000 grains weight)
(g)
Benazir 37.20d
44.23c
48.98b
50.70a
45.27A
Tj-83 33.64c
38.10b
45.30a
46.90a
40.985B
Mean 35.42c
41.16b
47.14a
48.80 a
Grain Yield kg ha-1
Benazir 2238.00 d
3226.70 c
4490.00 b
4643.00 a
3649.42A
Tj-83 1989.30 d
2926.70 c
3660.00 b
3996.70 a
3143.17B
Mean 2113.65d
3076.70 c
4075.00 b
4319.85a
N= Nitrogen levels. Values are means of two determinations. Means with the different letters (superscript) are significantly
different at (p<0.05).
3.2 Discussion
Due to climatic change and continuous cropping, the soils are deteriorating in essentially required nutrients and in result the
desired crop yields are not obtained. Hence, it is imperative to carryout research to optimize the nitrogen requirement of crop
varieties. This study was conducted to examine the effect of various nitrogen levels on wheat varieties. The study showed
that N @ 150 kg ha-1
resulted in maximum values for plant height (87.66 cm), number of tillers m-2
(265.17), spike length
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 34
(13.05 cm), number of spikelets spike-1
(22.02), number of grain spike-1
(68.21), seed index (48.80 g) and grain yield (4320
kg ha-1
). Decreasing N rates resulted in deteriorated crop performance regardless the varieties. It was observed that treatment
interaction N @150 kg × variety Benazir proved to be effective treatment and variety combination for achieving higher
wheat yields; while, variety Benazir showed its genetic superiority yielding higher than its companion variety TJ-83. These
results are fully supported by [25]wheat crop responded positively to the fertilization of NP in different levels and
combinations; while [26]100 kg N + 60 kg P were the optimum rates for achieving higher wheat yields. The high level of
crop production can be sustained with the application of N and P under an intensive cropping system provided there is no
trace element deficiency [27]. Recommended dose 120-60 kg NP ha-1
for obtaining increased grain yield, nutrient uptake,
spike number and grains spike-1
[28]. The effect of different rates of N and P fertilizer on wheat and observed that grain yield
of wheat increased from 1984 to 2706 kg per hectare when 90 kg of N per hectare were applied [28]. The use of mineral
fertilizers is beneficial for increasing the soil fertilizer status and crop productivity [29]. Application 120:60:30 kg N, P2O5
and K2O ha-1
than at lower levels of 100:50:25 and 80:40:20 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1
[29]. Recommended 140 kg per hectare
N for higher grain yield in wheat [30]; the highest wheat grain yield (4293 kg ha-1
) was recorded with an application of 150-
100-50 kg NPK ha-1
[31]. 80-120 kg N ha-1
fertilization in wheat for higher yields [32]. Nitrogen upto 180 kg per hectare
alongwith P at 120 kg per hectare respectively for achieving higher yields in different wheat varieties [33]. The
recommended dose of 200 kg N ha-1
compared to dose of 150 kg N ha-1
for increased grain yield [34]. Nitrogen at the rate of
200 kg ha-1
produced greater plant height, leaves plant-1
,tillers, ear length and weight, dry weight, grains ear-1
, spikelets ear-1
and biological yield. Beneficial effect of nitrogen application on wheat tillers, spikes, plant height, spike length, spike lets,
grains spike-1
, and grain and straw yields was recorded. 168-840 kg ha-1
N-P was an optimum level for obtaining
economically higher grain yields in wheat variety SKD-1 [35]. Wheat growth and yield traits enhanced due to application of
N and P at higher levels, whereas excess rates of N could promote lodging and prologned days to maturity in wheat [36].
Optimum nitrogen rate is best done with production records under weather conditions [37]. Disproportionate N
applicationduring wheat vegetative phases may cause significant reduction in yield and kernel weight. Application of 80-120
kg N ha-1
to wheat crop declined NO3-N leaching loss without considerably reducingyield. The 60–95% of the grain Ncomes
from the remobilization of N accumulated in shoots and roots just before anthesis [38]. However, nitrogen incorporation
immediately after anthesis exhibited no effect on lodging. Theremobilized N from the vegetative organs accounts for 70–
90%of the total panicle N. The higher N levels produced significantly higher effective tillers, higher number of grains per
head and higher grain weight per head and ultimately significantly higher grain and straw yields [39]. The application of
different levels of Nitrogen affected cereal grain yields significantly and suggested 160 kg N ha-1
for achieving higher grain
yields [40]. N @ 168 kg ha-1
as an optimum level for obtaining economically higher grain yields in wheat variety SKD-1[41].
This results also suggested that Zn application at the rate of 5 kg ha-1
alongwith recommended dose of NPK fertilizers would
be enough to fulfil soil Zn requirement for wheat variety SKD-1, because addition of 10 kg Zn ha-1
did not prove beneficial
for any of the growth and grain yield components of SKD-1.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded that for achieving higher wheat grain yields, the variety Benazir may be given preference over TJ-83.for all
the growth and yield contributing traits and N @ 150 kg ha-1
resulted in maximum values for plant height, number of tillers
m-2
, spike length ,number of spikelets spike-1
, number of grain spike-1
, seed index and grain yield (4320 kg ha-1
). The crop
fertilized with N @ 120 kg ha-1
ranked 2nd
and resulted in 4075.0 kg ha-1
grain yield. The performance of wheat crop given
fertilizers with N @ 90 kg ha-1
deteriorated and ranked 3rd
, while crop kept unfertilized (Control) ranked least for all the traits
investigated. while, variety Benazir showed its genetic superiority yielding higher than its companion variety TJ-83.It was
observed that the application of nitrogen fertilizers significantly enhanced the growth and yield contributing traits of all the
wheat varieties tested in this experiment. Varieties and fertilizers are two dominant factors which greatly influence the yield.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was funded by the Sindh Agriculture Uinversity, Tandojam .The authors are thankful to Dr. Lubna Rajput,
Assistant Plant Physiologist, Plant Physiology Section, Agriculture Research Institute Tandojam for providing facility to
conduct filed experiment, kind cooperation, valuable suggestions and guidance. Many thanks to the field staff and labor of
the Plant Physiology Section, Agriculture Research Institute Tandojam for their help in conducting field experiment.
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