The document discusses genetically modified crops and their use in integrated pest management. It provides an overview of GM crop traits including insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and stress tolerance. Bt cotton is discussed as an example of an insect resistant GM crop introduced in India. The document notes that using GM crops in an IPM context can help extend their efficacy against pests while reducing insecticide use and promoting natural pest control to manage resistance risks.
Biological control agents can be applied using three main techniques: introduction, augmentation, and conservation. Introduction involves deliberately introducing natural enemies into areas where they are not native. Augmentation involves mass rearing and releasing natural enemies to supplement existing populations. Conservation preserves and increases natural enemies through environmental manipulation. Specific application methods depend on the type of agent. For insects, techniques include seed treatment, soil application, and foliar application. Release methods aim to maximize agent effectiveness against target pests.
Genetically modified crops have potential benefits like increased yields and improved nutrition, but also risks that require further testing. The document discusses GM crops and their development process. It provides examples of GM traits like pest resistance and herbicide tolerance. Countries like Bangladesh are researching crops modified for vitamin A and insect resistance. However, capacity for biotechnology is limited by funding and trained experts. Both advantages like disease resistance and disadvantages like possible allergies are noted. With more support and testing, GM crops may help increase sustainable agriculture.
This document discusses biocontrol agents used for biological pest control. It defines biocontrol as using living organisms to control pests like insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases. The document outlines the history of biocontrol and describes common types of biocontrol agents like parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It discusses strategies for biocontrol and provides advantages like being environmentally friendly and reducing chemical pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like pathogens developing resistance.
The document discusses biocontrol agents and their uses. It begins with an introduction to biocontrol and then describes the different types of biocontrol agents including parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens. Specific examples are provided for each type. The document also discusses the history of biocontrol, techniques such as introduction, augmentation and conservation. It notes the merits of biocontrol including being environmentally friendly and cost effective, and potential demerits such as not completely destroying pests. In conclusion, it emphasizes creating awareness, fully utilizing existing biocontrol laboratories, and obtaining information to ensure success of biocontrol programs.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified crops. It discusses the history and development of GM crops, including the first GM tobacco plant in 1982. It outlines the types and traits of GM foods, including insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and nutritional enhancements. The global adoption of major GM crops like soybean, maize, and cotton is summarized. The status of GM crops in India is also reviewed, focusing on Bt cotton which has been widely adopted. Advantages and disadvantages of GM foods are briefly mentioned.
This document discusses the six basic principles of plant disease management: avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, resistant varieties, and therapy. It provides details on each principle and methods to achieve it, such as choosing disease-free geographical areas and seed/planting material, quarantines, rouging of infected plants, crop rotation, chemical treatments, and using resistant varieties.
Biological control utilizes natural enemies like parasitoids, predators and pathogens to regulate pest populations. There are three main techniques - conservation of natural enemies, importation of non-native enemies, and augmentation of existing populations through supplemental releases. Common biological control agents include predators like ladybugs, parasitoids such as wasps and flies, and pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria like B. thuringiensis, fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, nematodes, and viruses. Mass production of these natural enemies involves rearing them on host pests in the laboratory and field. Biological control provides a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides by controlling pests without toxic residues or impacts on non-target species.
Biological control agents can be applied using three main techniques: introduction, augmentation, and conservation. Introduction involves deliberately introducing natural enemies into areas where they are not native. Augmentation involves mass rearing and releasing natural enemies to supplement existing populations. Conservation preserves and increases natural enemies through environmental manipulation. Specific application methods depend on the type of agent. For insects, techniques include seed treatment, soil application, and foliar application. Release methods aim to maximize agent effectiveness against target pests.
Genetically modified crops have potential benefits like increased yields and improved nutrition, but also risks that require further testing. The document discusses GM crops and their development process. It provides examples of GM traits like pest resistance and herbicide tolerance. Countries like Bangladesh are researching crops modified for vitamin A and insect resistance. However, capacity for biotechnology is limited by funding and trained experts. Both advantages like disease resistance and disadvantages like possible allergies are noted. With more support and testing, GM crops may help increase sustainable agriculture.
This document discusses biocontrol agents used for biological pest control. It defines biocontrol as using living organisms to control pests like insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases. The document outlines the history of biocontrol and describes common types of biocontrol agents like parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It discusses strategies for biocontrol and provides advantages like being environmentally friendly and reducing chemical pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like pathogens developing resistance.
The document discusses biocontrol agents and their uses. It begins with an introduction to biocontrol and then describes the different types of biocontrol agents including parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens. Specific examples are provided for each type. The document also discusses the history of biocontrol, techniques such as introduction, augmentation and conservation. It notes the merits of biocontrol including being environmentally friendly and cost effective, and potential demerits such as not completely destroying pests. In conclusion, it emphasizes creating awareness, fully utilizing existing biocontrol laboratories, and obtaining information to ensure success of biocontrol programs.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified crops. It discusses the history and development of GM crops, including the first GM tobacco plant in 1982. It outlines the types and traits of GM foods, including insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and nutritional enhancements. The global adoption of major GM crops like soybean, maize, and cotton is summarized. The status of GM crops in India is also reviewed, focusing on Bt cotton which has been widely adopted. Advantages and disadvantages of GM foods are briefly mentioned.
This document discusses the six basic principles of plant disease management: avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, resistant varieties, and therapy. It provides details on each principle and methods to achieve it, such as choosing disease-free geographical areas and seed/planting material, quarantines, rouging of infected plants, crop rotation, chemical treatments, and using resistant varieties.
Biological control utilizes natural enemies like parasitoids, predators and pathogens to regulate pest populations. There are three main techniques - conservation of natural enemies, importation of non-native enemies, and augmentation of existing populations through supplemental releases. Common biological control agents include predators like ladybugs, parasitoids such as wasps and flies, and pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria like B. thuringiensis, fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, nematodes, and viruses. Mass production of these natural enemies involves rearing them on host pests in the laboratory and field. Biological control provides a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides by controlling pests without toxic residues or impacts on non-target species.
Terminator gene technology & its applications in crop improvementIshan Mehta
Ishan Mehta's document discusses terminator gene technology and its applications in crop improvement. It defines genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) as methods that use genetic switches to restrict unauthorized use of genetic material by preventing reproduction (V-GURT) or controlling trait expression (T-GURT). The document provides a history of GURTs, including early patents, protests against their use over concerns about seed saving practices and corporate control, and moratoriums imposed by various organizations. It also outlines the current state of GURT patents.
This document summarizes plant disease management through plant quarantine. It defines plant quarantine as legal restrictions on agricultural commodity movement to prevent the establishment of plants, pests, and diseases in new areas. It provides details on the history and organization of plant quarantine in India, including relevant laws and quarantine stations at airports, seaports, and land frontiers. The document lists some examples of diseases controlled by plant quarantine in India and introduces some foreign diseases introduced to India with the year and originating country.
Genetic engineering and development of transgenic plantsNisha Nepoleon
Genetic engineering can be used to develop transgenic plants with desirable traits. The process involves introducing foreign genes into plant cells, which are then regenerated into whole plants. Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been introduced to many crops like cotton, corn and potatoes to make them resistant to pests. Other genes introduced include protease inhibitors and alpha amylase inhibitors. While transgenic plants can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, some risks include increased allergenicity and the development of resistance in pest populations.
Biocontrol agents production and applicationroshni mohan
Biocontrol agents are microorganisms like Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Bacillus species that are used to control plant pathogens and diseases. They work through mechanisms like nutrient competition, antibiosis, mycoparasitism, and inducing plant resistance. Biological control agents are advantageous as they are non-toxic, host-specific, and do not pollute the environment like chemical pesticides. However, they may affect non-target organisms and pathogens could develop resistance. The microorganisms are mass produced using liquid fermentation or on various carrier materials. They are then formulated and applied to seeds, seedlings, soil, or other plant parts depending on the target crop to provide natural disease control.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for improving farm profitability, reducing pest resistance and environmental impacts compared to reliance on pesticides alone.
The document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which aims to manage pest populations below economically damaging levels through cultural, biological, and chemical practices. It defines IPM and outlines its objectives of reducing crop losses, pollution, and pesticide use while maintaining ecological balance. The document also discusses the various control methods used in IPM, including cultural, physical, biological and chemical controls, and provides examples of IPM programs and their benefits over non-IPM practices in reducing costs and protecting the environment.
This document summarizes several genes and proteins of interest in entomological research, including Bt Cry toxins, plant metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, plant lectins, insect hormones, and genes involved in insect sex determination and development. It also discusses juvenile hormone and its role in insect metamorphosis, as well as neuropeptides and their functions in insect behavior, physiology, and homeostasis. Finally, it covers protease inhibitors from plants that play a role in insect control by inhibiting insect digestive enzymes.
The document describes research on developing insect-resistant maize plants by expressing a chitinase gene from the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis. The chitinase gene was synthesized and expressed in transgenic maize plants. Bioassays found that approximately 50% of corn borers (Sesamia cretica) reared on the transgenic plants died, demonstrating enhanced insect resistance. The chitinase gene transfer technology shows potential as an effective and pesticide-free method of insect control, as chitinases can impact the growth and survival of both insect pests and fungal pathogens.
Integrated disease management (IDM), which combines biological, cultural, physical, mechanical, legislative and chemical control strategies in a holistic way rather than using a single component strategy proved to be more effective and sustainable.
Quality refers to the suitability of a crop for its intended end use. Quality traits include morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological characteristics. Morphological traits relate to appearance while organoleptic traits influence taste and aroma. Nutritional traits determine health value and biological traits define usefulness when consumed. Quality is governed by oligogenic, polygenic, or maternal inheritance. Sources of improved quality traits include cultivated varieties, germplasm, mutants, somaclonal variants, wild relatives, and transgenic sources.
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
The document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM). It provides a brief history of IPM, noting that the concept originated in California in the 1940s and was adopted as national policy by the US in the 1970s. The basic components of an IPM system are then outlined as monitoring pest levels, preventative cultural practices, mechanical and biological controls, and responsible pesticide use. Requirements of IPM include reducing impacts of pesticides on human health and ecosystems through alternatives such as cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods.
Mechanical, physical and legislative Methods of pest controlCutm paralakhemundi
This document discusses various mechanical, physical, and legislative methods of pest control. Mechanical methods include hand picking, provision of barriers, and traps. Physical methods modify the environment through techniques like heating, cooling, gases, and light traps. Legislative methods establish laws and regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of pests between regions. This includes quarantine laws at borders and mandating control measures for established pests. Regulations also govern pesticide usage and prevent adulteration. The goal of these various approaches is to manage pest populations in an effective and safe manner.
Transgenic plants are crop plants that contain genes artificially inserted from unrelated species. This allows plant breeders to generate more productive varieties with new trait combinations beyond traditional breeding. The process involves identifying, isolating, and cloning a novel gene, transforming the target plant, selecting transgenic tissues, and regenerating the plant. Common transgenic crops provide herbicide resistance, insect resistance using Bt genes, virus resistance, altered oil content, delayed fruit ripening, and drought tolerance. These traits aim to improve crop yields, qualities, and resist biotic and abiotic stresses.
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) involves using pesticides only when disease incidence reaches economic threshold levels, promoting natural biocontrol agents. IDM uses cultural, biological, and limited chemical controls to keep disease below economic levels. It has four components: host resistance, biological control, need-based chemical control, and culture control like intercropping and crop rotation.
Parasitoid wasps of genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) includes several species that are frequently used as biological control agents worldwide.
Trichogramma spp. are egg parasitoids which lay their eggs inside the eggs of insect pests.
Host of this parasitoid are the eggs of Sugarcane borers, Cut worms (Agrotis spp.), Cotton bollworms and Maize stem borer(Chilo pertellus).
Genetic engineering & new technologies their progress in Integrated Pest Man...Thims957
Genetic engineering and new technologies have made progress in integrated pest management (IPM) programs but also face limitations. Technologies like inserting insect-resistant genes from Bacillus thuringiensis into plants or using genetic engineering to optimize the speed at which pathogens kill pests have shown promise. However, producing recombinant pathogens faster-killing hosts results in fewer pathogen bodies produced. Additionally, viruses must be ingested to work and can be deactivated by sunlight or rain. Fungal pathogens are intolerant of low humidity or high heat. While biotechnology has improved crops through herbicide and insect resistance, developing transgenic methods that are economical at a large scale remains a challenge.
BAU-Biofungicide is a biofungicide formulated from the fungus Trichoderma, which protects crops from diseases caused by fungi. It was developed by Professor Ismail Hossain at Bangladesh Agricultural University. Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that act as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens through several mechanisms. BAU-Biofungicide can be used to treat seeds of many vegetables, pulses, oilseeds, and cereals, providing benefits like increased germination, plant growth, and yields. It is effective against seed-borne and soil-borne diseases as well as nematodes. Being environmentally friendly and easy to produce, BAU-Biofungicide provides farmers an affordable means
This document discusses transgenic plants and provides several examples. It begins by defining a transgenic as a genotype developed through genetic engineering containing a foreign or modified gene. Several successful commercial transgenic crops are mentioned, including Bt cotton, golden rice, and Flavr Savr tomato. The document then covers the process of creating transgenic plants including identifying genes of interest, cloning genes, transforming plant cells, and backcross breeding. Methods of gene transfer like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment are described. The document concludes by outlining the development and objectives of first and second generation transgenic crops.
The development and commercialization of insect-resistant transgenic Bt crops expressing Cry toxins revolutionized the history of agriculture. At the end of 2010, an estimated 26.3 million hectares of land were planted with crops containing the Bt gene (James 2011). Bt cotton has reduced the use of traditional insecticides by 207,900,000 lbs of active ingredient of insecticide (Brookes and Barfoot, 2006).
Resistance is a genetic change in the insect pest — that allows it to avoid harm from Bt toxins. The high and consistent levels of ICP production in the Bt plants make them much less favorable for the development of resistance. Insect Resistance Management is of great importance because of the threat insect resistance poses to the future use of Bt plant-incorporated protectants and is said to be the key to sustainable use of the genetically modified Bt crops. The US EPA usually requires a “buffer zone,” or a structured refuge of 20% non-Bt crops that is planted in close proximity to the Bt crops.
First documented case of insect resistance to Bt cotton came in 2008, when Tabashnik and coworkers found field-evolved Bt toxin resistance in bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in the United States. Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Maize by Western Corn Rootworm (Gassmann, 2011) displayed significantly higher survival on Cry3Bb1 maize in laboratory bioassays.
Expanded use of transgenic crops for insect control will likely include more varieties with combinations of two or more Bt toxins (pyramiding), novel Bt toxins such as VIP, modified Bt toxins that have been genetically engineered to kill insects resistant to standard Bt toxins. Transgenic plants that control insects via RNA interference are also under development.
Increasing use of transgenic crops in developing nations is likely, with a broadening range of genetically modified crops and target insect pests .Incorporating enhanced understanding of observed patterns of field-evolved resistance into future resistance management strategies can help to minimize the drawbacks and maximize the benefits of current and future generations of transgenic crops.
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific factsRajdeeep sidhu
Genetically modified crops can help increase food security in several ways:
1) They can increase yields through traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and drought tolerance. This helps increase food availability.
2) GM crops that are drought resistant or produce higher yields allow food to be grown in more difficult conditions, improving stability of food sources.
3) Some GM crops aim to directly enhance nutrition, such as golden rice which is engineered to produce higher amounts of vitamin A to address deficiencies.
Terminator gene technology & its applications in crop improvementIshan Mehta
Ishan Mehta's document discusses terminator gene technology and its applications in crop improvement. It defines genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) as methods that use genetic switches to restrict unauthorized use of genetic material by preventing reproduction (V-GURT) or controlling trait expression (T-GURT). The document provides a history of GURTs, including early patents, protests against their use over concerns about seed saving practices and corporate control, and moratoriums imposed by various organizations. It also outlines the current state of GURT patents.
This document summarizes plant disease management through plant quarantine. It defines plant quarantine as legal restrictions on agricultural commodity movement to prevent the establishment of plants, pests, and diseases in new areas. It provides details on the history and organization of plant quarantine in India, including relevant laws and quarantine stations at airports, seaports, and land frontiers. The document lists some examples of diseases controlled by plant quarantine in India and introduces some foreign diseases introduced to India with the year and originating country.
Genetic engineering and development of transgenic plantsNisha Nepoleon
Genetic engineering can be used to develop transgenic plants with desirable traits. The process involves introducing foreign genes into plant cells, which are then regenerated into whole plants. Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been introduced to many crops like cotton, corn and potatoes to make them resistant to pests. Other genes introduced include protease inhibitors and alpha amylase inhibitors. While transgenic plants can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, some risks include increased allergenicity and the development of resistance in pest populations.
Biocontrol agents production and applicationroshni mohan
Biocontrol agents are microorganisms like Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Bacillus species that are used to control plant pathogens and diseases. They work through mechanisms like nutrient competition, antibiosis, mycoparasitism, and inducing plant resistance. Biological control agents are advantageous as they are non-toxic, host-specific, and do not pollute the environment like chemical pesticides. However, they may affect non-target organisms and pathogens could develop resistance. The microorganisms are mass produced using liquid fermentation or on various carrier materials. They are then formulated and applied to seeds, seedlings, soil, or other plant parts depending on the target crop to provide natural disease control.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for improving farm profitability, reducing pest resistance and environmental impacts compared to reliance on pesticides alone.
The document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which aims to manage pest populations below economically damaging levels through cultural, biological, and chemical practices. It defines IPM and outlines its objectives of reducing crop losses, pollution, and pesticide use while maintaining ecological balance. The document also discusses the various control methods used in IPM, including cultural, physical, biological and chemical controls, and provides examples of IPM programs and their benefits over non-IPM practices in reducing costs and protecting the environment.
This document summarizes several genes and proteins of interest in entomological research, including Bt Cry toxins, plant metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, plant lectins, insect hormones, and genes involved in insect sex determination and development. It also discusses juvenile hormone and its role in insect metamorphosis, as well as neuropeptides and their functions in insect behavior, physiology, and homeostasis. Finally, it covers protease inhibitors from plants that play a role in insect control by inhibiting insect digestive enzymes.
The document describes research on developing insect-resistant maize plants by expressing a chitinase gene from the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis. The chitinase gene was synthesized and expressed in transgenic maize plants. Bioassays found that approximately 50% of corn borers (Sesamia cretica) reared on the transgenic plants died, demonstrating enhanced insect resistance. The chitinase gene transfer technology shows potential as an effective and pesticide-free method of insect control, as chitinases can impact the growth and survival of both insect pests and fungal pathogens.
Integrated disease management (IDM), which combines biological, cultural, physical, mechanical, legislative and chemical control strategies in a holistic way rather than using a single component strategy proved to be more effective and sustainable.
Quality refers to the suitability of a crop for its intended end use. Quality traits include morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological characteristics. Morphological traits relate to appearance while organoleptic traits influence taste and aroma. Nutritional traits determine health value and biological traits define usefulness when consumed. Quality is governed by oligogenic, polygenic, or maternal inheritance. Sources of improved quality traits include cultivated varieties, germplasm, mutants, somaclonal variants, wild relatives, and transgenic sources.
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
The document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM). It provides a brief history of IPM, noting that the concept originated in California in the 1940s and was adopted as national policy by the US in the 1970s. The basic components of an IPM system are then outlined as monitoring pest levels, preventative cultural practices, mechanical and biological controls, and responsible pesticide use. Requirements of IPM include reducing impacts of pesticides on human health and ecosystems through alternatives such as cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods.
Mechanical, physical and legislative Methods of pest controlCutm paralakhemundi
This document discusses various mechanical, physical, and legislative methods of pest control. Mechanical methods include hand picking, provision of barriers, and traps. Physical methods modify the environment through techniques like heating, cooling, gases, and light traps. Legislative methods establish laws and regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of pests between regions. This includes quarantine laws at borders and mandating control measures for established pests. Regulations also govern pesticide usage and prevent adulteration. The goal of these various approaches is to manage pest populations in an effective and safe manner.
Transgenic plants are crop plants that contain genes artificially inserted from unrelated species. This allows plant breeders to generate more productive varieties with new trait combinations beyond traditional breeding. The process involves identifying, isolating, and cloning a novel gene, transforming the target plant, selecting transgenic tissues, and regenerating the plant. Common transgenic crops provide herbicide resistance, insect resistance using Bt genes, virus resistance, altered oil content, delayed fruit ripening, and drought tolerance. These traits aim to improve crop yields, qualities, and resist biotic and abiotic stresses.
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) involves using pesticides only when disease incidence reaches economic threshold levels, promoting natural biocontrol agents. IDM uses cultural, biological, and limited chemical controls to keep disease below economic levels. It has four components: host resistance, biological control, need-based chemical control, and culture control like intercropping and crop rotation.
Parasitoid wasps of genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) includes several species that are frequently used as biological control agents worldwide.
Trichogramma spp. are egg parasitoids which lay their eggs inside the eggs of insect pests.
Host of this parasitoid are the eggs of Sugarcane borers, Cut worms (Agrotis spp.), Cotton bollworms and Maize stem borer(Chilo pertellus).
Genetic engineering & new technologies their progress in Integrated Pest Man...Thims957
Genetic engineering and new technologies have made progress in integrated pest management (IPM) programs but also face limitations. Technologies like inserting insect-resistant genes from Bacillus thuringiensis into plants or using genetic engineering to optimize the speed at which pathogens kill pests have shown promise. However, producing recombinant pathogens faster-killing hosts results in fewer pathogen bodies produced. Additionally, viruses must be ingested to work and can be deactivated by sunlight or rain. Fungal pathogens are intolerant of low humidity or high heat. While biotechnology has improved crops through herbicide and insect resistance, developing transgenic methods that are economical at a large scale remains a challenge.
BAU-Biofungicide is a biofungicide formulated from the fungus Trichoderma, which protects crops from diseases caused by fungi. It was developed by Professor Ismail Hossain at Bangladesh Agricultural University. Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that act as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens through several mechanisms. BAU-Biofungicide can be used to treat seeds of many vegetables, pulses, oilseeds, and cereals, providing benefits like increased germination, plant growth, and yields. It is effective against seed-borne and soil-borne diseases as well as nematodes. Being environmentally friendly and easy to produce, BAU-Biofungicide provides farmers an affordable means
This document discusses transgenic plants and provides several examples. It begins by defining a transgenic as a genotype developed through genetic engineering containing a foreign or modified gene. Several successful commercial transgenic crops are mentioned, including Bt cotton, golden rice, and Flavr Savr tomato. The document then covers the process of creating transgenic plants including identifying genes of interest, cloning genes, transforming plant cells, and backcross breeding. Methods of gene transfer like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment are described. The document concludes by outlining the development and objectives of first and second generation transgenic crops.
The development and commercialization of insect-resistant transgenic Bt crops expressing Cry toxins revolutionized the history of agriculture. At the end of 2010, an estimated 26.3 million hectares of land were planted with crops containing the Bt gene (James 2011). Bt cotton has reduced the use of traditional insecticides by 207,900,000 lbs of active ingredient of insecticide (Brookes and Barfoot, 2006).
Resistance is a genetic change in the insect pest — that allows it to avoid harm from Bt toxins. The high and consistent levels of ICP production in the Bt plants make them much less favorable for the development of resistance. Insect Resistance Management is of great importance because of the threat insect resistance poses to the future use of Bt plant-incorporated protectants and is said to be the key to sustainable use of the genetically modified Bt crops. The US EPA usually requires a “buffer zone,” or a structured refuge of 20% non-Bt crops that is planted in close proximity to the Bt crops.
First documented case of insect resistance to Bt cotton came in 2008, when Tabashnik and coworkers found field-evolved Bt toxin resistance in bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in the United States. Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Maize by Western Corn Rootworm (Gassmann, 2011) displayed significantly higher survival on Cry3Bb1 maize in laboratory bioassays.
Expanded use of transgenic crops for insect control will likely include more varieties with combinations of two or more Bt toxins (pyramiding), novel Bt toxins such as VIP, modified Bt toxins that have been genetically engineered to kill insects resistant to standard Bt toxins. Transgenic plants that control insects via RNA interference are also under development.
Increasing use of transgenic crops in developing nations is likely, with a broadening range of genetically modified crops and target insect pests .Incorporating enhanced understanding of observed patterns of field-evolved resistance into future resistance management strategies can help to minimize the drawbacks and maximize the benefits of current and future generations of transgenic crops.
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific factsRajdeeep sidhu
Genetically modified crops can help increase food security in several ways:
1) They can increase yields through traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and drought tolerance. This helps increase food availability.
2) GM crops that are drought resistant or produce higher yields allow food to be grown in more difficult conditions, improving stability of food sources.
3) Some GM crops aim to directly enhance nutrition, such as golden rice which is engineered to produce higher amounts of vitamin A to address deficiencies.
This document discusses insect-resistant crops, including how genes from microorganisms, plants, and animals can confer insect resistance when introduced into crop plants. It covers various types of insect-resistant crops like Bt corn, rice, and cotton that have been commercialized. While insect-resistant crops can reduce pesticide usage, some have concerns about their safety and impact. The technology continues to advance as new genes are discovered and combined to target more pests and prevent insect resistance.
Transgenic plants for insect resistance (review)Jiya Ali
Transgenic plants can be engineered for insect resistance using two main approaches. The first involves introducing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that code for delta endotoxins toxic to insects. The second uses plant-derived genes encoding proteins like protease inhibitors, lectins, and chitinases that interfere with insect growth. While Bt crops were first commercialized in the 1990s, research continues to identify new insecticidal genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants to combat evolving insect resistance and protect crops. Field testing of transgenic plants is needed to evaluate new gene sources and potential for controlling agricultural insect pests over the long term.
This document discusses genetic engineering for resistance to biotic stress. It defines biotic stress as stress caused by other living organisms that can damage crops. Various techniques for genetically engineering plants for resistance are described, including using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to make plants resistant to certain insects. Case studies on developing resistance to the European corn borer in Bt corn and developing glyphosate resistance in crops through different strategies are summarized. The development of transgenic crops with traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and virus resistance are also briefly outlined.
The document discusses genetically modified crops (GMCs), including their definition, methods of genetic modification, potential benefits and risks. Some key points:
- GMCs are plants whose genetic characteristics have been altered by inserting genes from other species, conferring traits like pest/disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, or improved nutrition.
- Potential benefits include increased crop yields and reduced need for pesticides, but risks include possible human health impacts and environmental effects like gene transfer to non-target species.
- Global adoption of major GM crops like soybean and maize has increased significantly since their introduction in the late 1990s, though uptake varies by country. Vietnam has conducted research on GM rice,
Global status of commercialized biotech–gm crops: 2013dinomasch
- A record 175.2 million hectares of biotech crops were grown globally in 2013, a 3% increase from 2012. This 18th consecutive year of growth.
- Biotech crops are the fastest adopted crop technology in history, increasing over 100-fold from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 175 million hectares in 2013.
- Millions of farmers in 27 countries chose to plant biotech crops due to the benefits they provide, with repeat planting rates virtually at 100%, demonstrating farmer satisfaction. Developing countries grew more biotech crops than industrial countries for the second year in a row.
Genetically modified plants have had their DNA engineered, usually to induce changes like virus resistance in crops like sweet peppers. There is a risk that modified genes could spread from GMO plants to non-GMO varieties through cross-pollination. Consuming GMO foods could potentially lead to allergies in humans over time, though more research is needed on long-term effects. Modified genes from GMO crops could also end up in weeds, creating "super weeds" that are difficult to control on farms. While GMO foods provide benefits, there are concerns about potential unknown allergens, toxic effects, super weeds, and the spread of antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) including what they are, how they are made, media concerns about them, scientists' concerns, benefits of GMOs, and efforts to address concerns. GMOs are plants or animals that have had genes from an unrelated species inserted into their genomes to produce desired traits like pest or disease resistance. Common genetically engineered crops include corn, soybeans, and cotton. Several studies have found that GMOs are nutritionally equivalent to non-GMOs and that the technology is rigorously regulated to ensure safety. While some risks remain, the economic and nutritional benefits of GMOs are considered to outweigh the small risks when properly regulated.
Prepared as a part of assignments for PBGG seminar @ UGA. Discusses misinformation regarding GMOs, backs up assertions with scientific evidences. Target audience: general public. Prepared and presented in 2013.
1. The document identifies and describes several major insect pests that affect cotton crops in India, including leafhoppers, aphids, whiteflies, thrips, bollworms, and others.
2. It provides details on the identification, life cycles, damage symptoms, and management strategies for the main sucking pests and bollworms. Integrated Pest Management approaches including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls are recommended.
3. Several key insect pests can cause over 50% crop loss to cotton. Proper identification of pests and timely implementation of controls are important to reduce yield impacts and maximize cotton production in India.
This document discusses the impact of genetically modified crops on Indian agriculture. It provides background on the development of genetically modified organisms and their adoption in the United States. It then discusses specific GM crops introduced in India like Bt cotton and planned introductions like GM potatoes. While GM crops provided benefits like pest resistance, their introduction in India resulted in increased costs, crop failures, farmer debt, and suicides. The document concludes that humans should not take the role of God by excessively modifying organisms through genetic engineering.
Studies on the Production of Rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas Putida IJORCS
Rhamnolipid as a potent natural biosurfactant has a wide range of potential applications, including enhanced oil recovery, biodegradation, and bioremediation. Observation of tensio-active indicated that biosurfactants were produced by the newly isolated and promising strain Pseudomonas putida. The biosurfactants were identified as rhamnolipids, the amphiphilic surface-active glycolipids usually secreted by Pseudomonas sp. In addition, the ability to generate rhamnolipids by placement of the right microbes might help overcome rhamnolipid adsorption during flow through reservoir rocks and the resultant degradation that would decrease the rhamnolipid concentrations. Their production was observed when the strain was grown on soluble substrates, such as glucose or on poorly soluble substrates. Maximum value 1.13 mg/ ml was occurred on the second day. Production of biosurfactants depends on the nutrient media. The surface tension was decreased with increasing time and growth.
Trade related intellectual property rights 1Bhaskar Amit
This document discusses Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and its implications for India. It provides background on India's intellectual property practices historically and how TRIPS agreements have changed things. TRIPS requires minimum standards of protection for various types of intellectual property including copyrights, trademarks, geographical indications, patents, and more. The document examines India's obligations in these areas and how its laws have been amended to comply with TRIPS, with some protections like copyright terms now exceeding TRIPS standards. It also notes criticisms of TRIPS for potentially increasing drug costs and threatening traditional knowledge, community resources, agriculture, and food security in India.
Change in pest scenario in the light of Bt cotton in Indiaparthadebnath123
The document discusses the change in pest scenario in cotton in India with the introduction of Bt cotton. It provides background on cotton production and pest problems in India. The key pests prior to Bt cotton were the bollworm complex. Bt cotton was developed to control these pests and reduce pesticide use. While Bt cotton provided effective control of bollworms, it led to the emergence of other pests like the mealybug and whitefly as major pests. Overuse of insecticides also contributed to whitefly outbreaks in some regions. Overall, Bt cotton has helped reduce pesticide use but continuous monitoring is needed to address new pest problems.
Biotchnological approaches in insect pest control vikiVaibhav Wadhwa
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches used in agricultural control, including tissue culture techniques, rDNA technology, and development of transgenic crops. It focuses on rDNA technology, explaining how foreign genes can be directly or vector-mediated transferred into crop plants. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes to develop insect-resistant crops is described in detail, including the mechanism of action of Bt toxins. The document also discusses using plant protease inhibitor genes to develop insect-resistant transgenic plants, with some successes and failures noted.
Genetic engineering has led to pest and herbicide resistance in plants. The document discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into plants like cotton to make them resistant to lepidopteran insect pests. It also describes how Roundup Ready soybeans were developed to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate by expressing a modified version of the EPSPS enzyme. The mechanisms of action of Bt toxins and glyphosate resistance are explained at the molecular level. Overall, the genetic engineering of pest and herbicide resistance traits in crops provides environmental and economic benefits over traditional pesticide and herbicide use.
1. Bt cotton was among the first transgenic crops developed for commercial use by transferring a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that codes for a protein toxic to cotton bollworm pests.
2. Global adoption of Bt cotton has risen dramatically since its introduction in 1996 due to significant economic and production advantages for farmers including reduced insecticide use and increased yields and income.
3. Studies show Bt cotton reduces insecticide use by up to 94.5 million kilograms globally between 1996-2008, lowering production costs and environmental impacts while increasing farm profits by $7.5 billion over the same period.
The document discusses the history and applications of genetically modified plants. The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982 using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. The first genetically modified crop approved for commercial sale in the US was the FlavrSavr tomato in 1994, which had a longer shelf life. Genetic engineering techniques are used to improve crop traits like herbicide and insect resistance, virus resistance, oil and fruit content, and abiotic stress tolerance.
Genetically modified plants can be created by transferring genetic material from one organism to another. This technology has benefits like producing human insulin and improving crop varieties. For example, Bt cotton was developed using a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis to make cotton resistant to bollworms. India grows over 11 million hectares of Bt cotton. Regulations require evaluating GM crops for safety before commercial use. While GM crops can increase yields, issues around intellectual property, biodiversity, and socioeconomics require further consideration and policy approaches. Continued research and education are important to address agriculture needs sustainably.
Status of Transgenics in Pest Management: Global and Indian ScenarioJayantyadav94
A transgenic crop plant contains a foreign gene or group of genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. Up to 17 million farmers in 24 countries planted 189.8 million hectares (469 million acres) in 2017, an increase of 3% or 4.7 million hectares (11.6 million acres) from 2016.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified crops. It discusses the history and development of GM crops, including the first transgenic animal and plant. The major commercialized crops are corn, cotton, soybean and canola. GM crops were developed to provide traits like pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, and increased nutrition and yield. The document outlines the process used to develop a GM crop and notes both potential benefits like increased yields and food security, as well as risks to human and environmental health that are areas of ongoing research and debate. Bt cotton, engineered to produce an insecticide, was the first GM crop approved in India. The presentation concludes by questioning whether GM crops have actually increased global food security and access to food.
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: GM crops now and for the future - Chris Leaverb4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
This document discusses GMOs and related issues including risks and regulations. It outlines both the advantages and disadvantages of GMOs, such as increased crop yields but also potential risks to human health and the environment. The document examines myths around GMOs and discusses controversies including safety, intellectual property access, ethics, and labeling. It also reviews principles of risk analysis for GMOs and biosafety guidelines and regulations in India and internationally. In conclusion, the author notes the field of biosafety is controversial but proponents see benefits while critics see risks that may be unacceptable without sufficient scientific certainty and precautions.
Personal reflection on the status and challenges regarding use of agricultura...ExternalEvents
The document discusses the status and challenges of agricultural biotechnologies in Asia Pacific regions. It notes that molecular breeding, genetic engineering, microbiology, and biodegradation technologies are currently used approaches that can benefit farmers in the region. Some concerns with GM technologies include the need for proper risk assessment, management, and public awareness. New technologies such as gene editing should also be explored. Governments in the region need clear policies to facilitate the commercialization of products while addressing social issues.
Transgenic crops are genetically modified crops containing genes artificially inserted from another species. The first GM crop was a tobacco plant in 1982, and the first approved for sale in the US was the FlavrSavr tomato in 1994. GM crops are developed using genetic engineering techniques to speed up traditional breeding and introduce a wider variety of genes. Potential benefits include increased yields, insect and disease resistance, and improved nutrition. However, there are also concerns about the impacts on human and environmental health.
Herbicide Resistant Crops : Boon or Bane for Global Agriculture shivalika6
Acc to weed science society of America, Herbicide resistance is the inherited ability of a plant to survive and reproduce following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally lethal to the wild type
In a plant resistance may naturally occur or may get induced by such techniques as
genetic enggineering or a selection of variant produced by tissue culture.
It was altered response to a herbicide by a plant species which was earlier susceptible.
Process of transferring gene from one living organisms to another to serve specific purposes is called Genetic engineering
The crops produced by this process is called transgenic crops.
If gene transfer into the crop is responsible for the herbicide resistant then crops are called THRC’s .
HRC’s are genetically modified crops to which resistant to certain non-selective herbicides has been conferred.
1984, Commercially introduced in Canada through atrazine resistant canola variety.
1995, Monsanto introduced Roundup ready soybean.
1996, GM foods were first put on the market in USA.
71% of the of GM (genetically modified) plants were herbicide resistant. (Barber, 1999).
Cotton and rapeseed varieties are resistant to three herbicides- glyphosate, sulfonylurea and bromoxynil, in USA (DOWNEY 1999).
There are 22 transgenic crops approved for commercial use in the world till March 2008.
In the world, herbicide resistant corn, oilseed rape, soybean and cotton have been commercialized.
Transgenic cotton crop is allowed for cultivation in India.
Of the 29 countries that planted biotech crops in 2019, 19 countries were considered as biotech mega-countries, which grew at least 50,000 hectares .
The USA remained as the top producer of biotech crops globally, which planted 71.5 million hectares & Brazil landed on the second spot, with 52.8 million hectares in 2019.
Do u know where biotech crops are grown
More than 30 countries have planted biotech crop since 1996.
2.7 billion ha of biotech crops planted since 1996
17 million small, resource-poor farmers and their families totaling greater than 65 million people benefited from biotech crop in 2019
see where they were grown in 2019
Usa is the largest producer of biotech crops in the world,planting37.6% of global biotech crop area
10 countries in latin america planted biotech crop in 2019
Biotech canolas adoption rate in canada reached 95%
Brazil is the top developing country in the world planting biotech crops
Spain is the leading country planting biotech maize in europe
Malawi, euthopia and nigeria planted bt cotton for the first time in 2019
More than 6 million farmers in india planted 11.9 million hectare of bt-cotton.According to international service for the acquisition of agribiotech application In 2019
highest area and adoption rate was of biotech soyabean
which was cultivated in 91.9 million heactares
Biotech Maize was cultivated on 60.9 million hectares
Biotech cotton was cultivated in 25.7 million ha
Biotech canola in 10.1 million ha
And other
Biotech to Bakery - Impacts of Transgenic Crops on Your IndustryUniversity of Florida
Kevin Folta from the University of Florida presents how biotechnology stands to impact products in the bakery industry. Independent Bakers Association, Presented in Orlando, FL March 29, 2015.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) refer to organisms whose genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally. The document discusses the history of GMOs, including early genetically modified crops. It also outlines some pros and cons of GM foods, such as increased yields but also safety concerns. There is debate around whether India should adopt GM crops to boost agricultural production and food security or rely on traditional crops due to risks of monocultures and reduced biodiversity. Experts acknowledge both sides but note the need to evaluate risk levels of new technologies.
Enhancing Societal Acceptance of GM Crops in IndiaSenthil Natesan
Fate of agricultural biotechnology hinges on how it is perceived by the policy makers and the public
We can help provide information so the stakeholders can make informed choices and pave way for enabling policies
The document provides information about genetically modified (GM) crops, including:
- Slide materials on GM crops were prepared in May 2021 by the Council for Biotechnology Information Japan.
- The slides can be used for educational purposes if the source is properly cited. Modifications to content should ensure accuracy is not compromised.
- The slides cover topics such as the significance of GM crops, the technology behind them, examples of GM crops, their usage, regulatory systems, and public acceptance.
- Sections provide details on the contributions and potential of GM crops, the history of agriculture and conventional breeding techniques, production methods for GM crops, and global regulatory frameworks.
Biotechnology has applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry based on applying scientific principles to processing materials with biological agents. It has led to improvements in crop yields and resistance, new medical treatments, and more sustainable industrial practices. The future of biotechnology is expected to further advance health, food production, and environmental applications over the next 30 years, but will also depend on public attitudes and governance of new technologies.
1. The document discusses transgenic or genetically modified crops. Transgenic crops are defined as plants containing genes artificially introduced from other organisms.
2. The history of transgenic crop development is reviewed, noting the first transgenic tobacco in 1983, and first commercial crops like Bt cotton in 2002. Methods of genetic engineering allow direct transfer of one or few genes between closely or distantly related species.
3. GM crops can help address climate change by reducing fuel use and soil erosion from practices like no-till farming. However, there are also risks to consider from unintended effects of gene transfer and development of pest resistance.
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops. It defines GM crops as plants that have been genetically engineered, such as by introducing a gene from another organism. The main GM crops grown in India are Bt cotton, and Bt brinjal, tomato, bhindi and rice are under evaluation. GM crops can increase yields, make crops resistant to viruses, pests and drought, and enhance nutrients. By increasing yields and resistance, GM crops help address issues like global hunger and food security. The document argues that GM crops can help improve nutrition and increase food shelf life, benefiting farmers and food supply.
Genetically modified crops with special reference to herbicide tolerancesireesha sudharani
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and crop improvement techniques. It provides details on how transgenic plants are created by identifying useful genes, cloning them into vectors, and integrating the foreign DNA. The four main ways to create herbicide-resistant plants are discussed. The document also notes debates around GMOs in India, including a Supreme Court moratorium on field trials and commercial approval only being given to Bt cotton so far. Both benefits and risks of GMOs are presented.
Similar to Global status of genetically modified crops in ipm perspective (20)
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
3. New pest management Strategies
Host plant resistance
Genetic control
Bio-rational pest management
Integrated pest management
Biotechnological approach
4. Chairperson
Dr. Vinay K.Kalia
Credit Seminar
On
Global Status and Potential of Genetically
Modified crops :IPM Perspective
Ms. Shahanaz
10605
Seminar Leader
Dr. J.P Singh
6. ?
GM crop is a plant used for agricultural purposes in to which
one or several genes coding for desirable traits have been
inserted through the process of genetic engineering which are
also called as Transgenic crops
These genes may be choosen from the same or other plant
species, other organisms
What are Genetically Modified crops ???
7. What Biotechnology Can Do For Us ?
• Access to novel molecules.
• Ability to change the level of gene expression.
• Ability to change expression pattern of genes.
• Ability to change the function of particuar
trait by inserting gene of interest
Genetic Transformation: Methods
8. TRANSGENIC PLANTS
NUTRITIONAL
QUALITY BIOTIC STRESS
TOLERANCE
ABIOTIC STRESS
TOLERANCE
PHARMACEUTICALS
& EDIBLE VACCINE
HYBRID DEVELOPMENT
FOR HIGHER YIELD
ENHANCED
SHELF LIFE
INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS
9. Current and Future GM Crop Traits
1. Insect Resistance (Plant Incorporated Protectants) – ex: BT corn
& cotton
2. Herbicide Tolerance – ex: Glyphosate Resistant Corn &
Soybeans (i.e. Roundup Ready), cotton
3. Stress Tolerance – ex: drought, salt resistant varieties
4. “Value Added” Crops – ex: Golden Rice containing vitamin A
5. “Biopharming” – Production of drugs, chemicals on agricultural
scales
10. 1985
1992
1988
1994
1998
1996
1999
2000
1st transgenic plants produced
Particle bombardment developed
GM crops considered substantially equivalent to hybrid varieties
Flavr-Savr tomato is released
Herbicide- and insect-resistant crops approved for cultivation maize,
Soybean, cotton
4.3 million acres of GM crops planted
GM food is dangerous (UK TV)
Monarch butterfly paper causes uproar
GM corn is excluded from its baby food
Greenpeace starts anti-GM campaign
75 million acres of GM crops planted
Golden rice with ß-carotene developed
McDonald’s rejects GM potatoes
Time line of GM Crops
11. 2006 GM crops cultivation reached 100 mha world wide
2014 Bt Brinjal released in Bangladesh
181.5 million hectares of GM crops planted world wide
Bt cotton released in India grown in 50,000 ha2002
Bt cotton II released in India for controlling Spodoptera &
Helicoverpa
2010 Govt .of India imposed moratorium on Bt Brinjal Event EE-I
GEAC recommended commercial release of Bt Brinjal Event EE-12009
Time line of GM Crops in India
18. There is no single technology to solve food security
problems alone in a sustainable manner.
The use of GM plants in the IPM context will extend
lifespan of GM events and maintain high efficacy against
the targets.
We have to learn how to make best use of GM plants
in different agricultural production systems – IPM sets
the frame.
Why to use GM crops in the IPM context?
19. • A major reduction in insecticide sprays.
• Increased activity of natural enemies.
• Reduced exposure of non-target organisms to
insecticides .
• Reduction in insecticide residues in food and
food products.
Transgenics in Pest Management: Advantages
20. Secondary pest problems.
Environmental influence on gene expression.
Development of resistance and evolution of new
biotypes.
Effects on non-target organisms.
Gene escape into the environment.
Social and ethical issues.
Transgenic Resistance to Insects: The Limitations
21. Major environmental and health
concerns regarding GM crops
• Non-target effects
• Gene flow / Transgene
Escape
• Insect Resistance
• Allergenicity
22. The earliest commercialised insect resistant transgenic plants
Cotton: 1st commercialised in 1996
-2014: 15 countries;
Insect résistance and herbicide tolerance
traits
-
Maize: 1st commercialised in 1996
-2014 : 17 countries
Insect resistance and herbicide tolerance traits
-
Potato: first commercialised in 1996, withdrawn in 2001
23. Cauliflower
Cabbage
Genetically modified crops -global
Over the past decade GM crops have changed the pest
management scenario world over.
Out of 37 transgenic traits developed, 7 are commercial traits
in 29 transgenic crop plants:
114 genes with
389 transgenic events
58 commercial companies including public funded institutions
Released for commercial cultivation in 28 countries.
25. Insect resistant GM crops in India
Genes: Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry1B, Cry2Ab & Vip-3A
18 prime crops under field testing
Biotic stress resistance (Disease resistance)
Enhancement of quality
Abiotic stress resistance (water, salinity, temperature)
Post Harvest attributes
Edible vaccines
tolerance to pesticides, male sterility
Other traits under development
26. Why do we need Bt cotton?
162 species of insects occur in cotton at various stages of growth
of which 12 are major and half of them are key pests
(CICR technical bulletin)
Cotton bolls are highly vulnerable to hidden insects such as
the American bollworm, Pink bollworm and Spotted
bollworm.
9400 M tonnes of insecticides worth Rs 747 crores were used
only for bollworm control in 2001
(Kranthi, 2012)
27. 70% of insecticides are used against bollworms, rest for sap
sucking pests.
(Kranthi, 2012)
About 50% of all insecticides in India were being
unsuccessfully used for cotton pest control, until the year
2001, before Bt cotton was introduced.
The American bollworm has developed resistance to all group of
insecticides world wide
Loss due to damage to cotton crop is estimated to be more
than Rs.1200 crores/y. ( CICR technical bulletin)
28. Introduction of Bt cotton on 26th March 2002
Beyond doubt, Bt-cotton represents the best of
state-of-art technologies
Genetics is always better than chemicals
29. India ranks no 1 in the world accounting for 25 % of the total
global cotton production.
Average yield is 523 Kg/ha as compared to world average of 758
kg/ha.
Cotton
30. Major Bt cotton growing areas in India
Area 11.6
mha
Production
353 lakh
bales
32. Top three Cotton Producing Countries in the
World 1960-2014
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015
Distribution of World cotton market share by top
5 producing countries , 2002 and 2014
33. The adoption and impact of Bt cotton on the
cotton production in India 1950-2014
James, 2014
35. Percentage reduction of insecticides on cotton
bollworms relative to total insecticide used in cotton
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015
36. Status of GM crops pending Approval for Field
Trails and Commercial Release in India , 2014-15
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015
Crop Organization Event/Trait Pending
Stauts
Cotton Mahyco/Monsa
nto
cry1Ac and cry2Ab/IR&HT Pending
commercial
approval
Brinjal Mahyco cry1Ac Under
Moratorium
Mustard Delhi University Bar,barnase barstar/AP Final stage
Maize Monsanto cry2Ab2 &cryA.105 and
CP4EPSP/IR&HT
BRL II Stage
Brinjal Bejo
Sheetal/IARI
cry1Abc/IR BRL II Stage
Chickpea Sungrow seeds Bt BRL I Stage
Rice Mahyco NUE BRL I Stage
37. Comparison of the Value of Total Pesticide
Market with Cotton Insecticide Market in
India
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015
38. Distribution of Cost of Cotton Cultivation
Post Bt cotton Era
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015
39. Economics of Bt Cotton Cultivation in
India
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015
41. What is IPM ?
IPM is judicious use and integration of various pest control
tactics in the context of the associated environment of the
pest in ways that compliment and facilitate the biological
and other natural control of pests to match economics,
public health and environmental goals
( USDA, 2000)
Objectives of IPM :
• Region wide reduction of target pests
• Reduction of insecticide use
• Reduction of Region wide secondary pest outbreaks
• Reduction of effects on natural enemies and conservation of
biological control
• Insect resistance management
42. Key points of IPM
• Integration
– Harmonious use of multiple methods to control single pests
or pest complexes
• Pest
– An organism detrimental to humans, including:
invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds, and pathogens
• Management
– Decisions based on ecological principles and economic and
social considerations
Kogan, M. 1998.
Meissle et al., 2011
43. Kogan, M. 1998.
Costs
• Product cost
• Fuel
• Labor
• Marketing options
• Predisposition to
secondary pests
Benefits
• Yield (economic)
• Quality (economic)
• Appearance (aesthetics)
• Human/livestock health
• Legal issues
• Acceptance of resultant
commodity by end users
• Ease of mind
Costs vs. Benefits of a Practice
• By identifying and learning about a pest,
more focus can be applied to the
environmental and economic considerations
44. High efficacy
against target
pests
More natural
enemies in
crops
Less Insecticide
Use
Region wide
reduction of
target pests
Region wide
increase of
natural enemies
Lower control
of non- target
pests
Secondary
Pest Out
breaks
Risk of
Resistanc
e Build up
Less pest problems also for Non
Bt growers and in other crops
Effects of Bt plants in the IPM context
Lu et al., 2010
47. Helicoverpa armigera Parasitization in Bt transgenic
and Non transgenic cottons under Farmer field
conditions
Dhillon and Sharma, 2013
Seed Cotton yiled in Bt -transgenic and non- transgenic cotton
under unprotected conditions
48. Crop/
toxin
Pollinator Effect Reference
Cry1Ac Apis
mellifera
Bombus sp.
No effect Malone and Pham-
Delegue (2000)
CryIIB Apis
mellifera
No effect Arpaia (1996)
BBI, SBTI Apis
mellifera
Influences the
learning ability
Pham-Delègue et al.
(2000)
Cystatin Apis
mellifera
No effect Girard et al. (1998)
Chitinase Apis
mellifera
No effect Picard-Nizou et al.
(1995)
Bio-safety of Transgenic Plants to Pollinators
49. Inspite of increase in pesticide spray against secondary pests,
total pesticide has decreased significantly over time
Case Study II
52. General problems…..with Bt
Cotton
High expectations
High price
Poor soil fertility
Poor weather
Pest outbreaks
Spurious Seeds
Concerns & challenges in
India
53. 1. Insecticide use decline;
2. Secondary pest out breaks : mirid bugs, mealy
bugs
3. Parawilt: Some genotypes struggle with high boll
retention, water imbalance (Mayee et al., 1996)
4. High expectations, less results from rainfed and
less fertile soils
5. Susceptibility to sucking pests
Indirect consequences
of Bt-Cotton
Sub-optimal performance in rainfed areas
54. The Mirid bug (Creontides biseratence Distant)
Return of the Minor pests
Leaf hoppers (Amrasca biguttula biguttula
Thrips (Thrips tabaci)
The donor Bt-cotton parent is from
an exotic variety coker-312, which
is highly susceptible to leaf hoppers
& thrips
Bt-cotton is only a crop protection technology and not a yield
enhancing technology. If bollworm infestations are less, the
advantages are minimum.
55. • Whitefly became a major pest on cotton in India only after 1984.
• Cotton losses were estimated to be in the range of 15-20% and sometimes up
to 30% (Cotton Statistics and News, 2015).
• In August, 2015, a whitefly outbreak devastated the Bt cotton crop in
Bathinda, Faridkot districts of Punjab and Sirsa district of Haryana.
• Whitefly incidence ranged from 1.6 to 90 adults /3 leaves during July-August
in Sirsa. (Cotton Statistics and News, 2015).
Whitefly: a black story
56. • Fields sprayed with repeated
insecticide sprays, insecticide
mixtures, fipronil and pyrethroids had
the highest levels of whitefly
infestation.
• 15 farmers committed suicide due to
failure of crop. (TOI, 2015).
Synthetic pyrethroids and acephate induce bollworms and whiteflies
where spinosad induces mealybugs infestations (Cotton Association of
India, 2015).
It has developed resistance to neonicotinoids in North india (CICR).
Hormoligosis
Insecticide induced physiological changes
Low temperature and high humidity favored whitefly multiplication
in punjab
Causes of outbreaks
57. Boll rind, square bracts, ovary & pollen,
have the lowest expression @ 0-1.5 ppm
Bollworm feeds more on these parts
Bt-cotton fields also have
some bollworms !!
Doesn’t Bt-cotton kill pink bollworm ?
Pink boll worm has developed resistance to BG I ( Dhurua and Gujar 2010)
In 2015 pinkboll worm infestation occurred in some pockets of Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Andhra pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka
low late-season expression reduces the efficacy of Bt-cotton on pink
bollworm slightly.
58. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
27 40 60 68 75 80 87 96 104 110 116 124 133 138 152 159
Days after sowing
ug/gfreshweight
Top leaf Middle leaf Bottom leaf Square bract Square bud
Cry1Ac expression in Bt-cotton (average of 8
hybrids)
CICR
• Expression @ 0.002 to 18 ppm
• Boll rind, square bracts, ovary & pollen, have the lowest expression
@ 0-1.5 ppm
• Leaves, square buds & raw cotton seed express @ 0.1 to 18 ppm
•
59. 0
50
100
150
200
250
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Cry2Ab2inug/gmfreshweight
Days after sowing
Top Leaf
Mid-Leaf
Bot-Leaf
Cry2Ab2
60. Will bollworm develop resistance to Bt-cotton?
How long will it take to develop resistance?
Will the 5-row refugia strategy help?
If it does not, what can be done in India?
Do we have any India-specific strategies?
Bollworm resistance to Bt-cotton
61. Illegal, spurious and fake seeds
Illegal BesTpackets Original Fake
Amazing (spurious !!) sense of humour
62. Advantages of Bt cotton in India
Bollworm control: Preventing yield losses from an estimated
damage of 30.0 to 60.0% each year in India thus far from 2002
to 2011.
Increased yield: Yields are estimated to have increased at
least by 30.0% due to effective protection from bollworm
damage.
Reduction in pesticide use for bollworm control: 46% in
2001, 26% after 2006 and 21% during 2011-12 (Kranthi,
2012).
63. Disadvantages of Bt cotton
Small and marginal farmers of India can not afford the high
cost of Bt cotton seeds, Rs.1600 for 450 g of seeds.
Effectiveness up to 120 days, after that the toxin producing
efficiency of the Bt gene drastically reduces (Jeyakumar et al.,
2008).
Adverse effect on insecticide manufacturing companies due to
reduced use of pesticides significantly by Bt cotton.
• Ineffective against sucking pests like jassids, aphids, whitefly
etc.
• Adverse effect on the employment of those persons engaged
in pesticide industries.
• Promotes malpractices such as mixing of low-cost non Bt
cotton seeds with high cost Bt cotton seeds for sale.
64. Insecticide usage in cotton
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Insecticide usage for
boll worm Insecticide usage for
sucking pests
1995-2004
2005-2011
Kranthi , 2012
65. Bt Brinjal
Mahyco in collaboration with TNAU, Coimbatore and UAS, Dharwad
developed Bt Brinjal in India by inserting Cry1Ac gene against Brinjal shoot and
frit borer Leucinodes arbonalis - Bt Brinjal Event EE I
India imposed moratorium on Bt Brinjal release on 9th Feb 2010.
Bt Brinjal varieties viz., Bt Uttara, Bt Kajla, Bt Nayantara, and Bt ISD006
cultivated successfully in Bangladesh from 2014.
120 farmers in 12 ha land planted Bt Brinjal
Problems are
8% farms suffered severe loss from bacterial wilt (BARI 2015)
67. • There is no evidence that the adverse effects
of transgenic plants, if any, to the non-target
organisms are greater than the conventional
insecticides
• The risks involved are related to nature of the
transgene, not the process.
• There is a need for a long-term assessment of
the interactions of transgenic plants with the
target and non-target organisms.
Conclusions