ppt presentation

1. Razieh Rahmani
Scholar student in Education
University of Mysore, India

2. Adjustment
• Process by which living organism maintain a balance between it’s need and the
circumstances
• Continual process by which a person varies his behavior to produce a more
harmonious relationship between himself and environment
• Psychological survival in much the same way as biologist uses the term adaptation
to describe physiological survival

3. • Adjustment is a continual process by which a person varies his
behavior to produce a more harmonious relationship between
himself and environment( Gates, Jersild and others, 1970)
Meaning of adjustment

4.  Adjustment is a continual is the outcome of the individual’s
attempt to deal with stress and meet his needs also his efforts to
maintain harmonious relationships with the environment.
 Psychological survival in much the same ways as biologist uses the
term adaption to describe physiological survival( vonhaller, 1970)

5. • Adjustment is a process that takes us to lead a happy and well- contented life
• It helps us to keeping balance between our needs and the capacity to meet these
needs.
• Adjustment persuades us to change our way of life according to the demands of
the situation.
• Adjustment gives us strength and ability to bring desirable changes in the
conditions of our environment

6. Characteristics of Adjustment
• Adjustment helps us to keep balance between ours needs and the capacity to
meet these needs.
• Adjustment implies changes in our thinking and way to the demands of the
situation
• It gives us ability and strength to desirable changes in the state of our
environment
• Adjustment is phsychosociological as well as psychological
• It is multidimensional
• Adjustment learn us happiness and contentment.

7. Well Adjusted person
• Free from physical ailment.
• Psychological comfort. No psychological diseases or depression, anxiety
• Social acceptance
• Self understanding about assets & limitation
• Self respect
• Balanced level of aspiration
• Strong will power
• Healthy attitude and interest
• Emotionally controlled
• Intellectually developed

8. Well Adjusted Person
• Physically adjusted
• Awareness of one’s own strengths and limitation
• Flexibility of his behavior
• Satisfaction of the basic needs
• Does not process critical or fault- finding attitude
• Capable of struggling with odd circumstances
• Realistic perception of the world
• Feeling at home with his surroundings
• An adequate philosophy of life

9. Maladjustment
• Maladjustment is degree of disharmony between the individual and the
environment. Mal adjustment results from frustration and conflict.
• Individual struggles between his abilities and capacities and his environment.
• It indicates the failure of the individual to adjust to a situation.

10. • Nervous disorders : fear, anxiety, phobia
• Habits disorders: speech, asleep
• Behavioral disorders: unmanageable, aggression, truancy
• Educational: backwardness, indiscipline, concentration, inability to
keep jobs.
Symptoms' of Maladjustment

11. Process of Adjustment
• An adjustment mechanism is a device used by the individual to achieve
satisfaction of the need indirectly. This helps reducing tension and stress
in maintaining self respect.
• Compensation: individual attempt s to cover up his weakness in one area
by exhibiting his strengths
• Identification: individual attempts to identify himself with successful
person.to hide his own failures, a student identify himself with his father
and talk about his success.

12. • Rationalization: shifting of responsibility for
• Projection: tendency to push out upon another person ones’ own
unrelated, frustrated ambitions.
• Day- dreaming: imaginative fulfilment of life
Process of Adjustment

13. Adjustment program in school
• Achievement testing, interpretation, follow-up
• Diagnostic testing
• Identification & analysis of adjustment behavior.
• Varity in instructional methods.
• Individual & remedial work.
• counselling

14. Spheres of Adjustment
• Personal adjustment
- Adjustment to physical development and health
- Adjustment with regard to mental development and health
- Emotional adjustment
- Sexual adjustment
- Adjustment with raspectn to the individual needs

15. • Social adjustment
- Home and family adjustment
- Adjustment with friends and relatives
- Adjustment with neighbors and other members of the community
Spheres of Adjustment

16. Occupational adjustment
• No regret about the choice of work or occupation
• Demonstrate of job satisfaction through the performance of duties
• Satisfied with working condition
• Get along well wit colleagues and official world
• Positive attitude towards the work
• Engaging in bringing necessary improvement and modification in in work

17. Frustration
• Condition of being thwarted in the satisfaction of motive
• Emotional tension resulting from the blocking of a desire or need
• The feeling of being blocked thwarted in satisfying a need of attaining a goal that
individual perceives as significant
• Frustration accurse when goals is blocked
• Frustration lies both in the individual and his environment.
• Frustration results from in mental tension.

18. Causes of frustration
1- External or environmental
- Natural calamities:
- Social factors: norms and rules of society
- Economics factors: poverty, wage…
- corruption

19. 2- internal or personal
• Physical defeat and abnormality
• Mental deficiency
• Conflicting desires
• Moral values
• High level of aspiration
Causes of frustration

20. Conflict
• A painful emotional state which result from a tension between opposed and
contradictory
• A stage of tension brought by the presence in the individual of two or more
opposing desires.
• State of affairs in which two or more incompatible behavior trends are evoked
that cannot be satisfied fully at the same time
• Conflict is usually a clash of motives.

21. Type of conflict
• Approach- approach conflict

22. Type of conflict
• Avoidance avoidance conflict

23. Type of conflict
• Approach- aviodance conflict

24. Defense or mental mechanism
• Tend to resort to certain mechanism for defending our inadequacies of anxiety
• When psychological equilibrium is threated by severe emotional trauma, the
mind resorts to a variety of protective subterfuges and debtors.(page, 1976)
• A device resorted to in order to achieve an indirect satisfaction of a need so that
tension will be reduced and self respect maintained.(carroll, 1967)

25. Defense or mental mechanism
• Certain pattern of behavior that are employed for protection against threat or
anxiety.( arkoff, 1968)
• A strategy, unconsciously utilized, that serves to protect the ego from anxiety(
Davison, 1978)

26. • They are devices in the form of a certain pattern of behavior.
• Provide protection against whatever threatens our ego or self- steam
• They help us defended ourselves from possible injury in delicate moments.
Nature of Defense mechanism

27. Important defense mechanism
Rationalization
- Trying to give socially acceptable reason for unacceptable social behavior
- Interpreting behavior in acceptable and reasonable way.
- a student might blame a poor exam score on the instructor rather than his or her
lack of preparation.

28. Projection
- Taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other
people.
- example, if you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe
that he or she does not like you.
- Projection works by allowing the expression of the desire or impulse, but in a
way that the ego cannot recognize, therefore reducing anxiety
Important defense mechanism

29. Denial
• describe situations in which people seem unable to face reality or admit an
obvious truth (i.e. "He's in denial.").
• Denial functions to protect from things that the individual cannot cope with.
While this may save us from anxiety or pain, denial also requires a substantial
investment of energy. Because of this, other defenses are also used to keep these
unacceptable feelings from consciousness.
• We refuse to accept reality because it hurts, or we don’t like it
Important defense mechanism

30. Repression
- Repression acts to keep information out of conscious awareness.
- these memories don't just disappear; they continue to influence our behavior. For
example, a person who has repressed memories of abuse suffered as a child may
later have difficulty forming relationships.
Important defense mechanism

31. Regression
- Going backward or returning to the past
- Retreat for an individual from the complexities of the present to an earlier and
simpler form of behavior or a more fortunate and pleasant period of life
- Example: a man failing in his love fair resort to regression when he exhibits his
love for a doll.
• Our fear to act like adults and our wish to return to our childhood
where everything was taking care of magically.
•
Important defense mechanism

32. Displacement
- Displacing or shifting of thought from one person or situation to another
- Transferring emotion from situation to other situation
Important defense mechanism

33. Fantasy and daydreaming
Withdrawal of one’s self in a private and satisfying world of imagination. Thus
instead of facing the realities he may become satisfied with unreal, imaginary
success or satisfaction
Important defense mechanism

34. Sublimation
• t’s when we transform our negative emotions or instincts, mainly, to acceptable
behavior and positive actions. For example, a person experiencing extreme anger
might take up kick-boxing as a means of venting frustration.
• sublimation is a sign of maturity that allows people to function normally in
socially acceptable ways.
Important Defense Mechanism

35. Intellectualization
• thinking about events in a cold, clinical way.
• allows us to avoid thinking about the stressful, emotional aspect of the situation
and instead focus only on the intellectual component
• example, a person who has just been diagnosed with a terminal illness might
focus on learning everything about the disease in order to avoid distress and
remain distant from the reality of the situation.
Important Defense Mechanism

37. • Greg learns that he has cancer. He begins to learn everything he can
about the illness, reading books, journal articles, and the latest
experimental research. Greg's response to his diagnosis is what type
of defence mechanism?
Intellectualization
Regression
Sublimation
Repression

38. Which defense mechanism is a sign of maturity?
Repression
Displacement
Sublimation
Regression

39. • Bill's friends and family believe that he has a drinking problem. When
Bill is confronted by his loved ones, he claims that his drinking is not
problematic. What type of defense mechanism is Bill's response?
Repression
Rationalization
Denial
Displacement

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