Motivation is derived from the Latin word "movere" meaning "to move". It is an internal process that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal. Motivation can come from needs, desires, wishes, or drives and may prompt behaviors like working hard to get praise. Motivation is dynamic and ongoing, stemming from both intrinsic and extrinsic sources. It is influenced by factors internal and external to the individual.

2. The term “motivation” is derived from the latin word “movere”
which means “to move”.
Motivation is an internal process that makes a person move toward
a goal
It is that area of psychological science that studies the factors that
energize, or stimulate behaviour.
“Motivation is a state of individual which disposes him for certain
behavior and for seeing certain goals.” –Wood worth

3. It can thus be described in terms of drive, force, desires, needs and wishes that
may lead to individuals behaving in A certain manner.
A desire to get praise from the teacher may motivate a student to perform well
in a class activity. A desire to spend time with his/ her parents, may encourage
A person to travel long distance.
A wish to gain more knowledge about a certain subject may motivate an
individual to take up an educational programme in that subject.
A hunger drive may prompt an individual to buy biscuits or snacks.
Thus any human behaviour can be said to be as a result of some kind of

4. "Motivation is an ongoing process“ (Goudas,
Biddle, & Fox, 2011).
•"Motivation is an action" (Potter, & Ware,
1987).
•"Motivation is an inner drive" (Locke & Baum,
2006).

5. Motivation is an internal force that drives people into
some action or behaviour. It is a process having a goal-
directed orientation. It is dynamic in nature which
energizes the person to pursue a goal.

6. • Motives are internal sources of
behavior
•Motivation can be understood as
an interaction between arousal
and effort.
•Motives are never observed
directly; but they are inferred from
behavior.

7. Nature of
motivation
1. MOTIVATION IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESS.
2. THIS PROCESS IS INITIATED BY SOME NEED OR
WANT,
3. THIS PROCESS IS DIRECTED TOWARDS SOME
ACTION.
4. THIS ACTIVITY SATISFIES THE NEED OR WANT

8. Characterstics of
motivation
1. PERSONAL AND INTERNAL FEELING
2. ART OF STIMULATING SOMEONE
3. PRODUCE GOAL
4. MOTIVATION CAN BE EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
5. IT IS SYSTEM ORIENTED

9. Motivation Cycle
A need is lack or deficit of
some necessity. The
condition of need leads to
drive.
A drive is a state of tension
or arousal produced by a
need. It energises random
activity.
When one of the random
activities leads to a goal, it
reduces the drive, and the
organism stops being active.
The organism returns to a

10. Types of Motivations
Motivations are classified in two major
categories
 Primary/Basic or Physiological Motivation AND
Secondary motivation
 Extrinsic motivation AND Intrinsic motivation

11. Primary/Basic or Physiological Motives
AND Secondary motives
 Primary/Basic or Physiological Motives: It includes needs related to
hunger, thirst, sleep, sex, avoidance of pain and so on. These needs arise out of
the basic physiology of life and these are important for survival and preservation of
species.
 Secondary motives: It can be termed as learned motivation and these may
differ from individual to individual. They are also related to the priorities and
values of the individual. They represent needs of the mind and spirit. For
example, self-esteem, sense of duty, self-assertion, etc. Conscious action arises from
the needs. Needs create tensions that are modified. Many secondary motives are
related to learned needs for power, affiliation, approval, status security
and achievement. Fear and aggression also appear to greatly affect by
learning.

12. INTRINSIC Motivation AND EXTRINSIC
motivation
 INTRINSIC Motivation: is the natural tendency to seek out and conquer challenges as we pursue
personal interests and exercise capabilities. When we are intrinsically motivated, we do not need incentives or
punishments because the activity itself is rewarding. It can be defined as “motivation that comes from
within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery and autonomy”
(Feist & Rosenberg, 2015, p. 416). For example, there could be an activity that an individual enjoys
doing. There are four components of intrinsic motivation (Feist and Rosenberg, 2015) as given
below.
 Challenge: It relates to the extent to which an individual enjoys the excitement that accompanies a
new challenge.
 Enjoyment: It relates to the pleasure that an individual may obtain from carrying out the task.
 Mastery: It relates to the sense of pride and accomplishment that an individual may experience
when he/ she carries out a difficult task.
 Autonomy and self determination: It relates to the autonomy that an individual enjoys while carrying
out the task, that is, the freedom with which the individual can determine what is to be done and how
is it to be done.

13. INTRINSIC Motivation AND EXTRINSIC
Motivation
 EXTRINSIC Motivation: It is when we do something in order to earn a grade, avoid
punishment etc that has very little to do with the task itself. Extrinsic motivation can be
defined as “motivation that comes from outside the person and usually
involves rewards and praises” (Feist & Rosenberg, 2015, p. 415). The examples
of extrinsic motivation are reward, praise, money, feedback and so on. Such
motivators provide satisfaction/ pleasure that the activities/ tasks may not
provide. Thus these motivators get the individual to do something that they may not
do otherwise.
Extrinsic motivation is linked with the increase in behaviour and performance.
However, when the reward is removed, then the behaviour may also decrease.
And at the same time if the reward remains the same and is not increased, the
motivation will also decrease.

15. Types of Motives
1.Biological Motive
2.Social Motives
3.Personal Motives

17. Biological Motives
Biological motives are also referred to as biogenic motives.
Biogenic motives are those which originate as a result of the
physiological necessities and self-regulating processes within
individuals. The fulfillment of biogenic motives is
indispensable and of prime importance. They are also
necessary for the protection of life. Biogenic motives include
hunger, thirst, sleep and sex.

18. Characteristics of biogenic motives
1. Biogenic motives provide a signal to the
individual when the equilibrium of the
internal organic environment is disturbed.
2. Biogenic motives maintain internal and
physiological equilibrium in our body
3. Biogenic motives constitutes a reaction to
some physiological demand, such as a
chemical deficit (for e.g. oxygen, water,
vitamin, etc.)

19. Characteristics of biogenic motives
4. Biogenic motives constitute an aroused state of
the individual.
5. Biogenic motives are universal, innate and
unlearned to all human species.
6. Biogenic motive leads specific pattern of neural
and corrective activity in relation to the
particular stimulus or stimuli.

20. Social Motives
Social motives are also known as Sociogenic
motives. Sociogenic motives are acquired in the
course of one's growth and maturation into a
social setting. They are formed as a result of
interpersonal relationships, group relations, and
by the influence of established societal values
and norms. Social motives are the need for
affiliation, the need for power and the need for
achievement.

21. Personal Motives
These are highly personalized and very much individualized motives. The most
important among them are:
a. Force of habits: different people having formed different habits like chewing
tobacco, smoking, alcohol consumption, etc. There may be good habits also like
regular exercising, reading newspapers, prayers, meditations, etc. Once these habits
are formed, they act as drivers and compel the person to perform the act. The
specialty of habits is that, they motivate the individual to indulge in that action
automatically.
b. Goals of life: Every normal individual will have some goals in the life. They may
be related to education, occupation, income, sports, acquisition of property, public
service, social service, etc. Once a goal is set, he will be motivated to fulfil that goal.

22. Personal Motives
c. Levels of aspirations: Aspiration is aspiring to achieve or to get something or a
goal. But such achievement depends upon the level of motivation the individual has.
The effort to attain the goal varies from one individual to another. The amount of
satisfaction he gains depends upon his level of aspiration.
d. Attitudes and interests: Our attitudes and interests determine our motivation.
These are specific to individual.
For example, a person within the family, may have positive attitude towards family
planning and all others having negative attitudes. So also, interests differ from one
individual to another. Example, interest in sports, T.V, etc. Whenever we have a
positive attitude, we will have motivation to attain. In negative attitude, we will be
motivated to avoid. If a person is interested in music, he will be motivated to learn it.
In this way, our personal motives determine our behaviour.

23. Motivational Conflict
Kurt Lewin proposed his famous typology of conflicts. He
stated that a person experiences a conflict when two main
tendencies of their behavior collide.
Conflict in psychology, the arousal of two or more strong
motives that cannot be solved together.
Conflicts are often unconscious, in the sense that the
person cannot clearly identify the source of his distress.

24. The end result is frustration
Conflict can involve both positive
and negative motivation

25. Approach-approach Conflict
In this type of conflict a person is faced with
simultaneously two attractive alternatives,
only one of which can be selected.
Approach- approach conflict become
serious only if the choice of one alternative
means the loss of an extremely attractive
alternative.

26. For example, spending money
on an expensive prestigious
purchase or an exciting trip.
People often experience an
approach-approach conflict
when they choose what movie
to watch or what car to buy.

27. Avoidance-avoidance Conflict
A conflict between two dangers or threats is
usually more disturbing.
In this individual is confronted with the need
to choose between two unwanted things.
Actually, this is a case of choosing the lesser
of two evils.
Eg. A man may dislike his job intensely but
fear the threat of unemployment if he quits.

28. one needs to decide what is
worse – to get a divorce or
continue to live in an
unfavorable situation.
Also, teenagers often wonder
whether they should tell their
parents everything and risk
earning punishment, or should
they stay silent and live with
guilt?

29. Approach-avoidance conflicts
Approach-avoidance conflicts occur
when there is one goal or event that has
both positive and negative effects or
characteristics that make the goal
appealing and unappealing
simultaneously.

30. An example of this might be
taking a job that possesses both
financial gain and prestige, but
also leads to stress and
exhaustion.
This involves the individual
assessing for themselves whether
the negative aspects outweigh the
positives.
People thinking of starting a
business also often face an
approach-avoidance conflict.

32. Kurt Lewin identified three types of motivational conflict

34. The instinct, drive, incentive and arousal theories of
motivation assume that humans are motivated in the same
way as lower animals.
Deal with basis physiological needs miss many important needs
relating to personal growth.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory
in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943
paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological
Review.

35. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is based on
•All humans acquire a similar set of
motives through genetic ability and social
interaction.
•Some motives are more basic or critical
than others.
•The more basic motives must be satisfied
to a minimum level before other motives
are activated.

37. Physiological Needs
Physiological needs are the basic needs for
survival these needs include, food, water
sleep and sex.

38. Safety and Security needs
Safety needs are at the next level of
the hierarchy, and include the need
for security, freedom from fear, for
protection, and for structure and
order.

39. Belongingness and love needs
These needs are essential for one’s life as man
is a social animal, he has to live in a society,
he/she needs love from his/her family,
relatives, friends etc.
Failure to satisfy these needs can lead to
feelings of loneliness and isolation.

40. Maslow argued that there are two types of
loves: D-love and B-love. D-love is based
on deficiency, and is selfish, in that it
involves taking rather than giving. B-love
is unselfish and is based on a growth need
rather than on deficiency.

41. Esteem needs
Esteem needs includes the needs for self esteem and
the need for other esteem.
Self esteem is the need to maintain a perception of
oneself as a generally competent, strong, independent
person. There are two aspects to the need for esteem
(1) the need for admiration and respect and
(2) the need to regard oneself as competent and
successful. Failure to satisfy to esteem needs is
likely to lead to feelings of incompetence,
haplessness and inferiority.

42. Cognitive needs
The next level of needs is cognitive
needs. These needs are for
understanding and knowledge.
Satisfaction of these needs moves the
individual to next level of needs.

43. Aesthetic Needs
Aesthetic needs are for order and beauty, to
become the dominant motivator. Satisfaction
of these needs moves the individual to
higher state of psychological functioning and
makes him a more effective person.

44. Need for self actualization
The top level of Maslow hierarchy is need
for self actualization. It is each individual
need realize all her capacities, fulfill her
potentials, and became the best person she
can be.

45. ERG theory is an extension of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
Clayton Alderfer recategorized Maslow’s hierarchy of needs into three simpler and
broader classes of needs:
•Existence needs- include need for basic material necessities i.e., an individual’s
physiological and physical safety needs.
•Relatedness needs- include the aspiration individual’s have for maintaining significant
interpersonal relationships (be it with family, peers or superiors), getting public fame
and recognition. Maslow’s social needs and external component of esteem needs fall
under this class of need.
•Growth needs- include need for self-development and personal growth and
advancement. Maslow’s self-actualization needs and intrinsic component of esteem
needs fall under this category of need.

48. McClelland’s Theory of Needs
David McClelland and his associates proposed McClelland’s theory of
Needs/Achievement Motivation Theory which states that human behaviour is affected
by three needs:
1.Need for Power,
2.Need for Achievement, and
3.Need for Affiliation
Need for power is the desire to influence other individual’s behaviour as per your
wish, or the desire to have control over others and to be influential.
Need for achievement is the urge to excel, to accomplish in relation to a set of
standards, to struggle to achieve success.
Need for affiliation is a need for open and sociable interpersonal relationships. In
other words, it is a desire for relationship based on co-operation and mutual
understanding.

49. Hull’s theory of motivation is known as drive reduction theory of
reinforcement.
Goal Setting Theory of Motivation: Edwin Locke
Hypothalamus involves in many types of motivational behavior.