Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through internal use and distribution. It aims to obtain the right quality and quantity of supplies at the right time and place for the right cost. Key elements include demand estimation, procurement, storage, inventory control, equipment maintenance, and condemnation of unfit materials. Adopting scientific techniques like ABC analysis, VED analysis, and preventative maintenance can help organizations improve efficiency and make optimal use of resources.
ABC analysis is an inventory categorization method that divides items into categories (A, B, C) based on their annual consumption value, with A items being the most valuable and accounting for 10-20% of the total value but only 70-80% of items, B items having medium value accounting for 15-25% of value and 30% of items, and C items being the least valuable accounting for 5% of value but 50% of items. Managers can use this analysis to identify "inventory hot spots" and concentrate resources on controlling the most important and valuable A items rather than treating all items identically.
Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through use. It aims to obtain materials of the right quality, quantity, time, place, and cost. Key aspects include demand estimation, procurement, storage, inventory control methods like ABC and VED analysis, maintenance and repair of equipment, and disposal of condemned materials. Effective material management is crucial for providing necessary supplies to healthcare workers and delivering quality services to patients.
The VED (Vital, Essential, Desirable) method classifies inventory items into three categories based on their importance and criticality. Vital items are stocked in abundance and their availability must be ensured at all times. Essential items are stocked in medium amounts and their non-availability can be tolerated for 2-3 days. Desirable items are stocked in small amounts and their non-availability can be tolerated for a long period. On average, vital items make up 10% of inventory, essential 40%, and desirable 50%. The method aims to ensure smooth operations by strictly controlling vital and essential items while loosely controlling desirable items.
ABC analysis (Inventory) Inventory optimization in supply chain, ABC analysis is an inventory categorization method which consists in dividing items into three categories, A, B and C
This document discusses inventory control and management. It defines inventory control as supervising supply levels to ensure adequate supply without excess. It has the objectives of [1] maintaining stocks at the lowest possible cost levels without disruptions, [2] balancing purchasing/stocking costs and supply, and [3] avoiding stock-outs. Various analysis methods are described for categorizing items based on factors like expenditure, criticality, availability and consumption to prioritize management. Proper ordering, storage, maintenance and information systems are needed to effectively control hospital inventory levels.
Abc, ved, hml analysis in material managementManjubeth
Mr. Manjunath. Beth presented on inventory control techniques in material management for healthcare. He discussed ABC, VED, and HML analysis approaches. ABC analysis categorizes inventory items based on their cost and consumption into A, B, and C groups to determine the appropriate control levels. VED analysis classifies items based on criticality into vital, essential, and desirable groups. HML analysis separates items based on their unit value. The objectives of inventory control are to minimize costs while avoiding stockouts. Coupling ABC and VED analysis in a matrix can help determine priority groups for inventory management. Understanding these techniques helps ensure the right medical supplies and equipment are available as needed.
This document summarizes an operation management project on ABC analysis conducted by students for their management department. ABC analysis involves categorizing inventory items into A, B, and C categories based on their value and consumption. Category A items account for 10-25% of total items but 70-80% of total value, making them the most important to control tightly. Category B items are less important than A but more than C, while Category C items are marginally important. The analysis identifies vital few high-value items to prioritize for better inventory management and cost savings. Implementing ABC analysis' recommendations would improve the company's inventory policy and management situation.
ABC analysis is an inventory categorization method that divides items into categories (A, B, C) based on their annual consumption value, with A items being the most valuable and accounting for 10-20% of the total value but only 70-80% of items, B items having medium value accounting for 15-25% of value and 30% of items, and C items being the least valuable accounting for 5% of value but 50% of items. Managers can use this analysis to identify "inventory hot spots" and concentrate resources on controlling the most important and valuable A items rather than treating all items identically.
Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through use. It aims to obtain materials of the right quality, quantity, time, place, and cost. Key aspects include demand estimation, procurement, storage, inventory control methods like ABC and VED analysis, maintenance and repair of equipment, and disposal of condemned materials. Effective material management is crucial for providing necessary supplies to healthcare workers and delivering quality services to patients.
The VED (Vital, Essential, Desirable) method classifies inventory items into three categories based on their importance and criticality. Vital items are stocked in abundance and their availability must be ensured at all times. Essential items are stocked in medium amounts and their non-availability can be tolerated for 2-3 days. Desirable items are stocked in small amounts and their non-availability can be tolerated for a long period. On average, vital items make up 10% of inventory, essential 40%, and desirable 50%. The method aims to ensure smooth operations by strictly controlling vital and essential items while loosely controlling desirable items.
ABC analysis (Inventory) Inventory optimization in supply chain, ABC analysis is an inventory categorization method which consists in dividing items into three categories, A, B and C
This document discusses inventory control and management. It defines inventory control as supervising supply levels to ensure adequate supply without excess. It has the objectives of [1] maintaining stocks at the lowest possible cost levels without disruptions, [2] balancing purchasing/stocking costs and supply, and [3] avoiding stock-outs. Various analysis methods are described for categorizing items based on factors like expenditure, criticality, availability and consumption to prioritize management. Proper ordering, storage, maintenance and information systems are needed to effectively control hospital inventory levels.
Abc, ved, hml analysis in material managementManjubeth
Mr. Manjunath. Beth presented on inventory control techniques in material management for healthcare. He discussed ABC, VED, and HML analysis approaches. ABC analysis categorizes inventory items based on their cost and consumption into A, B, and C groups to determine the appropriate control levels. VED analysis classifies items based on criticality into vital, essential, and desirable groups. HML analysis separates items based on their unit value. The objectives of inventory control are to minimize costs while avoiding stockouts. Coupling ABC and VED analysis in a matrix can help determine priority groups for inventory management. Understanding these techniques helps ensure the right medical supplies and equipment are available as needed.
This document summarizes an operation management project on ABC analysis conducted by students for their management department. ABC analysis involves categorizing inventory items into A, B, and C categories based on their value and consumption. Category A items account for 10-25% of total items but 70-80% of total value, making them the most important to control tightly. Category B items are less important than A but more than C, while Category C items are marginally important. The analysis identifies vital few high-value items to prioritize for better inventory management and cost savings. Implementing ABC analysis' recommendations would improve the company's inventory policy and management situation.
This document discusses various concepts related to material management. It defines material management as planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through operations to distribution. It describes key functions like planning, procurement, inventory management, and storage. Different inventory models are explained including EOQ and ABC analysis for classification and control of inventory. Material accounting systems and roles of nurses in material management are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of materials management, including its key concepts, objectives, functions and importance. It discusses an integrated approach to materials management involving activities like materials planning, purchasing, inventory control, transportation and disposal. The objectives of materials management are outlined as minimizing costs, ensuring continuous supply of materials and cutting costs. Different methods of purchase like hand-to-mouth purchasing, scheduled purchasing and market purchasing are also summarized.
This document defines inventory and discusses inventory control. It defines inventory as raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. Inventory control aims to maintain optimal inventory levels for smooth operations. Inventories are classified and objectives of inventory control include avoiding over/under investment and providing the right goods at the right time. Operating objectives focus on availability, minimizing waste, and customer service, while financial objectives focus on costs. Inventory management aims to balance ordering costs, carrying costs, and stockout costs.
ABC analysis is a technique for inventory control that classifies items into A, B, and C categories based on annual consumption value. A items account for the majority of total consumption value while C items account for the least. VED analysis classifies items as vital, essential, or desirable based on their criticality. Combining ABC and VED analysis provides a 9-box framework to prioritize control and service levels for different inventory items based on consumption value and criticality.
This document discusses inventory control and management. It begins by defining inventory as raw materials, components, work in process, and finished products held in the supply chain. Inventory is maintained to bridge gaps between availability and demand. Inventory control aims to maintain inventory levels that are economically optimal for an organization by considering factors like economic order quantities, safety stocks, minimum and maximum levels. The document then discusses reasons for holding inventory like supporting production and customers. It outlines functions, objectives, types, costs and techniques of inventory control before concluding with a discussion of computerization benefits.
Inventory control involves regulating inventory levels according to predetermined norms to reduce costs. It aims to balance ordering, holding, and stockout costs. The ABC analysis technique categorizes inventory into A, B, and C items based on annual consumption value to focus control efforts where they are needed most. VED classification groups items as vital, essential, or desirable based on the criticality of inventory to operations. FSN analysis looks at item movement patterns to identify fast, slow, or non-moving inventory.
The document discusses inventory control in hospitals. It defines inventory control and describes the objectives as maintaining the optimal level of supplies to efficiently order and store just the right amount needed for patients while tracking costs. It outlines different types of inventory including official and unofficial inventories. It also describes concepts like reorder levels, safety stocks, lead times, and costs of ordering, carrying, and shortages. Methods of selective inventory control are provided like ABC analysis.
This document discusses various inventory control techniques, including ABC analysis, VED analysis, and FSN analysis. ABC analysis categorizes inventory into A, B, and C items based on their value and assigns different levels of control to each category. VED analysis classifies items as vital, essential, or desirable based on their importance to production. FSN analysis categorizes items based on their rate of consumption as fast, slow, or non-moving. The document provides examples and explanations of how to apply each technique.
unit-vii material management -ABC analysis pptanjalatchi
this presentation include the introduction, definition, objective, purpose, classification, principles , levels,,procedure , control , advantages, limitation etc
Materials management involves planning, organizing, and coordinating activities related to materials from procurement to disposal. It aims to procure the right quality and quantity of materials at the right time and price. The key functions of materials management include materials planning and programming, purchasing, stores, inventory control, transportation, and others. Effective materials management can reduce costs, improve quality, and ensure continuity of supply.
This document discusses various inventory control techniques used in hospitals. It defines inventory as a record of all procured, received, stored and used goods and materials. Inventory control aims to manage inventory levels and order the optimal amount of goods to minimize costs while preventing stockouts. Common inventory analysis techniques described include ABC analysis which categorizes items based on their costs and usage, VED analysis which categorizes based on criticality, and HML analysis which also categorizes based on unit price. The document outlines different inventory classification systems and their objectives.
This document discusses inventory control techniques used in healthcare settings. It begins with introductions to inventory control and definitions. It then outlines objectives like meeting demand and minimizing costs. Techniques covered include ABC analysis, which classifies items based on usage value, and VED analysis, which considers criticality. Other methods analyze items based on unit value, suppliers, or movement patterns. The document also discusses economic order quantity, which calculates optimal order sizes to minimize total costs considering ordering and carrying costs. Finally, it discusses factors that influence when to place orders, like lead times and maintaining safety stock.
Material management involves planning for, acquiring, storing, moving, and controlling materials to provide customer service according to organizational goals. It includes functions like procurement, materials handling, storage, production, inventory control, packaging, transport, and associated information systems. An effective material management system is important as materials make up 60-70% of expenses in any activity. In a hospital, materials account for 30-35% of recurring expenditures. The aim of material management is to obtain the right material, in the right quantities, at the right time, at the right price, from the right sources, at the least cost.
This document discusses various aspects of hospital supplies and equipment management. It covers topics like classification of supplies vs equipment, purchase of items through different departments, definition and elements of material management, factors for budgeting purchases, quality considerations for purchases, central supply services, and factors influencing material purchases. Inventory control techniques like ABC analysis, VED analysis, and FSN analysis are explained. Key aspects of procurement, storage, and inventory management are also summarized.
SIM Unit 4
Store management :
Materials handling,
Flow of goods/FIFO,
Computerization of inventory transactions
Security of stores,
Stocking and technical impacts-
shelf life,
wastage,
pilferage
1) Inventory management involves maintaining optimal stock levels to meet production demands on time and at competitive prices. It aims to utilize resources efficiently while avoiding production interruptions.
2) Inventory is categorized based on the production stage - raw materials, work in process, finished goods. Special considerations are given to critical spare parts.
3) Factors like long lead times, seasonal demand, and material cost fluctuations influence inventory levels. Selective controls like A-B-C analysis prioritize high-value, critical items for close monitoring.
The document defines inventory as the systematic control of purchase, storage, and usage of materials to maintain production flow while avoiding excessive stock. It then discusses how ABC (Always Better Control) analysis categorizes inventory items into A, B, and C categories based on cost and consumption. A items are high-cost items that consume most resources and require tight control, while C items are low-cost but may be important. The analysis helps prioritize management and control efforts based on cost impact.
The document discusses purchase management in hospitals. It covers what purchase management is, the purchase cycle process, features of purchase management, and principles of purchase management. It notes that purchase management directs the flow of goods and services in a company. The purchase cycle involves recognizing a need, specifying the need, determining a supplier, establishing price and terms, creating a purchase order, delivering the order, expediting the order, receiving and inspecting the order, approving and paying for the order, and maintaining records. Purchase management in hospitals is complex due to the need for products to always be available for patient care while controlling costs and inventory. Hospitals often work with distributors to manage supplier relationships and deliver goods.
Analysis of the ABC Program Resources - Focus on the Legal AmazonFGV Brazil
Analysis on the 2014/2015 crop year performance of ABC Program, the main credit line to finance low-carbon agriculture in Brazil.
This report analyzes quantitative and qualitative performance of the main credit line to finance low-carbon agriculture in Brazil, the ABC Program, in 2014/2015 year crop (July 2014 to February 2015), with particular focus on the use of its resources in the Legal Amazon region.
GVces - Center for Sustainability Studies
www.gvces.com.br
The report analyzes the harmonics of a 0.5 Watt LED bulb tested on May 16, 2015. It found the voltage total harmonic distortion to be 1.051% and current THD to be 19.55%. The harmonic spectrum table shows the amplitudes of individual harmonics up to the 55th order for both voltage and current. The highest voltage harmonics were the 3rd, 5th and 7th orders, while the highest current harmonics were the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th orders.
This document discusses various concepts related to material management. It defines material management as planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through operations to distribution. It describes key functions like planning, procurement, inventory management, and storage. Different inventory models are explained including EOQ and ABC analysis for classification and control of inventory. Material accounting systems and roles of nurses in material management are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of materials management, including its key concepts, objectives, functions and importance. It discusses an integrated approach to materials management involving activities like materials planning, purchasing, inventory control, transportation and disposal. The objectives of materials management are outlined as minimizing costs, ensuring continuous supply of materials and cutting costs. Different methods of purchase like hand-to-mouth purchasing, scheduled purchasing and market purchasing are also summarized.
This document defines inventory and discusses inventory control. It defines inventory as raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. Inventory control aims to maintain optimal inventory levels for smooth operations. Inventories are classified and objectives of inventory control include avoiding over/under investment and providing the right goods at the right time. Operating objectives focus on availability, minimizing waste, and customer service, while financial objectives focus on costs. Inventory management aims to balance ordering costs, carrying costs, and stockout costs.
ABC analysis is a technique for inventory control that classifies items into A, B, and C categories based on annual consumption value. A items account for the majority of total consumption value while C items account for the least. VED analysis classifies items as vital, essential, or desirable based on their criticality. Combining ABC and VED analysis provides a 9-box framework to prioritize control and service levels for different inventory items based on consumption value and criticality.
This document discusses inventory control and management. It begins by defining inventory as raw materials, components, work in process, and finished products held in the supply chain. Inventory is maintained to bridge gaps between availability and demand. Inventory control aims to maintain inventory levels that are economically optimal for an organization by considering factors like economic order quantities, safety stocks, minimum and maximum levels. The document then discusses reasons for holding inventory like supporting production and customers. It outlines functions, objectives, types, costs and techniques of inventory control before concluding with a discussion of computerization benefits.
Inventory control involves regulating inventory levels according to predetermined norms to reduce costs. It aims to balance ordering, holding, and stockout costs. The ABC analysis technique categorizes inventory into A, B, and C items based on annual consumption value to focus control efforts where they are needed most. VED classification groups items as vital, essential, or desirable based on the criticality of inventory to operations. FSN analysis looks at item movement patterns to identify fast, slow, or non-moving inventory.
The document discusses inventory control in hospitals. It defines inventory control and describes the objectives as maintaining the optimal level of supplies to efficiently order and store just the right amount needed for patients while tracking costs. It outlines different types of inventory including official and unofficial inventories. It also describes concepts like reorder levels, safety stocks, lead times, and costs of ordering, carrying, and shortages. Methods of selective inventory control are provided like ABC analysis.
This document discusses various inventory control techniques, including ABC analysis, VED analysis, and FSN analysis. ABC analysis categorizes inventory into A, B, and C items based on their value and assigns different levels of control to each category. VED analysis classifies items as vital, essential, or desirable based on their importance to production. FSN analysis categorizes items based on their rate of consumption as fast, slow, or non-moving. The document provides examples and explanations of how to apply each technique.
unit-vii material management -ABC analysis pptanjalatchi
this presentation include the introduction, definition, objective, purpose, classification, principles , levels,,procedure , control , advantages, limitation etc
Materials management involves planning, organizing, and coordinating activities related to materials from procurement to disposal. It aims to procure the right quality and quantity of materials at the right time and price. The key functions of materials management include materials planning and programming, purchasing, stores, inventory control, transportation, and others. Effective materials management can reduce costs, improve quality, and ensure continuity of supply.
This document discusses various inventory control techniques used in hospitals. It defines inventory as a record of all procured, received, stored and used goods and materials. Inventory control aims to manage inventory levels and order the optimal amount of goods to minimize costs while preventing stockouts. Common inventory analysis techniques described include ABC analysis which categorizes items based on their costs and usage, VED analysis which categorizes based on criticality, and HML analysis which also categorizes based on unit price. The document outlines different inventory classification systems and their objectives.
This document discusses inventory control techniques used in healthcare settings. It begins with introductions to inventory control and definitions. It then outlines objectives like meeting demand and minimizing costs. Techniques covered include ABC analysis, which classifies items based on usage value, and VED analysis, which considers criticality. Other methods analyze items based on unit value, suppliers, or movement patterns. The document also discusses economic order quantity, which calculates optimal order sizes to minimize total costs considering ordering and carrying costs. Finally, it discusses factors that influence when to place orders, like lead times and maintaining safety stock.
Material management involves planning for, acquiring, storing, moving, and controlling materials to provide customer service according to organizational goals. It includes functions like procurement, materials handling, storage, production, inventory control, packaging, transport, and associated information systems. An effective material management system is important as materials make up 60-70% of expenses in any activity. In a hospital, materials account for 30-35% of recurring expenditures. The aim of material management is to obtain the right material, in the right quantities, at the right time, at the right price, from the right sources, at the least cost.
This document discusses various aspects of hospital supplies and equipment management. It covers topics like classification of supplies vs equipment, purchase of items through different departments, definition and elements of material management, factors for budgeting purchases, quality considerations for purchases, central supply services, and factors influencing material purchases. Inventory control techniques like ABC analysis, VED analysis, and FSN analysis are explained. Key aspects of procurement, storage, and inventory management are also summarized.
SIM Unit 4
Store management :
Materials handling,
Flow of goods/FIFO,
Computerization of inventory transactions
Security of stores,
Stocking and technical impacts-
shelf life,
wastage,
pilferage
1) Inventory management involves maintaining optimal stock levels to meet production demands on time and at competitive prices. It aims to utilize resources efficiently while avoiding production interruptions.
2) Inventory is categorized based on the production stage - raw materials, work in process, finished goods. Special considerations are given to critical spare parts.
3) Factors like long lead times, seasonal demand, and material cost fluctuations influence inventory levels. Selective controls like A-B-C analysis prioritize high-value, critical items for close monitoring.
The document defines inventory as the systematic control of purchase, storage, and usage of materials to maintain production flow while avoiding excessive stock. It then discusses how ABC (Always Better Control) analysis categorizes inventory items into A, B, and C categories based on cost and consumption. A items are high-cost items that consume most resources and require tight control, while C items are low-cost but may be important. The analysis helps prioritize management and control efforts based on cost impact.
The document discusses purchase management in hospitals. It covers what purchase management is, the purchase cycle process, features of purchase management, and principles of purchase management. It notes that purchase management directs the flow of goods and services in a company. The purchase cycle involves recognizing a need, specifying the need, determining a supplier, establishing price and terms, creating a purchase order, delivering the order, expediting the order, receiving and inspecting the order, approving and paying for the order, and maintaining records. Purchase management in hospitals is complex due to the need for products to always be available for patient care while controlling costs and inventory. Hospitals often work with distributors to manage supplier relationships and deliver goods.
Analysis of the ABC Program Resources - Focus on the Legal AmazonFGV Brazil
Analysis on the 2014/2015 crop year performance of ABC Program, the main credit line to finance low-carbon agriculture in Brazil.
This report analyzes quantitative and qualitative performance of the main credit line to finance low-carbon agriculture in Brazil, the ABC Program, in 2014/2015 year crop (July 2014 to February 2015), with particular focus on the use of its resources in the Legal Amazon region.
GVces - Center for Sustainability Studies
www.gvces.com.br
The report analyzes the harmonics of a 0.5 Watt LED bulb tested on May 16, 2015. It found the voltage total harmonic distortion to be 1.051% and current THD to be 19.55%. The harmonic spectrum table shows the amplitudes of individual harmonics up to the 55th order for both voltage and current. The highest voltage harmonics were the 3rd, 5th and 7th orders, while the highest current harmonics were the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th orders.
This document discusses ABC analysis, a common inventory classification method. It examines how the period of analysis used can impact ABC classification results. The author analyzes inventory data from an automotive plastics company using different periodic windows, from 1 month to 12 months. Shorter periods lead to more variation and movement of items between A, B, and C categories over time. The minimum variation is observed when analyzing 6-9 month periods. The author concludes the period of analysis must be chosen carefully for ABC analysis to effectively support inventory planning and forecasting goals.
This is about Comparative Analysis of Artificial Bee Colony and Improve Cuckoo Search algorithm, a thesis work done by us. Finally it is published on February-10-2015 on IJARAI. Here you will find the basic of ABC algorithm, ICS algorithm and the comparison between them.
ABC analysis is an inventory management technique that categorizes inventory items into three classes based on their value and importance. Class A items represent the highest value, making up around 20% of inventory items but 80% of total value. Class B items are moderate in value, accounting for 30% of items and 15-20% of total value. Class C items are low value, comprising around 50% of items but only 5% of total value. The analysis helps prioritize management focus on the most important items and simplify control of less important items.
This presentation addresses functional behavior assessment and antecedent interventions. It discusses why students engage in problem behaviors using the four-term contingency model and how behavior assessment procedures like interviews, observations, and functional analyses can be used to understand functions and inform interventions. The presentation provides a case study of a student named Bobby who calls out for attention. Assessment data showed this behavior was maintained by positive attention. Antecedent strategies are recommended to prevent problem behaviors by modifying classroom environments and tasks.
Traditional costing systems allocate overhead costs to products based on direct labor hours or machine hours. This can result in inaccurate product costs. Activity-based costing (ABC) assigns overhead to activities and then to products based on cost drivers like number of set-ups. Patio Grill Company found its traditional system inaccurate. ABC analysis identified machine hours and set-ups as major cost drivers. ABC allocated overhead more precisely, revealing Ultimate grill was underpriced. ABC provides more accurate product costs for pricing, outsourcing, and cost reduction decisions.
This Presentation consists of basic concepts of ABC analysis (which is an Inventory categorization technique for effective management of Inventory) & a case study on it.
This document provides an overview of inventory management techniques. It begins with defining inventory and its objectives. It then covers various inventory analysis methods like ABC analysis, which categorizes inventory items into A, B and C based on their value and demand. Other techniques discussed include FSN analysis to classify items based on consumption pattern, and make or buy decision analysis to determine whether to manufacture or outsource items. The document aims to explain key inventory management strategies and analysis methods used by companies.
ABC analysis is a method for inventory management that categorizes inventory items into three classes - A, B, and C - based on their value and consumption. Class A items account for the highest monetary value or consumption but represent a small percentage of total items. These require the most attention and tight controls. Class B items are intermediate in value and consumption, while Class C items have low value or consumption but represent the largest percentage of total items, requiring the least amount of management attention. ABC analysis helps businesses prioritize their resources for optimal inventory management.
This document discusses inventory management techniques. It begins by explaining that inventory is a significant current asset that requires management to avoid unnecessary investment of funds. It then defines inventory control measures like order size, safety stock, and reorder points. It discusses the different types of inventories and the various reasons companies hold inventory. The objectives and techniques of effective inventory management are outlined, including determining economic order quantity and reorder points. ABC analysis is presented as a case study, classifying inventory into categories based on value to prioritize control efforts.
The document discusses anger management and controlling anger. It notes that the Bible says feeling anger is akin to murder. Anger is a signal that something is wrong but does not solve problems. There are three options when confronting anger: reacting angrily, becoming aware of your feelings, or controlling your intensity. Major causes of anger include dependency issues, resentment, grief, victim mentality, and abuse. The document provides ten steps for controlling anger, such as making a list of anger triggers, talking about your feelings, breathing exercises, and changing negative thoughts. Myths about anger include that it must be expressed or it will explode, while facts are that anger occurs on a spectrum and does not work like steam in a kettle.
This document provides an overview of functional behavioural assessment (FBA). It discusses that FBA aims to understand the context and function of a child's behavior by collecting data on antecedents, behaviors, and consequences. The goal is to develop a hypothesis and intervention to increase positive behaviors and reduce negative ones. The document outlines the stages of FBA, including identifying problems, gathering information, determining functions, developing a plan, implementation, and evaluation. It also discusses considerations around FBA such as collecting information types, theoretical basis in behaviorism and ecological systems theory, and pros and cons.
1) Around 5.5% of elementary school teachers were physically attacked by students in the 1999-2000 school year, and 10% of elementary school expulsions that year were for students bringing firearms to school.
2) Anger management involves using anger constructively rather than eliminating it, and teaches strategies for expressing anger in positive ways and avoiding negative behaviors.
3) Teachers are encouraged to help students identify feelings, cues that indicate anger, and appropriate ways of expressing anger through communication rather than aggression.
The document discusses understanding chronic misbehavior in students. It explains that recurring problem behaviors likely occur for a functional reason, as the behavior is paying off for the student. Understanding the function or purpose of a student's behavior can help educators identify the most effective interventions. The antecedent-behavior-consequence model is presented as a framework for understanding predictable relationships between environmental triggers and behaviors and how students learn from these interactions.
Behavioral assessment focuses on interactions between behavior and environmental situations to effect change. It emphasizes direct observation of problematic behaviors, antecedents, and consequences to understand context and causes. The SORC model conceptualizes problems in terms of Stimulus, Organism, Response, and Consequence. Behavioral assessment methods include interviews, observations in natural and controlled settings using tools like checklists, self-monitoring, and role-playing. Reliability and validity depend on factors like behavior complexity, observer training, content and construct validity, and reactivity.
The emotion, of anger is something we encounter in our dealings with others and as a reaction to certain events. Knowing if how we respond when we are angry is appropriate or if we need to master some anger management techniques can sometimes be difficult to determine, partly because it is human nature to reject the notion that we may have a problem with how we behave. Your first clue may be hearing some of these phrases from those around you: “You need to watch your temper buddy!!” …
http://nuhopecare.com
ABC analysis is a technique used to categorize inventory items based on their value of annual consumption. It divides items into three categories: A, B, and C. Category A items account for 10% of inventory items but 70% of total annual consumption. Category B items are 20% of inventory and account for 20% of consumption. The remaining 70% of items are Category C and account for only 10% of total annual consumption. The document provides steps to perform ABC analysis which includes determining annual usage of each item, ranking them based on dollar value, and categorizing into A, B, or C groups. Tables show an example of 10 items categorized using this analysis.
This document provides an introduction to an anger management workbook aimed at helping adults control their anger. It discusses how anger is a common challenge in society that impacts areas like domestic violence, driving, and health. The workbook contains 8 tools to help manage anger, including dealing with stress, developing empathy, responding instead of reacting, changing negative self-talk, assertive communication, adjusting expectations, forgiveness, and taking time to calm down. The introduction presents anger as a normal emotion that can become problematic if not properly controlled and expresses the hope that these tools will help readers manage anger in various parts of their lives.
Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through internal use and distribution. It aims to obtain the right quality and quantity of supplies at the right time, place, and cost. Key aspects of material management include procurement, inventory control, storage, issue and use of materials, and maintenance and disposal of equipment. Adopting scientific techniques like ABC analysis, EOQ, and preventative maintenance can improve efficiency and optimize costs. Material management principles are useful for organizations both large and small.
Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through internal use and distribution. It aims to obtain the right quality and quantity of supplies at the right time, place, and cost. Key aspects of material management include procurement, inventory control, storage, issue and use of materials, and disposal of obsolete equipment. Adopting scientific techniques like ABC analysis, EOQ, and preventative maintenance can help optimize costs and ensure continuity of supply.
Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through internal use. The key aims are to obtain the right quality and quantity of supplies at the right time, place, and cost. Effective material management requires forecasting demand, purchasing the correct items, storing materials properly, and using inventory control techniques like economic order quantity and ABC analysis to minimize costs while maintaining adequate stock levels. Proper procurement, storage, and inventory control are essential elements of ensuring materials are available as needed.
It is concerned with planning, organizing and controlling the flow of materials from their initial purchase through internal operations to the service point through distribution.
OR
Material management is a scientific technique, concerned with Planning, Organizing &Control of flow of materials, from their initial purchase to destination
Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through internal use and distribution. It aims to obtain the right quality and quantity of supplies at the right time, place, and cost. Key aspects of material management include procurement, inventory control, storage, issue and use of materials, and equipment maintenance. ABC analysis and other techniques help prioritize items for control based on cost, criticality, usage and other factors. Effective material management is important for any organization to efficiently obtain and utilize necessary resources.
Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through internal use. The key aims are to obtain the right quality and quantity of supplies at the right time, place, and cost. Effective material management requires forecasting demand, purchasing the correct items, storing materials properly, and using inventory control techniques like economic order quantity and ABC analysis to minimize costs while maintaining adequate stock levels. Proper procurement, storage, and inventory control are essential elements of ensuring materials are available as needed.
This document discusses various aspects of material management. It defines material management and its aims, which include getting the right quality, quantity, time, place and cost of supplies. The key objectives of material management are economy in purchasing, demand satisfaction, reserve stock maintenance, consumption stabilization and client service. The document outlines various functional areas, principles, elements and objectives of an effective material management system. It also describes techniques for inventory control, procurement, storage and issue of materials.
This document discusses material management in healthcare settings. It defines material management and describes its aims, purposes, objectives, functional areas, procurement processes, inventory control techniques, and equipment maintenance and condemnation procedures. The key aspects of material management are planning, organizing and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through distribution in a scientific manner to achieve the right quality, quantity, time, place and cost of supplies. ABC, VED, SDE, and FSN analyses are inventory control techniques used to prioritize items.
Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through distribution. The key aims are to obtain the right quality and quantity of supplies at the right time and place at the lowest possible cost. Effective material management requires forecasting demand, establishing scientific inventory controls like economic order quantity and ABC analysis, following proper procurement and storage procedures, and implementing preventative maintenance and condemnation of equipment when required. Adopting sound material management principles can improve organizational efficiency.
This document discusses material management, which involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through operations and distribution. The key objectives of material management are to obtain the right quality and quantity of supplies at the right time, place, and cost. Effective material management requires functions like purchasing, inventory control, storage, and issue/use to be properly managed. Inventory control techniques like determining economic order quantities, re-order levels, and ABC analysis are important to ensure adequate materials are available while minimizing costs.
Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through internal operations to distribution. It aims to obtain the right quality and quantity of supplies at the right time and place for the right cost. Key aspects of material management include procurement, inventory control, storage, and disposal. Effective material management results in optimal inventory levels and maximizes supply service and efficiency.
Material management is concerned with planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through operations to distribution. The aims of material management are to obtain the right quality, quantity, time, place, and cost of supplies. Objectives include gaining economy in purchasing, satisfying demand, carrying reserve stock, stabilizing consumption, and providing good customer service. Procurement involves selecting suppliers, specifying contracts, and monitoring orders to acquire supplies as inexpensively and high in quality as possible with prompt delivery.
Material management involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through use. The key objectives are to obtain the right quality and quantity of materials, at the right time and place, for the lowest cost. This involves effective procurement, storage, inventory control, and disposal processes. ABC analysis and other techniques help prioritize materials for different levels of control based on factors like cost and criticality. Maintaining proper records for equipment helps ensure optimal performance and determines appropriate time for repair, replacement, or condemnation.
Material management is a scientific technique, concerned with Planning, Organizing &Control of flow of materials, from their initial purchase to destination.
powerpoint presentation material management.pptxSimran Kaur
The document discusses various concepts related to materials management in healthcare facilities. It defines key terms like value analysis, lead time, buffer stock, supplies, equipment, and facilities. It describes the traditional and integrated approaches to materials management. The primary and secondary objectives of materials management are listed as well as the key activities involved - estimation of demand, procurement, storage, issue, and disposal. Methods of demand estimation like moving average are explained. The advantages of centralized purchasing over decentralized purchasing are provided. Different procurement systems like open tender, rate contract, and negotiated procurement are outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of maintenance and repair of equipment to reduce materials costs.
This document discusses material management in healthcare organizations. It defines material management as planning, organizing, and controlling the acquisition, storage, and distribution of materials needed by healthcare personnel. The key functions of material management are planning and sourcing, budgeting, research, procurement, receiving, storage, accounting and control, issuing, disposal, and maintenance. Effective material management aims to obtain the right materials in the right quantity, quality, time, and place while reducing costs and avoiding stockouts. Principles like POSDCORB guide material planning and procurement processes.
The document discusses material management in hospitals. It defines material management and explains that it aims to efficiently acquire, store, and distribute materials according to organizational goals. Materials account for a significant portion of hospital expenses, so effective material management can help contain costs. The document outlines various aspects of material management like demand forecasting, procurement, inventory control, and storage. It discusses methods of forecasting demand, different types of inventory analysis, economic order quantity, and key terms related to inventory management. The overall summary is that the document provides an overview of the principles and processes involved in effective material management and inventory control in hospitals.
Materials management is a core supply chain function involving planning and executing supply chains to meet material needs. Material managers determine stock levels and replenishment needs, create inventory levels, and communicate requirements. The objectives of material management include obtaining the right materials at the right time and price from reliable sources. An effective materials management information system provides the right information to support decision making. Purchasing, receiving, inspection, and proper storage are important functions to ensure quality materials are procured and maintained.
This document provides an overview of material management concepts. It defines material management as planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials from initial purchase through operations to distribution. The key objectives of material management are to obtain the right quality, quantity, and cost of supplies at the right time and place. Inventory control aims to maintain adequate stock levels to avoid stockouts while minimizing investment. ABC, VED, FSN, and HML analyses are approaches to prioritizing inventory items for different levels of control. Economic order quantity models help determine optimal reorder amounts and timing.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
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Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
1. MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
By
DR.I.SELVARAJ, I.R.M.S
Sr.D.M.O (Selection Grade Officer) (on study leave),
INDIAN RAILWAYS MEDICAL SERVICE
B.Sc., M.B.B.S., D.P.H (Madras medical college, Recognized by MCI).,
D.I.H., PGCH&FW (NIHFW, New Delhi)
III rd year Post graduate student in M.D Community medicine
Department of Community medicine
Sree Ramachandra Medical College,
Porur,Chennai
2. Definition
It is concerned with planning, organizing and
controlling the flow of materials from their initial
purchase through internal operations to the service
point through distribution.
OR
Material management is a scientific technique,
concerned with Planning, Organizing &Control of flow
of materials, from their initial purchase to destination.
3. AIM OF MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
To get
1. The Right quality
2. Right quantity of supplies
3. At the Right time
4. At the Right place
5. For the Right cost
4. PURPOSE OF MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
•To gain economy in purchasing
•To satisfy the demand during period of replenishment
•To carry reserve stock to avoid stock out
•To stabilize fluctuations in consumption
•To provide reasonable level of client services
5. Primary
•Right price
•High turnover
•Low procurement
•& storage cost
•Continuity of supply
•Consistency in quality
•Good supplier
relations
•Development of
personnel
•Good information
system
Objective of material management
Secondary
•Forecasting
•Inter-departmental
harmony
•Product improvement
•Standardization
•Make or buy decision
•New materials & products
•Favorable reciprocal
relationships
6. Economy in material management
•Containing the costs
•Instilling efficiency in all activities
7. Four basic needs of Material
management
1. To have adequate materials on hand when needed
2. To pay the lowest possible prices, consistent with
quality and value requirement for purchases
materials
3. To minimize the inventory investment
4. To operate efficiently
8. Basic principles of material management
1. Effective management & supervision
It depends on managerial functions of
• Planning
• Organizing
• Staffing
• Directing
• Controlling
• Reporting
• Budgeting
2. Sound purchasing methods
3.Skillful & hard poised negotiations
4.Effective purchase system
5.Should be simple
6.Must not increase other costs
7.Simple inventory control programme
9. Elements of material management
1. Demand estimation
2. Identify the needed items
3. Calculate from the trends in Consumption during last
2 years.
4. Review with resource constraints
10. Functional areas of material management
1. Purchasing
2. Central service supply
3. Central stores
4. The print shops
5. The pharmacy
6. Dietary
& Linen services
11. PROCUREMENT
1. Directorate general of supply & disposal
(DGS & D, Govt. Of India]
2. Medical stores depot (M. S.D. Government
of India, Ministry of H & FW]
3. Private or public sector undertakings.
4. Receiving donations.
13. Objectives of procurement system
•Acquire needed supplies as inexpensively as possible
•Obtain high quality supplies
•Assure prompt & dependable delivery
•Distribute the procurement workload to avoid period of
idleness & overwork
•Optimize inventory management through scientific
procurement procedures
14. CALL FOR
OFFERS
CALL FOR
OFFERS
YES
YES
DETERMINE DRUGS & DRUG
REQUIREMENTS
DETERMINE DRUGS & DRUG
REQUIREMENTS
DRUG REQUIREMENTSDRUG REQUIREMENTS
DONATION
SOURCE
DONATION
SOURCE
GOVERNMENT
PRODUCTION
GOVERNMENT
PRODUCTION
DETERMINE DRUGS & DRUG
REQUIREMENTS
DETERMINE DRUGS & DRUG
REQUIREMENTS
PURCHASE
REQUIREMENTS
PURCHASE
REQUIREMENTS
OPEN TENDEROPEN TENDER RESTRICTED
TENDER
RESTRICTED
TENDER
NEGOTIATED
TENDER
NEGOTIATED
TENDER
DIRECT
PURCHASE
DIRECT
PURCHASE
REQUEST OFFERS FROM
ELIGIBLE SUPPLIERS
REQUEST OFFERS FROM
ELIGIBLE SUPPLIERS
LOCATE
RELIABLE
SUPPLIERS
LOCATE
RELIABLE
SUPPLIERS
CONTACT
RELIABLE
SUPPLIER
CONTACT
RELIABLE
SUPPLIER
EVALUATE &
SELECT SUPPLIER
EVALUATE &
SELECT SUPPLIER
EVALUATE OFFERS
& SELECT
SUPPLIERS
EVALUATE OFFERS
& SELECT
SUPPLIERS
NEGOTIATE PRICE &
SUPPLY CONDITIONS
NEGOTIATE PRICE &
SUPPLY CONDITIONS
ESTABLISH
PRICE
ESTABLISH
PRICE
PURCHASE ORDER
/ CONTRACT
PURCHASE ORDER
/ CONTRACT
PURCHASE ORDER /
CONTRACT
PURCHASE ORDER /
CONTRACT
PURCHASE
ORDER /
CONTRACT
PURCHASE
ORDER /
CONTRACT
PURCHASE
ORDER /
CONTRACT
PURCHASE
ORDER /
CONTRACT
DRUGS RECEIVED, CHECKED AGAINST PURCHASE ORDER / CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS & CLEARED
FOR DISTRIBUTION
DRUGS RECEIVED, CHECKED AGAINST PURCHASE ORDER / CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS & CLEARED
FOR DISTRIBUTION
ADJUST
QUANTITIES
ADJUST
QUANTITIES
ADJUST
QUANTITIES
ADJUST
QUANTITIES
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO NO NO
YES YES
FLOW OF PROCUREMENT DECISIONSFLOW OF PROCUREMENT DECISIONS
15. Open tender
•Public bidding, resulting in low prices
•Published in newspapers
•Term - 4 weeks
•Quotations must be sent in the specific forms
that are sold, before the time &date mentioned in
the tender form
•In technical items, ‘two packets or two bins’
system is followed. Offers are given in two
separate packets.
•Technical bid
•Financial bid
Cont……
16. •First technical bid is opened & short listed
•Then financial bid of selected companies are
opened & lowest is selected
•Delayed tenders & late tenders are not accepted. But
if, in case of delayed tenders, if the rate quoted is
very less, then it can be accepted.
•Quotations are opened in presence of indenting
department, accounts & authorized persons of party
•Validity of tenders – generally 90 days
17. Earnest money
2 % of the tender amount or as decided has to be paid
along with all quotations. In case of default 1/5 is withheld
Restricted or limited tender
From limited suppliers (about 10)
Lead-time is reduced
Better quality
Negotiated procurement
Buyer approaches selected potential Suppliers & bargain
directly
Used in long time supply contracts
Direct procurement
Purchased from single supplier, at his quoted price
Prices may be high
Reserved for proprietary materials, or low priced, small
quantity & emergency purchases
18. Rate contract
Firms are asked to supply stores at specified Rates
during the period covered by the Contract
Spot purchase
It is done by a committee, which includes an officer
from stores, accounts & purchasing departments
Risk purchase
If supplier fails, the item is purchased from other
agencies & the difference in cost is recovered from
the first supplier
19. Points to remember while purchasing
•Proper specification
•Invite quotations from reputed firms
•Comparison of offers based on basic price, freight & insurance,
taxes and levies
•Quantity & payment discounts
•Payment terms
•Delivery period, guarantee
•Vendor reputation
(reliability, technical capabilities, Convenience, Availability, after-
sales service, sales assistance)
•Short listing for better negotiation terms
•Seek order acknowledgement
20. Storage
•Store must be of adequate space
•Materials must be stored in an appropriate place
• in a correct way
•Group wise & alphabetical arrangement helps in
•identification & retrieval
•First-in, first-out principle to be followed
•Monitor expiry date
•Follow two bin or double shelf system, to avoid
•Stock outs
•Reserve bin should contain stock that will cover
•lead time and a small safety stock
Issue & use
Can be centralized or decentralized
21. Inventory control
It means stocking adequate number and
kind of stores, so that the materials are
available whenever required and wherever
required. Scientific inventory control results
in optimal balance
22. Functions of inventory control
•To provide maximum supply service,
consistent with maximum efficiency &
optimum investment.
•To provide cushion between forecasted &
actual demand for a material
23. Economic order of quantity
EOQ = Average Monthly Consumption X Lead Time [in
months] + Buffer Stock – Stock on hand
CARRYING
COST
PURCHASING
COST
ECONOMIC ORDER OF
QUANTITY(EOQ)
24. •Re-order level: stock level at which fresh
order is placed.
•Average consumption per day x lead time +
buffer stock
•Lead time: Duration time between placing
an order & receipt of material
•Ideal – 2 to 6 weeks.
25. ABC ANALYSIS
(ABC = Always Better Control)
This is based on cost criteria.
It helps to exercise selective control when confronted
with large number of items it rationalizes the number of
orders, number of items & reduce the inventory.
About 10 % of materials consume 70 % of resources
About 20 % of materials consume 20 % of resources
About 70 % of materials consume 10 % of resources
26. ‘A’ ITEMS
Small in number, but consume large amount
of resources
Must have:
•Tight control
•Rigid estimate of requirements
•Strict & closer watch
•Low safety stocks
•Managed by top management
27. ‘C’ ITEMS
Larger in number, but consume lesser amount of
resources
Must have:
•Ordinary control measures
•Purchase based on usage estimates
•High safety stocks
ABC analysis does not stress on items those are
less costly but may be vital
29. ‘B’ ITEM
Intermediate
Must have:
•Moderate control
•Purchase based on rigid requirements
•Reasonably strict watch & control
•Moderate safety stocks
•Managed by middle level management
30. VED ANALYSIS
•Based on critical value & shortage cost of an item
–It is a subjective analysis.
•Items are classified into:
Vital:
•Shortage cannot be tolerated.
Essential:
•Shortage can be tolerated for a short period.
Desirable:
Shortage will not adversely affect, but may be using more
resources. These must be strictly Scrutinized
V E D ITEM COST
A AV AE AD CATEGORY 1 10 70%
B BV BE BD CATEGORY 2 20 20%
C CV CE CD CATEGORY 3 70 10%
CATEGORY 1 - NEEDS CLOSE MONITORING & CONTROL
CATEGORY 2 - MODERATE CONTROL.
CATEGORY 3 - NO NEED FOR CONTROL
31. SDE ANALYIS
Based on availability
Scarce
Managed by top level management
Maintain big safety stocks
Difficult
Maintain sufficient safety stocks
Easily available
Minimum safety stocks
FSN ANALYSIS
Based on utilization.
Fast moving.
Slow moving.
Non-moving.
Non-moving items must be periodically reviewed to prevent
expiry
& obsolescence
HML ANALYSIS
Based on cost per unit
Highest
Medium
Low
This is used to keep control over consumption
at departmental level for deciding the frequency of physical verification.
32. PROCURMENT OF EQUIPMENT
Points to be noted before purchase of an
equipment:
•Latest technology
•Availability of maintenance & repair facility,
with minimum down time
•Post warranty repair at reasonable cost
•Upgradeability
•Reputed manufacturer
•Availability of consumables
•Low operating costs
•Installation
•Proper installation as per guidelines
33. HISTORY SHEET OF
EQUIPMENT:
History sheet
•Name of equipment
•Code number
•Date of purchase
•Name of supplier
•Name of manufacturer
•Date of installation
•Place of installation
•Date of commissioning
•Environmental control
•Spare parts inventory
•Techn. Manual / circuit
diagrams / literatures
•After sales arrangement
•Guarantee period
•Warranty period
•Life of equipment
•Down time / up time
•Cost of maintenance
•Unserviceable date
•Date of condemnation
•Date of replacement
34. Maintenance sheet:
Annual maintenance contract [AMC]
Starting date
Expiry date
Service / repair description
Materials / spares used
Cost of repairs
In-house
Outside agency
35. EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE & CONDEMNATION
Maintenance & repairs:
Preventive maintenance
Master maintenance plan
Repair of equipment
36. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
•Purchase with warranty & spares.
•Safeguard the electronic equipments with: (as per
guidelines)
•Voltage stabilizer, UPS
•Automatic switch over generator
•Requirement of electricity, water, space, atmospheric
conditions, etc. Must be taken into consideration
•Well equipped maintenance cell must be available
•All equipment must be operated as per instructions with
trained staff
•Monitoring annual maintenance contracts. (AMC)
•Maintenance cell
•Communications between maintenance cell & suppliers of
the equipment.
•Follow-up of maintenance & repair services
•Repair of equipment
•Outside agencies
•In-house facility
37. CONDEMNATION & DISPOSAL
Criteria for condemnation:
The equipment has become:
1. Non-functional & beyond economical repair
2. Non-functional & obsolete
3. Functional, but obsolete
4. Functional, but hazardous
5. Functional, but no longer required
38. PROCEDURE FOR CONDEMNATION
1. Verify records.
2. History sheet of equipment
3. Log book of maintenance & repairs
4. Performance record of equipment
5. Put up in proper form & to the proper authority
39. DISPOSAL
1. Circulate to other units, where it is needed
2. Return to the vendor, if willing to accept
3. Sell to agencies, scrap dealers, etc
4. Auction
5. Local destruction
40. CONCLUSION
Material management is an important management tool which will be
very useful in getting the right quality & right quantity of supplies at
right time, having good inventory control & adopting sound methods
of condemnation & disposal will improve the efficiency of the
organization & also make the working atmosphere healthy any type
of organization, whether it is Private, Government ,Small
organization, Big organization and Household.
Even a common man must know the basics of material management
so that he can get the best of the available resources and make it a
habit to adopt the principles of material management in all our daily
activities