Behavioral assessment focuses on interactions between behavior and environmental situations to effect change. It emphasizes direct observation of problematic behaviors, antecedents, and consequences to understand context and causes. The SORC model conceptualizes problems in terms of Stimulus, Organism, Response, and Consequence. Behavioral assessment methods include interviews, observations in natural and controlled settings using tools like checklists, self-monitoring, and role-playing. Reliability and validity depend on factors like behavior complexity, observer training, content and construct validity, and reactivity.
Behavioural Assessment refers to a set of methods of formal assessment of thoughts, feelings and behaviour of patient in a specific situation and context. The methods involved in a formal assessment of behaviour may be direct and indirect.
Methods and Tools for Data Collection - Probability and StatisticZyron Jacob Bitara
Primary data is the process of gathering data through surveys, interviews, or experiments.
Method refers to a data collection mode or method while, “tool” is the instrument used to carry out the method
Experimentation is used to study the changes of variable to another variable.
Independent, is what you change. Dependent is what you observe and measure and Controlled, factors that keep the same.
Interviewing is a two-way systematic conversation between an investigator and informant. It involves not only talking but studying the non-verbal responses of the respondents.
Projective techniques are normally used during individual or small group interviews. Generally, these techniques can be divided into three major categories: Visual projective, Verbal projective, and Expressive techniques.
Sociometry is finding, describing, and assessing social status, structure, and development by measuring the level of acceptance or rejection among a group of individuals.
Questionnaire Method is a set of standardized questions, often called items, which follow a fixed scheme
Observation is one of the important and basic methods or techniques or tools for collecting data in almost all types of research studies.(experimental or laboratory research, descriptive research or qualitative research.)
Observation as a research tool is used in understanding, measuring, prediction and modification of human behavior.
The observer can opt for either participant or non participant observation. This technique can be used to observe the behavior or attitude of the individual or a group. The observer has to plan carefully and execute the plans to collect accurate information. The observation could be supported with interaction.
This method gives an opportunity to know the insights of the group and naturally, the observer will be able to get the factual data compared to other methods of data collection.
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. What is Behavioral Assessment?
• An assessment approach that focuses on the interactions between situations
and behaviors for the purpose of effecting behavioral change.
How does it differ from Traditional Assessment?
1. Behavioral Assessment emphasizes direct assessments (naturalistic
observations) of problematic behavior, antecedent
(situational)conditions, and consequences (reinforcement).
2. It has a central feature namely the functional analysis, in where careful
analyses are made of the stimuli preceding a behavior and the
consequences following from it to gain a precise understanding of the
context and causes of behavior.
3. It is an ongoing process, occurring at all points throughout the treatment.
3. SORC Model (Kanfer & Phillips, 1970)
-a useful model for conceptualizing a clinical problem
from a behavioral perspective.
• S=stimulus or antecedent conditions that bring on the
problematic behavior
• O=organismic variable related to the problematic behavior
• R=response or problematic behavior
• C=Consequences of the problematic behavior
4. Behavioral Assessment Methods
Behavioral Interviews
• Interviews conducted for the purpose of identifying a problem behavior, the
situational factors that maintain the behavior, and the consequences that result
from that behavior.
• Behavioral Interviews are used to obtain a general picture of the presenting
problem and of the variables that seem to be maintaining the problematic
behavior.
Observation Methods
• A primary technique of behavioral assessment. It is often used to gain a better
understanding of the frequency, strength, and pervasiveness of the problem
behavior as well as the factors that are maintaining it.
• It provide the clinician with an actual sample (rather than a self - report) of the
problematic behavior.
5. Observation Methods
Naturalistic Conditions
• Behavior typically and spontaneously occurs.
Controlled Conditions
• Simulated or contrived conditions. The environment is designed to such that it is
likely that the assessor will observe the targeted behavior or interactions.
Home Observation
School Observation
Hospital Observation
• Achenbach’s (1994) Direct Observation Form (DOF) of the Child Behavior Checklist. It is
used to assess problem behaviors that may be observed in school classrooms or other
settings.
• Behavioral Coding System (BCS) developed by Patterson (1977) and his colleagues R.R.
Jone, Reid, & Patterson (1975). This observational system was designed for use in the
homes of pre – delinquent boys who exhibit problems in the areas of aggressiveness and
non – compliance.
• Time Sample Behavioral Checklist (TSBC) developed by Gordon Paul and his associates
(Mariotto & Paul, 1974). It is a time – sample behavioral checklist that can be used with
chronic psychiatric patients. Time – sample means that observations are made at regular
intervals for a given patient.
6. Controlled Performance Technique
• An assessment procedure in which the clinician places individuals in
carefully controlled performance situations and collects data on their
performance/behaviors, their emotional reactions, and/or various
psycho physiological indices.
Self - Monitoring
• An observational technique in which individuals observe and
record their own behaviors, thoughts, or emotions (including
information on timing, frequency, intensity and duration),
• Clients are asked to maintain behavioral logs or diaries over some
predetermined time period.
7. Role – Playing Methods
• A technique in which patients are
directed to respond the way they
would typically respond if they
were in a given situation. The
situation may be described to
them, or an assistant may actually
act the part of another person.
Cognitive – Behavioral Assessments
• An assessment approach
recognizing that the person’s
thought or cognitions play an
important role in behavior.
8. Variables Affecting Reliability of Observations
Complexity of Target Behavior
• The more complex the behavior to
be observed, the greater the
opportunity for unreliability.
• Behavioral assessment typically
focuses on less complex, lower level
behaviors (Haynes, 1998).
• Observations about what a person
eats (lower level behavior) are likely
to be more reliable than those
centering on interpersonal behavior
(higher level, more complex
behavior.)
Training Observers
• Observer Drift: a phenomenon in
which observers who work closely
together subtly, and without
awareness, begin to drift away from
other observers in their ratings.
• Observers who are sent into
psychiatric hospitals to study patient
behaviors and then make diagnostic
ratings must be carefully prepared in
advance.
• To guard against observer
drift, regularly scheduled reliability
checks should be conducted and
feedback provided to raters.
9. Variables Affecting Validity of Observations
Content Validity
• A behavioral observation schema
should include the behaviors that
are deemed important for the
research or clinical purposes at
hand.
Concurrent Validity
• Another way to approach the
validity of observations is to ask
whether one’s obtained
observational ratings corresponds
to what others are observing in the
same time frame.
Construct Validity
• Observation systems are usually
derived from some explicit or
implicit theoretical framework.
Mechanics of Rating
• It is important that a unit of analysis
be specified. A unit of analysis is the
length of time observations will be
made, along with the type and
number of responses to be
considered.
10. Variables Affecting Validity of Observations
• Observer Error
• No one is perfect. Observers must be
monitored form time to time to ensure
the accuracy of their reports.
• Sometimes, they simply miss things or
else believe they have observed things
that never really happened
• Reactivity
• Patients or study participants sometimes
react to the fact that they are being
observe by changing the way they
behave.
• It can severely hamper the validity of
observations because it makes the
observed behavior unrepresentative of
what normally occurs.
Ecological Validity
• In the context of behavioral
assessment, the extent to which the
behaviors analyzed or observed
are representative of a person’s
typical behavior.