1) Inventory management involves maintaining optimal stock levels to meet production demands on time and at competitive prices. It aims to utilize resources efficiently while avoiding production interruptions. 2) Inventory is categorized based on the production stage - raw materials, work in process, finished goods. Special considerations are given to critical spare parts. 3) Factors like long lead times, seasonal demand, and material cost fluctuations influence inventory levels. Selective controls like A-B-C analysis prioritize high-value, critical items for close monitoring.

1. INVENTORY
MANAGEMENT
BY : - SHREESHAIL TUMBAGI
M.PHARM 1ST YEAR
PHARMACEUTICS
ABMRCP – 107

2. CONTENT :-
﴿ Definition.
﴿ Objectives.
﴿ Inventory Categories- Special Considerations.
﴿ Factors Influencing Inventory
﴿ Selective Inventory Control.
﴿ Costs In Inventory.
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3. DEFINITION :-
oInventory management may be defined as a scientific method of finding out
how much stock should be maintained in order to meet the production
demands and be able to provide right type of material at right time, in right
quantities and at competitive prices.
INPUT INVENTORY (MONEY) OUTPUT
(Material goods in stores (production
Management work-in-progress department)
Department) Finished products
equipment etc.
BASIC INVENTORY MODEL
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4. OBJECTIVES :-
Utilizing of scare resources (capital) and investment judiciously.
Keeping the production on as on-going basis.
Preventing idleness of men, machine and morale.
Avoiding risk of loss of life (moral and social).
Reducing administrative workload.
Giving satisfaction to customers in terms of quality-care, competitive price
and prompt delivery.
Inducing confidence in customers and to create trust and faith.
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5. Inventory Categories- Special Considerations :-
Inventory are categorized based on the nature of items :-
• Production inventories :- material used are chemicals such as active
ingredient and excipients needed to manufacture the finished products.
• MRO inventories :- Parts needed for the final assembly of the end product.
For example :- assembling arrangement made for packing the bulk tablets
such as strip packing and blister packing.
• Work in process inventories :- these are semi-finished product. Example:-
granules waiting for compression and tablets waiting for coating.
• Finished goods inventories :- such as saleable items, dosage forms, bulk
drug, physician’s sample. 5

6. Factors Influencing Inventory :-
Manufacture require relatively long process cycle-time
Procurement of materials have a long lead-time.
Demand for finished products is sometimes seasonal and prone to
fluctuation.
Material cost are affected by fluctuation in demand and subsequently
by fluctuations in manufacturing.
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7. SELECTIVE INVENTORY CONTROL :-
Selective Inventory Control is defined as a process of classifying items into
different categories, thereby directing appropriate attention to the material in the
context of company’s viability.
Classification of material based on the inventory control:-
A-B-C Classification.
V-E-D Classification.
H-M-L Classification.
F-S-N Classification.
S-D-E Classification.
G-O-L-F Classification.
X-Y-Z Classification. 7

8. A-B-C Classification :-
A-B-C analysis states that when a large number of items are involved,
relatively a few item account for a major part of activity, based on annual
value of consumption of items.
According to A-B-C analysis, inventories are reported in percent averages
and classified as follows :-
A-items :- 15% of the items are of the highest value and their inventory
accounts for 70% of the total.
B-Items :- 20% of the items are of the intermediate value and their
inventory accounts for 20% of the total
C-Items :-65% of the items are of the lowest value and their inventory
accounts for the relatively small balance i.e., 10% 8

9. The following consideration can be drawn from the figure 01 :-
1.A-Items generally are high valued, but are limited to a few number, such items needs
careful and close control. A-items should be thought of well in advance and
purchased well in advance. since they are costly, they are purchased in small quantity.
2.B-Items are medium valued and lie b/w A-items and C-items. These items need
moderate control. These are purchased based on the previous experience.
3.C-Items are low valued, but these are in maximum number. These are the list
important items. These items does not require any control, rather controlling them
becomes un economical. These are generally procured just before the finishing stage.
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Consumptioncost(%)
Inventory items (%)
100-
90-
80-
70-
60-
40-
20-
0-
A-items
B-items
C-items
10 30 100
Fig no.01 :- A-B-C analysis
Cont…

10. V-E-D classification :-
• This classification is applicable only to spare parts of equipment's, as they don’t
follow a predictable demand pattern.
• V-E-D stands for:-
V – Vital.
E – Essential.
D – Desirable.
V-E-D type of control is very important in hospital pharmacy :-
• V-Vital :- Items without which the activities will come into halt
(EX:- adrenaline injection, mephentine injection, etc.)
• E- Essential :- Items which are likely to cause disruption of the normal activity
(EX :- life supporting items like transfusion fluids, etc.)
• D – Desirable :- In the absence of which the hospital works does not get hampered
(EX :- aspirin, other analgesics, vitamins, etc.)
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11. H-M-L Classification :-
H-M-L stands for
H – High.
M – Medium.
L – Low.
H-M-L is similar to A-B-C analysis, which is based on the annual
consumption.
The Items ordered should be listed in the decreasing order of the unit
value (rupees) and management may fix limits for deciding the three
categories.
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12. F-S-N Classification :-
F-S-N stands for :-
F - Fasting moving.
S - Slow moving.
N - Non-moving.
F-S-N classification takes into account the distribution and handling
issues of the items from stores.
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13. S-D-E Classification :-
S-D-E Stands for :-
S – Scarce : longer lead time (imported)
D – Difficulty : long lead time (indigenous)
E – Easy : reasonable lead time
S-D-E Classification is based on lead-time analysis and availability.
If the item is scare and in A – category, the normal procedure cannot be
applied. These items may be:
• Imported.
• Not easily available in the market.
• Very difficult to manufacture.
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14. G-O-L-F Classification :-
G-O-L-F stands for :-
G – Government.
O – Ordinary.
L - Local.
F – Foreign.
In this the imported items are normally procured through government
organization such as IDPL and MMTC.
Special procedures are followed for procuring them, since ordinary
procedure of inventory may not work.
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15. X-Y-Z Classification :-
• X-Y-Z Classification is based on the value of inventory stored.
• If the value are high, special efforts should be made to reduce
them. This exercise can be done once a year
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16. COSTS IN INVENTORY :-
• In India, inventory costs vary from 28 to 32% of the total cost.
• The purchase and holding of a one month supply of an item will give a better
return on Investment than a two-month supply. Apart from material cost, several
other costs are also involved in inventory.
• These are given below:
1) Ordering Costs:-
a) Stationery.
b) Clerical And Processing, Salaries/Rentals.
c) Postage.
d) Processing Of Bills.
e) Staff Work In Expedition/Receiving/Inspection And Documentation
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2) Holding / Carrying Costs:-
A. Storage Space (Rent/Depreciation).
B. Property Tax On Warehousing.
C. Insurance.
D. Deterioration/Obsolescence.
E. Material Handling And Maintenance, Equipment.
F. Stock Taking, Security And Documentation.
G. Capital Blocked (Interest/Opportunity Cost).
H. Quality Control.
3) Stock Out Costs:-
i. Loss Of Business/Profit/Market/Advice
ii. Additional Expenditure Due To Urgency Of Purchases.
A. Telegraph /Telex/ Telephone Charges.
B. Purchase At Premium.
C. Air Transport Charges.
D. Loss Of Labour Hours.
Cont…

18. Reference :-
C.V.S subrahmanyam, pharmaceutical production and management, 1st
edition, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi, 2011, pp. 292-300.
en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/inventory.
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