Real estate sector in present scenario is going through a lean patch, many organisations are either running in loss or with a marginal profits. As in state government and central government departments contractors are facing huge problems that are in turn tending to decrease in contractor profits. The present study focuses on study of various factors that affect contractor’s performance who have been awarded projects on the basis of lowest bid awards. The study analyses various factors and their impacts on the basis of responses collected form a survey. On the basis of overall index and relative importance index factor causing a major impact on contractor’s efficiency have been identified.

1. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 28 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 8, Issue 2, February 2017, pp. 28–33 Article ID: IJCIET_08_02_005
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=2
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
A STUDY OF VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING
CONTRACTOR’S PERFORMANCE IN LOWEST BID
AWARD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Shumank Deep
A.M.ASCE, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Mohd Bilal Khan
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sabih Ahmad
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Adeeba Saeed
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Ambalika Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Real estate sector in present scenario is going through a lean patch, many organisations
are either running in loss or with a marginal profits. As in state government and central
government departments contractors are facing huge problems that are in turn tending to
decrease in contractor profits. The present study focuses on study of various factors that affect
contractor’s performance who have been awarded projects on the basis of lowest bid awards.
The study analyses various factors and their impacts on the basis of responses collected form a
survey. On the basis of overall index and relative importance index factor causing a major
impact on contractor’s efficiency have been identified.
Key words: contract management; contractor performance; subletting; lowest bid awards;
contractor efficiency
Cite this Article: Shumank Deep, Mohd Bilal Khan, Sabih Ahmad and Adeeba Saeed, A
Study of Various Factors Affecting Contractor’s Performance in Lowest Bid Award
Construction Projects. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(2), 2017,
pp. 28–33.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=2

2. Shumank Deep, Mohd Bilal Khan, Sabih Ahmad and Adeeba Saeed
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 29 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Lowest bidder approach is a common method applied for contractor selection of construction projects
in India. As per studies available efficiency of contract in lowest bidder award projects is
comparatively low. Major reasons being inflation, extension of duration, price escalation (S Deep et
al). The major flow of lowest bid award method is work awards could be made on the basis of
submission of deliberate and unrealistic bid by a contractor. This practice has led to a series of
disputes and caused several stereotypes in work progress resulting in increased prices. One of vital
tasks faced by a client willing for a success project outcome is to select an efficient c contractor
(Plebankiewicz, 2010). Globally prequalification criteria are altered to select competent contractors.
Once prequalification is completed, the client can then give work award to the contractor to start
project. The literature available identifies several prequalification criterion that can be applied in the
selection process; the most common of which are: management capability, technical ability, financial
capacity, and occupational health and safety (Hatush and Skitmore, 1997; Plebankiewicz, 2009;
Huang et al. 2014). Different evaluations are conducted for each criterion; however, the evaluations
methods used for some processes are ambiguous or highly subjective (Hosny et al. 2013).But as
current practice in Indian scenario lowest bidder award are highly practiced, though, prequalification
is done using aforesaid criterions, yet work award is made to lowest bidder. To encounter this issue,
many countries have adopted average-bid method and award t contract to a contractor whose price is
closest to the average-bid and evaluates its merits in a similar way to the low-bid method (Ioannou et
al, 1993). The prime advantage this method is that it protects owner’s interest in case of unrealistic bid
submissions (Ioannou et al, 1993).It has also been observed that this method also aids in removal of
discrepancies in submitted bids.The disadvantage of the average-bid method is, it does not essentially
promotes price competition, which is at times not beneficial for client. Many studies conducted
concluded that average bidding method results in significantly higher profits for the contractors in
projects (Irtishad, 1993).It has been observed that contractor has to face a series of constraints while
execution of projects awards on the basis of lowest bid award methods. Presently in case of public
sector projects in case of state government an overhead 10% of overall project cost exists in which
contractor appoints a of the design team, the existing agreement between the client and the design
team ceases and a new contractual agreement is implemented between the design team and the
contractor for project completion (Doloi, 2008).Construction sector of many countries have recently
undergone transformation, and projects are now subcontracted more frequently than in the past.
Subcontractors are specialists in the execution of a specific job, and may supply personnel, materials,
equipment, tools, and designs (Shimizu and Cardoso 2002). It can further remarked that a contractor
has to face a series of constraints in case of lowest bid awarded projects. Some of them have been tried
to be identified in this paper.
2. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The study is aimed to identify the various causes that lead to decrease in efficiency of contractors in
construction projects. It has been observed that the increase in overall duration in a construction is a
persistent issue in case of lowest bid (S. Deep et al, 2016). An increase in duration of a construction
projects has a widespread impact on overall cost of construction project. In current scenario retail
inflation rate in case of construction materials is very high, similarly other factor like quality of
equipment used, supervision from consultant side are some of common issues to be evaluated as part
of this study.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Two types of questionnaires were developed for diverse groups i.e. construction organizations and
public organizations. Contractors, Sub contractors, Consultants, Architects and Engineers were
included in the first group. The second group was comprised of public agencies and state/central

3. A Study of Various Factors Affecting Contractor’s Performance in Lowest Bid Award Construction Projects
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government departments. The responses obtained from questionnaire survey were analyzed to identify
the trends and practices in bid and procurement in UP state government and central government
owned construction projects. Questionnaires were also used to analyze the major difficulties faced by
contractors that tend to decrease the efficiencies of contractors.
4. QUESTIONNAIRES RESPONSE RATE
A total of 275 questionnaires, 149 to construction organizations (contractors and consultants) and 126
to public organizations were distributed. Table 1 shows the summary of number of rate of responses
by major stockholders.
Table 1 Summary of number and response rate by participants.
S.No.
Professional cadre of
Respondents
No. of respondents Percentage of responses
1 Consultants 24 8.73
2 Public Sector Organisation 126 45.82
3 Contractors 125 45.5
Total 275 100
Figure 1 percentage share of responses
5. MAJOR DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED DURING THE CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS
As part of study assessment has been made to account for the major constraints encountered during the
project. Material shortage, equipment shortage, cash shortage, man power shortage, employer
interference, design/drawing related and supervision related problems were short listed by the
researcher. Other prominent factors such as unexpected weather condition and security related
problems were also discovered through the survey. Table 2 below summarizes the major difficulties
encountered.
Material shortage (15 projects) and equipment shortage (11 projects) are the major problems
encountered. Manpower shortage (7 projects) and cash shortage (6 projects) are the second most
serious problems while design/drawing interference (2 projects) and supervision related (1
project) were non-significant problems while client interference has no affect.
Consultants
9%
Public Sector
Organisation
46%
Contractors
45%
No. of respondents
Consultants PublicSector Organisation Contractors

4. Shumank Deep, Mohd Bilal Khan, Sabih Ahmad and Adeeba Saeed
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 31 editor@iaeme.com
Table 2 Summary of major difficulties encountered
Constraint types
Response rates
Yes No Unknown
Material shortage 15 10 3
Equipment shortage 11 9 7
Cash shortage 6 6 10
Manpower shortage 7 20 5
Client interference 0 14 8
Design/drawing related 2 15 8
Supervision related 1 17 4
Other’s 6 1 15
6. EVALUATION OF CONTRACTORS PERFORMANCE
The surveyed owners, consultants, managers, engineers, and contractors ranked the ‘‘inadequate
project management assistance factor as the most important factor affecting efficiency of contractor in
construction projects in India at this category, with an Overall Index equal to 66.17%. The major
factors that affect contractor efficiency to a great extent are listed in table 3.
Table 3 Major factors constraining performance of contractors from different category
Cat.no. Category ID Factor Overall Index (OI %)
1 Consultant 19 Inadequate project management
assistance
66.17
2 Contractor 10 Inadequate contractor experience 70.23
3 Design 28 Misunderstanding of owner’s
requirements by design engineer
72.03
4 Equipment 37 low efficiency of equipment 66.07
5 External 43 Delay in obtaining permits from
municipality
72.30
6 Labour 59 Shortage of labourer 72.30
7 Material 67 Damage of sorted materials 66.83
8 Owner 78 Delay in progress payments (Funding
problems)
67.03
9 Project 94 Complexity of project (project type,
project scale, etc.)
67.51
It might be noted that all these factors are originated either by the consultant related factors
category, contractor related factors category, design related factors category, equipment related factors
category, external related factors category, labour related factors category, material related factors
category, owner related factors category, or project related factors category. This is expected since
each party is trying to blame the other for causing delays. Researcher desires to compare the strength
or the importance of each category; the weighted average value of the causes composing this category
was calculated. The results are tabulated in Table 4 by using priority rule formula as shown in the
following equation:
ERIIj (%) =
∑ ( )
∑ ( )
(1)
where ERIIj (%) is the Equivalent weighted average percentage of Relative Importance Index per
category; ORIIn (%) is the Overall weighted average percentage of Relative Importance Index per
factor of specific category, which is calculated based upon total years of experiences of all
respondents; n is the number represents the factor number in the related category (from first factor of

5. A Study of Various Factors Affecting Contractor’s Performance in Lowest Bid Award Construction Projects
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category n= 1 to from last factor of category n = N); and Pn is the priority weight of the studied
factor.It is clear that the results of the nine categories were almost consistent, where the categories are
ranked from top to bottom as shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Equivalent average Relative Importance Index of Category
Rank Category Item Equivalent average Relative
Importance Index Eq. (1)
01 Contractor Related Factors category 64.62
02 Project Related Factors category 63.82
03 Labourer Related Factors category 62.46
04 Design Related Factors category 62.28
05 Owner Related Factors category 60.28
06 Consultant Related Factors category 60.26
07 External Related Factors category 60.25
08 Equipment Related Factors category 59.61
09 Material Related Factors category 59.31
According to Tables, showing the rank and impact of the grouped factors and the ranking of the
groups as shown in Table 4.8, three most contributing factors for each group to delay were mentioned
as follows: Contractor (EARII =64.62%): The contractor related group of factors affecting
performance of contractors was the most important group causing delays. Second important group was
the project related group, having the most significant factors as ‘‘Complexity of project (project type,
project scale, etc.) (OI = 67.51%),’’ third Laborer (EARII =62.46%): After the Laborer, the design
related group of factors affecting performance of contractorstook place as the Fourth most important
group. The significant factors were ‘‘Misunderstanding of owner’s requirements by design engineer”
(RII = 72.03%),Owner (EARII =60.28%): Following the owner, the Consultant related group of
factors affecting performance of contractors’ ranks as the Sixth most important group.
7. CONCLUSION
Lowest bid awards a most common practice for awarding work charge in India whether its public or
private sector. The study tried to investigate the various factors affecting efficiency of contractors in
case of lowest bid award projects. The noticeable factors were inadequate project management
assistance) (OI = 66.17%), external (EARII =60.25%): eighth important group was the Equipment
related group. The prominent factors were ‘‘low efficiency of equipment (OI = 66.07%),’’ (9) Material
(EARII =59.31%). On basis of findings it could be concluded that though lowest bid award is not a
primarily a good practice due to firstly the contractor’s profit margins are low which contractor is not
able to sublet much and tends to employ low efficiency equipment and poor quality materials.
Secondly projects management practices should be popularized amongst contractor working in small
scale projects this can help them in understanding client’s need and hence increasing efficiency, which
could in turn benefit the contractor.
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