This document summarizes a study on construction sequence delays for road infrastructure projects. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objectives of studying delay causes and factors that contribute to construction sequence delays for road projects. It then reviews literature on previous studies related to construction delays, earned value management, and delay analysis methods. The document describes the methodology used, which was a questionnaire survey to identify and rank significant delay causes. It presents the results of the survey, identifying the top 10 delay causes. It then describes a case study analysis of a road project in India using earned value management to validate the questionnaire findings. The key delays identified for the case study project were related to land acquisition, environmental issues, and coordination challenges.
Delay Analysis in Industrial Projects by using Relative Importance Index MethodIRJET Journal
This document discusses delays in industrial construction projects in India. It aims to identify the key causes and effects of delays by conducting a literature review and survey of consultants and contractors. The top five causes of delay identified are: (1) local political interference, (2) inadequate fund allocation, (3) improper project planning and scheduling, (4) delay in progress payments by clients, and (5) escalation of material prices. The major effects of delays are time overruns, cost overruns, and disputes. The study uses a Relative Importance Index method to rank factors identified from the literature and survey responses on causes and effects of delays and their perspectives.
Infrastructure plays a vital role in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term. This study attempts to identify these pertinent issues.
FACTORS AFFECTING DELAYS ON PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSIAEME Publication
Construction Delays is a major of concern in the private projects construction industry in Jordan. With the fact that construction delays are nothing but loss of time and money such study was conducted to identify the factors that causes the construction delays. Therefore three groups consist of consultants, contractors and owners were questioned, Shortage of manpower (skilled, semiskilled, unskilled labor), Delay in the approval of contractor submissions by the engineer, Shortage of materials, The relationship between different subcontractors’ schedules were the most important factors that cause delays in private projects sector in Jordan. Furthermore one way ANOVA analysis conducted to select factors that share agreement between the three groups.
DELAY IN GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECT , Types & FactorsTwana Ahmad
This document discusses types, causes, and impacts of delays in government construction projects. It identifies four main types of delays: critical vs. non-critical, excusable vs. non-excusable, compensable vs. non-compensable, and concurrent vs. non-concurrent. Delays can be caused by internal factors like design issues or external factors like natural disasters. Impacts of delays include cost overruns, disputes, and potentially project abandonment. Delays are inevitable but can be minimized through careful planning, monitoring, management, and collaboration between parties.
IRJET - Fuzzy Logic Approach in Construction Delay AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document discusses the application of fuzzy logic to analyze delays in construction projects. It presents a case study of a housing project in Kochi, Kerala, India. Fuzzy logic was used to quantify the probability of scheduled delays. Based on expert interviews, fuzzy rules were created to assess various delay factors. These included labor, project, consultant, contractor, and external related factors. The factors were applied to the case study project using MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox. This resulted in a scheduled delay probability of 32.9% compared to the actual schedule. The document concludes fuzzy logic can help construction parties predict delay risks and improve project time management.
Effect of construction delays on project time overruneSAT Journals
This document discusses construction delays and time and cost overruns in infrastructure projects in India. It finds that about 57% of Indian construction projects experience time overruns. Major causes of delays include changes in plans, payments issues, improper planning, inexperienced contractors, and coordination problems. These delays contribute to projects exceeding initial time and cost estimates. Analysis of mega projects worth over 1000 crore from 2011-2012 found irregular increases in percentage time and cost overruns in 2012 compared to 2011. Some projects experienced over 200 months of delay and over 700% increases in projected costs. Addressing delays in land acquisition, equipment issues, payments, and changes in scope could help reduce overruns.
causes and implication of delay in constructionsudinak
This document summarizes the M.Sc. thesis presented by Sudina Kuikel to the Nepal Engineering College on local road bridge construction delays. The thesis aims to analyze the present situation of local road bridge construction in Nepal, identify the real causes of delays, study stakeholder perceptions of delays and their effects, and assess the implications of delays. The methodology involves a literature review, analysis of project documents and interviews with clients, contractors and consultants to develop a list of common delay causes and effects. Questionnaires are used to gather stakeholder input on cause and effect rankings, and site observations are conducted for selected case studies. Preliminary findings indicate delays are a major problem, with schedules often revised multiple times. The document outlines the structure
Exploratory Study of Causes and Effects of Delay in Indian Residential ProjectsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that explored the causes and effects of delays in Indian residential construction projects. A questionnaire survey of 67 respondents from clients, consultants, and contractors identified the top 10 causes of delay as: 1) Shortage of skilled labor, 2) Improper planning by contractors, 3) Poor site management by contractors, 4) Delayed payments by clients, 5) Inadequate experience of consultants, 6) Legal disputes, 7) Shortage of materials, 8) Delayed drawings from consultants, 9) Late procurement of materials, and 10) Low financial capability of contractors. The 7 main effects of delay identified were: 1) Time overrun, 2) Cost overrun, 3) Reduced profit,
Delay Analysis in Industrial Projects by using Relative Importance Index MethodIRJET Journal
This document discusses delays in industrial construction projects in India. It aims to identify the key causes and effects of delays by conducting a literature review and survey of consultants and contractors. The top five causes of delay identified are: (1) local political interference, (2) inadequate fund allocation, (3) improper project planning and scheduling, (4) delay in progress payments by clients, and (5) escalation of material prices. The major effects of delays are time overruns, cost overruns, and disputes. The study uses a Relative Importance Index method to rank factors identified from the literature and survey responses on causes and effects of delays and their perspectives.
Infrastructure plays a vital role in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term. This study attempts to identify these pertinent issues.
FACTORS AFFECTING DELAYS ON PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSIAEME Publication
Construction Delays is a major of concern in the private projects construction industry in Jordan. With the fact that construction delays are nothing but loss of time and money such study was conducted to identify the factors that causes the construction delays. Therefore three groups consist of consultants, contractors and owners were questioned, Shortage of manpower (skilled, semiskilled, unskilled labor), Delay in the approval of contractor submissions by the engineer, Shortage of materials, The relationship between different subcontractors’ schedules were the most important factors that cause delays in private projects sector in Jordan. Furthermore one way ANOVA analysis conducted to select factors that share agreement between the three groups.
DELAY IN GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECT , Types & FactorsTwana Ahmad
This document discusses types, causes, and impacts of delays in government construction projects. It identifies four main types of delays: critical vs. non-critical, excusable vs. non-excusable, compensable vs. non-compensable, and concurrent vs. non-concurrent. Delays can be caused by internal factors like design issues or external factors like natural disasters. Impacts of delays include cost overruns, disputes, and potentially project abandonment. Delays are inevitable but can be minimized through careful planning, monitoring, management, and collaboration between parties.
IRJET - Fuzzy Logic Approach in Construction Delay AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document discusses the application of fuzzy logic to analyze delays in construction projects. It presents a case study of a housing project in Kochi, Kerala, India. Fuzzy logic was used to quantify the probability of scheduled delays. Based on expert interviews, fuzzy rules were created to assess various delay factors. These included labor, project, consultant, contractor, and external related factors. The factors were applied to the case study project using MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox. This resulted in a scheduled delay probability of 32.9% compared to the actual schedule. The document concludes fuzzy logic can help construction parties predict delay risks and improve project time management.
Effect of construction delays on project time overruneSAT Journals
This document discusses construction delays and time and cost overruns in infrastructure projects in India. It finds that about 57% of Indian construction projects experience time overruns. Major causes of delays include changes in plans, payments issues, improper planning, inexperienced contractors, and coordination problems. These delays contribute to projects exceeding initial time and cost estimates. Analysis of mega projects worth over 1000 crore from 2011-2012 found irregular increases in percentage time and cost overruns in 2012 compared to 2011. Some projects experienced over 200 months of delay and over 700% increases in projected costs. Addressing delays in land acquisition, equipment issues, payments, and changes in scope could help reduce overruns.
causes and implication of delay in constructionsudinak
This document summarizes the M.Sc. thesis presented by Sudina Kuikel to the Nepal Engineering College on local road bridge construction delays. The thesis aims to analyze the present situation of local road bridge construction in Nepal, identify the real causes of delays, study stakeholder perceptions of delays and their effects, and assess the implications of delays. The methodology involves a literature review, analysis of project documents and interviews with clients, contractors and consultants to develop a list of common delay causes and effects. Questionnaires are used to gather stakeholder input on cause and effect rankings, and site observations are conducted for selected case studies. Preliminary findings indicate delays are a major problem, with schedules often revised multiple times. The document outlines the structure
Exploratory Study of Causes and Effects of Delay in Indian Residential ProjectsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that explored the causes and effects of delays in Indian residential construction projects. A questionnaire survey of 67 respondents from clients, consultants, and contractors identified the top 10 causes of delay as: 1) Shortage of skilled labor, 2) Improper planning by contractors, 3) Poor site management by contractors, 4) Delayed payments by clients, 5) Inadequate experience of consultants, 6) Legal disputes, 7) Shortage of materials, 8) Delayed drawings from consultants, 9) Late procurement of materials, and 10) Low financial capability of contractors. The 7 main effects of delay identified were: 1) Time overrun, 2) Cost overrun, 3) Reduced profit,
A Study of Factors Caused for Time & Cost Overruns in Construction Project & ...IJERA Editor
The Construction industry is one of the key economic industry in India and is the main motivating force in Indian national economy. But, it suffers from a number of problems that affect time, cost and quality performances. Successful management of construction projects is based on three major factors i.e. time, cost and quality. The successful completion of construction projects within the specified time has become the most valuable and challenging task for the Managers, Architects, Engineers and Contractors. How to achieve this task is a problem, which should be solved. The overall objective of this study is to identify the factors resposinle for overruns in time and cost of the construction project and suggest the suitable remedial solutions. Poor planning, implementation and management are the main reasons for time and cost overruns in construction projects in India. Since most of the reasons are well known and can be controlled if a proper arrangement is made
This document analyzes delay factors affecting construction projects in India. It identifies 70 delay factors across 7 categories (owner, contractor, consultant, equipment/material, labor, site/third party, sales) based on literature review and a case study. A questionnaire survey of 45 respondents was conducted to analyze the relative importance of each factor using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and Analytical Network Process (ANP). The RII and ANP results identified the most important delay factors and categories. The findings provide insights on minimizing delays in construction projects.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
Reasons for the Delay and Cost Overrun in Residential Projects - 2017Sankalp Swarnkar
This work found out the most significant reasons of time and cost overrun for ongoing residential projects, along with this, the study focuses on formulating recommendations for improving construction performance. At the end of this work, I have reached a conclusion that what are common issues that are attributing to time and cost overrun in projects.
Delay Analysis of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Mining/Manufacturing ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Causes of delay and cost overruns in construction of groundwater projects in ...Charles Abraham Scheck
The document discusses causes of delay and cost overruns in construction of groundwater projects in Ghana. It presents results of a survey of project owners, consultants, and contractors on factors contributing to these issues. The top five factors identified were monthly payment difficulties from agencies, poor contractor management, material procurement problems, poor technical performance, and escalation of material prices. Effective project planning, control, and monitoring are needed to improve project performance and minimize delays and cost overruns for groundwater projects in Ghana.
IRJET- Review Paper on “Budget and Schedule Overrun in the Construction Phase...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that reviewed factors leading to schedule and budget overruns in construction projects in India. The paper analyzed previous studies on this topic and identified common critical factors. For schedule overruns, the most influential factors were found to be lack of equipment maintenance and poor procurement planning. For budget overruns, the top factors were delays in handing over sites and low labor productivity. The study also noted that contractor delays in material/equipment delivery and price inflation contributed significantly to cost overruns. The objectives of this paper were to analyze causes of overruns and their impacts, and provide recommendations to minimize time and cost overruns in construction projects.
The document discusses five causes of project delay and cost overrun, and their mitigation measures. It identifies the main causes as design errors, scope changes, inappropriate procurement and contractual management, and project complexity. It provides examples of how each cause can lead to delays and cost overruns. The document recommends measures to mitigate each cause, such as thorough design reviews, clear change management plans, selecting qualified contractors and drafting clear contracts, and accounting for complexity in plans and estimates.
Factor Affecting Construction Cost and Time in road projectIRJET Journal
The document discusses factors that affect construction cost and time overruns in road projects. It conducted a literature review that identified 50 common factors divided into 7 groups: consultant, material, labor, contractor, client, equipment, and external. A questionnaire survey of experts at 22 road project sites was also carried out. The primary findings showed that empirical studies have identified many important factors that influence construction cost overruns. Some key factors mentioned include delays in material procurement, price fluctuations, changes in scope, and weather effects. The study aims to determine the major factors responsible for cost and time overruns in road projects.
IRJET- Case Study on Budget and Schedule Overrun During the Construction Phas...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study on budget and schedule overruns during the construction phase of projects in India. It identifies several key factors that can lead to schedule and budget overruns based on a review of past studies. For schedule overruns, it finds that lack of equipment maintenance, poor procurement planning, and external factors like strikes are critical influencing factors. For budget overruns, it determines that delays in handing over sites, low labor productivity, and contractor delays in material/equipment delivery are important causes. Price inflation is also identified as a major contributor to cost overruns. The study aims to evaluate factors leading to time and cost overruns on construction projects in India in order to improve project success rates.
IRJET - Causes, Effects and Minimizing Methods of Construction Projects D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several previous studies on causes and effects of construction project delays in different countries. The top ten most common causes of delay identified are poor coordination, lack of experienced staff, contractor financial issues, insufficient planning, poor government supervision, client changes, payment delays, late materials procurement, design changes, and inadequate site study. The main effects are cost overruns, schedule overruns, disputes, arbitration, litigation and abandonment. While most studies examined causes or effects, the goal of this research is to identify methods to minimize construction project delays in Afghanistan.
IRJET- A Study on Project Management Techniques to Avoid Project FailureIRJET Journal
This document discusses project management techniques that can be used to avoid project failure. It analyzes responses from project managers on reasons for project failure and how to ensure success. Some key findings are:
- Poor planning, unrealistic timelines and cost estimates, and lack of clear objectives are common reasons for failure.
- Successful projects meet scope, time and cost goals while satisfying stakeholders.
- Techniques like CPM, PERT, Gantt charts and MS Project help managers monitor progress and implement corrective actions to get projects back on track if issues arise.
IRJET- To Study the Causes and Effects of Delays in Construction ProjectIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several research papers that studied the causes and effects of delays in construction projects. It discusses how delays can negatively impact projects by increasing costs and damaging relationships. The literature review identifies common causes of delays including poor planning, lack of coordination between project participants, miscommunication, weather issues, material shortages, and equipment problems. The document examines research from India and other countries that analyzed major factors contributing to delays through surveys and analysis of construction stakeholders. The conclusion categorizes types of delays and reiterates that scheduling and quality management techniques can help minimize delays in construction projects.
This document analyzes critical factors affecting construction project delays in the Pune region of India. A survey was conducted of construction companies to identify common reasons for delays. 82 potential factors were identified from literature review and categorized into project-level, owner, contractor, consultant, design, material, labor, equipment, and external factors. Respondents provided the frequency and severity of each factor on a scale of 1-5. The Relative Importance Index was calculated by multiplying the frequency and severity indices to rank factors. Legal disputes and ruling party issues in the locality were found to be the most critical factors based on their importance indices. The study aims to identify root causes of delays to help reduce unnecessary delays in future construction projects.
The alarming rate of project delays in this country needs urgent attention and resolution as one project delay leads to another therefore affecting the growth of any economy or profit-making organization. This alarming rate would possibly go out of one’s hand if strategies are not put in place to curb these phenomena. The Objectives of this research is to critically identify and evaluate the setbacks or factors causing delays in completing projects on time and its effect. The study narrowed its arrows on Prime Ghana projects executed in the country and it was thus conducted with the usage of questionnaires to solicit for the required data for processing. Results from the study divulge that the actual sources of delays in project delivery are; Inadequate financial resources of clients, delays in honoring payment for work done, underestimation of project duration, poor communication between contracting parties, complexity, difficulties in accessing bank credit (client); change orders during construction and others. It was recommended that, initial proper planning and controlling is essential to the client to have proper action plan, procurement plan, and budget plan prepared before commencement of project. Payment schedule must be agreed by the parties involved. On the part of the contractor adequate knowledge of project management, principles, tools and techniques is required to reduce delays. Consultants must plan very well to ensure that contract processes are duly followed, thus approval of drawings, documentation, and other things to reduce variation during construction. They should monitor their assigned work very well by insisting that corrections are done at the appropriate time to reduce or avoid rework.
Causes of delay in indian transportation infrastructure projectseSAT Journals
Abstract A survey on time performance of different types of construction projects in western Maharashtra was conducted to determine the causes of delay and their importance according to each of the project participants, i.e., the owner, consultant and the contractor. Sixty four causes of delay were identified during the research. It seems that the problem is common and notable as 72% of the total infrastructure projects reported by all the respondents were delivered late, whereas only 28% were completed on time. Clients’ respondents indicated that 59% of the public projects they were involved in were delivered late. Consultants’ respondents reported that 62% of the projects they were involved in were completed late. Contractors’ respondents also share the same view and articulated that 77% of the projects they are involved in exceeded the preset duration. The top five important causes of construction delays in transportation infrastructure projects are mainly Land Acquisition, Environmental Impact of the project, financial closure, Change orders by the client, Poor site management and supervision by contractor .Respondent’s opinion about the contribution towards the delay is 50 % respondent feels that delay in the construction in mainly due to the contractor. 40 % of respondent feel that client is mainly responsible for the delay in construction projects. And only 10 % of respondent feel that delay mainly occur due to consultant. It is evident that consultant as a mediator has less responsibility in construction delays. Keywords: Transportation infrastructure projects; Construction delays; Questionnaire survey; Relative importance index.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Causes and Effects of Change Orders on Construction Projects in KuwaitIJERA Editor
This research investigates the change orders in public and private construction projects in Kuwait. The study in this research presents the results of a questionnaire surveying the owners, contractors and consultants on a sample comprising 385 engineers representing the construction industry. The responses to the questionnaire help in identifying the general characteristics of the construction industry in Kuwait as well as ranking the most common causes of changes, their effects on the projects and the control measures to address the changes. The results of the questionnaire indicate that the owner is the most responsible party causing changes. The study identifies that the first cause is change of plans by owner, otherwise increase in cost of the project is the first effect. All changes to design documents are checked and reviewed is the first control.
The study examines partially replacing ordinary Portland cement with fly ash and granite powder in mortar mixtures to evaluate compressive strength. Mortar cubes were produced with cement replaced 5-20% by weight of fly ash or granite powder and tested at 7, 28, and 56 days. Results showed 10% replacement of cement with granite powder produced the highest compressive strength of 46.65 MPa at 28 days.
This document describes an adaptive traffic light control system that has both normal and emergency modes. In normal mode, the traffic lights sequence through different states with fixed timing. In emergency mode, sensors detect approaching emergency vehicles and switch the appropriate light to green while turning others red, allowing the vehicle to pass without delay. The system was simulated in VHDL software to demonstrate how it would function under different conditions. The adaptive system aims to reduce traffic and save lives by clearing paths for ambulances and other emergency responders.
A Study of Factors Caused for Time & Cost Overruns in Construction Project & ...IJERA Editor
The Construction industry is one of the key economic industry in India and is the main motivating force in Indian national economy. But, it suffers from a number of problems that affect time, cost and quality performances. Successful management of construction projects is based on three major factors i.e. time, cost and quality. The successful completion of construction projects within the specified time has become the most valuable and challenging task for the Managers, Architects, Engineers and Contractors. How to achieve this task is a problem, which should be solved. The overall objective of this study is to identify the factors resposinle for overruns in time and cost of the construction project and suggest the suitable remedial solutions. Poor planning, implementation and management are the main reasons for time and cost overruns in construction projects in India. Since most of the reasons are well known and can be controlled if a proper arrangement is made
This document analyzes delay factors affecting construction projects in India. It identifies 70 delay factors across 7 categories (owner, contractor, consultant, equipment/material, labor, site/third party, sales) based on literature review and a case study. A questionnaire survey of 45 respondents was conducted to analyze the relative importance of each factor using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and Analytical Network Process (ANP). The RII and ANP results identified the most important delay factors and categories. The findings provide insights on minimizing delays in construction projects.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
Reasons for the Delay and Cost Overrun in Residential Projects - 2017Sankalp Swarnkar
This work found out the most significant reasons of time and cost overrun for ongoing residential projects, along with this, the study focuses on formulating recommendations for improving construction performance. At the end of this work, I have reached a conclusion that what are common issues that are attributing to time and cost overrun in projects.
Delay Analysis of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Mining/Manufacturing ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Causes of delay and cost overruns in construction of groundwater projects in ...Charles Abraham Scheck
The document discusses causes of delay and cost overruns in construction of groundwater projects in Ghana. It presents results of a survey of project owners, consultants, and contractors on factors contributing to these issues. The top five factors identified were monthly payment difficulties from agencies, poor contractor management, material procurement problems, poor technical performance, and escalation of material prices. Effective project planning, control, and monitoring are needed to improve project performance and minimize delays and cost overruns for groundwater projects in Ghana.
IRJET- Review Paper on “Budget and Schedule Overrun in the Construction Phase...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that reviewed factors leading to schedule and budget overruns in construction projects in India. The paper analyzed previous studies on this topic and identified common critical factors. For schedule overruns, the most influential factors were found to be lack of equipment maintenance and poor procurement planning. For budget overruns, the top factors were delays in handing over sites and low labor productivity. The study also noted that contractor delays in material/equipment delivery and price inflation contributed significantly to cost overruns. The objectives of this paper were to analyze causes of overruns and their impacts, and provide recommendations to minimize time and cost overruns in construction projects.
The document discusses five causes of project delay and cost overrun, and their mitigation measures. It identifies the main causes as design errors, scope changes, inappropriate procurement and contractual management, and project complexity. It provides examples of how each cause can lead to delays and cost overruns. The document recommends measures to mitigate each cause, such as thorough design reviews, clear change management plans, selecting qualified contractors and drafting clear contracts, and accounting for complexity in plans and estimates.
Factor Affecting Construction Cost and Time in road projectIRJET Journal
The document discusses factors that affect construction cost and time overruns in road projects. It conducted a literature review that identified 50 common factors divided into 7 groups: consultant, material, labor, contractor, client, equipment, and external. A questionnaire survey of experts at 22 road project sites was also carried out. The primary findings showed that empirical studies have identified many important factors that influence construction cost overruns. Some key factors mentioned include delays in material procurement, price fluctuations, changes in scope, and weather effects. The study aims to determine the major factors responsible for cost and time overruns in road projects.
IRJET- Case Study on Budget and Schedule Overrun During the Construction Phas...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study on budget and schedule overruns during the construction phase of projects in India. It identifies several key factors that can lead to schedule and budget overruns based on a review of past studies. For schedule overruns, it finds that lack of equipment maintenance, poor procurement planning, and external factors like strikes are critical influencing factors. For budget overruns, it determines that delays in handing over sites, low labor productivity, and contractor delays in material/equipment delivery are important causes. Price inflation is also identified as a major contributor to cost overruns. The study aims to evaluate factors leading to time and cost overruns on construction projects in India in order to improve project success rates.
IRJET - Causes, Effects and Minimizing Methods of Construction Projects D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several previous studies on causes and effects of construction project delays in different countries. The top ten most common causes of delay identified are poor coordination, lack of experienced staff, contractor financial issues, insufficient planning, poor government supervision, client changes, payment delays, late materials procurement, design changes, and inadequate site study. The main effects are cost overruns, schedule overruns, disputes, arbitration, litigation and abandonment. While most studies examined causes or effects, the goal of this research is to identify methods to minimize construction project delays in Afghanistan.
IRJET- A Study on Project Management Techniques to Avoid Project FailureIRJET Journal
This document discusses project management techniques that can be used to avoid project failure. It analyzes responses from project managers on reasons for project failure and how to ensure success. Some key findings are:
- Poor planning, unrealistic timelines and cost estimates, and lack of clear objectives are common reasons for failure.
- Successful projects meet scope, time and cost goals while satisfying stakeholders.
- Techniques like CPM, PERT, Gantt charts and MS Project help managers monitor progress and implement corrective actions to get projects back on track if issues arise.
IRJET- To Study the Causes and Effects of Delays in Construction ProjectIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several research papers that studied the causes and effects of delays in construction projects. It discusses how delays can negatively impact projects by increasing costs and damaging relationships. The literature review identifies common causes of delays including poor planning, lack of coordination between project participants, miscommunication, weather issues, material shortages, and equipment problems. The document examines research from India and other countries that analyzed major factors contributing to delays through surveys and analysis of construction stakeholders. The conclusion categorizes types of delays and reiterates that scheduling and quality management techniques can help minimize delays in construction projects.
This document analyzes critical factors affecting construction project delays in the Pune region of India. A survey was conducted of construction companies to identify common reasons for delays. 82 potential factors were identified from literature review and categorized into project-level, owner, contractor, consultant, design, material, labor, equipment, and external factors. Respondents provided the frequency and severity of each factor on a scale of 1-5. The Relative Importance Index was calculated by multiplying the frequency and severity indices to rank factors. Legal disputes and ruling party issues in the locality were found to be the most critical factors based on their importance indices. The study aims to identify root causes of delays to help reduce unnecessary delays in future construction projects.
The alarming rate of project delays in this country needs urgent attention and resolution as one project delay leads to another therefore affecting the growth of any economy or profit-making organization. This alarming rate would possibly go out of one’s hand if strategies are not put in place to curb these phenomena. The Objectives of this research is to critically identify and evaluate the setbacks or factors causing delays in completing projects on time and its effect. The study narrowed its arrows on Prime Ghana projects executed in the country and it was thus conducted with the usage of questionnaires to solicit for the required data for processing. Results from the study divulge that the actual sources of delays in project delivery are; Inadequate financial resources of clients, delays in honoring payment for work done, underestimation of project duration, poor communication between contracting parties, complexity, difficulties in accessing bank credit (client); change orders during construction and others. It was recommended that, initial proper planning and controlling is essential to the client to have proper action plan, procurement plan, and budget plan prepared before commencement of project. Payment schedule must be agreed by the parties involved. On the part of the contractor adequate knowledge of project management, principles, tools and techniques is required to reduce delays. Consultants must plan very well to ensure that contract processes are duly followed, thus approval of drawings, documentation, and other things to reduce variation during construction. They should monitor their assigned work very well by insisting that corrections are done at the appropriate time to reduce or avoid rework.
Causes of delay in indian transportation infrastructure projectseSAT Journals
Abstract A survey on time performance of different types of construction projects in western Maharashtra was conducted to determine the causes of delay and their importance according to each of the project participants, i.e., the owner, consultant and the contractor. Sixty four causes of delay were identified during the research. It seems that the problem is common and notable as 72% of the total infrastructure projects reported by all the respondents were delivered late, whereas only 28% were completed on time. Clients’ respondents indicated that 59% of the public projects they were involved in were delivered late. Consultants’ respondents reported that 62% of the projects they were involved in were completed late. Contractors’ respondents also share the same view and articulated that 77% of the projects they are involved in exceeded the preset duration. The top five important causes of construction delays in transportation infrastructure projects are mainly Land Acquisition, Environmental Impact of the project, financial closure, Change orders by the client, Poor site management and supervision by contractor .Respondent’s opinion about the contribution towards the delay is 50 % respondent feels that delay in the construction in mainly due to the contractor. 40 % of respondent feel that client is mainly responsible for the delay in construction projects. And only 10 % of respondent feel that delay mainly occur due to consultant. It is evident that consultant as a mediator has less responsibility in construction delays. Keywords: Transportation infrastructure projects; Construction delays; Questionnaire survey; Relative importance index.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Causes and Effects of Change Orders on Construction Projects in KuwaitIJERA Editor
This research investigates the change orders in public and private construction projects in Kuwait. The study in this research presents the results of a questionnaire surveying the owners, contractors and consultants on a sample comprising 385 engineers representing the construction industry. The responses to the questionnaire help in identifying the general characteristics of the construction industry in Kuwait as well as ranking the most common causes of changes, their effects on the projects and the control measures to address the changes. The results of the questionnaire indicate that the owner is the most responsible party causing changes. The study identifies that the first cause is change of plans by owner, otherwise increase in cost of the project is the first effect. All changes to design documents are checked and reviewed is the first control.
The study examines partially replacing ordinary Portland cement with fly ash and granite powder in mortar mixtures to evaluate compressive strength. Mortar cubes were produced with cement replaced 5-20% by weight of fly ash or granite powder and tested at 7, 28, and 56 days. Results showed 10% replacement of cement with granite powder produced the highest compressive strength of 46.65 MPa at 28 days.
This document describes an adaptive traffic light control system that has both normal and emergency modes. In normal mode, the traffic lights sequence through different states with fixed timing. In emergency mode, sensors detect approaching emergency vehicles and switch the appropriate light to green while turning others red, allowing the vehicle to pass without delay. The system was simulated in VHDL software to demonstrate how it would function under different conditions. The adaptive system aims to reduce traffic and save lives by clearing paths for ambulances and other emergency responders.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the mechanical properties of human hair fibre reinforced concrete with an M-40 grade. Various concrete mixtures with 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% human hair fibre by weight of cement were tested. Test specimens including cubes, beams, and cylinders were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to determine changes in compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths compared to plain concrete. The results showed that concrete with 1.5% human hair fibre had significantly increased mechanical properties. Human hair fibre was found to improve binding properties, microcrack control, ductility, and spalling resistance of concrete. The study encourages further research on the long-term performance
This document analyzes the effect of increasing the work function of the anode material on the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Two OLEDs are designed and simulated using different anode materials: indium tin oxide (ITO) and zinc oxide (ZnO). The results show that using ZnO, which has a higher work function than ITO, increases the anode current, luminance power, and recombination rate in the organic layer. Increasing the anode work function improves device performance by increasing the built-in potential and thus charge injection and recombination in the OLED.
The document describes a mobile phone application developed to help visually impaired users with object recognition, color detection, and locating light sources. The application uses image recognition algorithms like SIFT to match scanned objects to a database and identify objects. It can also detect major colors in scenes and locate the brightest areas by generating sound at different frequencies. The system architecture includes modules for these tasks that analyze photos and communicate results to blind users via prerecorded voice messages. The authors conclude it was successfully tested with a blind user to aid activities of daily living like identifying objects.
This document discusses using genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to optimize software testing by finding the most error-prone paths in a program. It provides an overview of genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization, describing how they can be applied to generate test cases to discover faults. The paper implements both genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization on sample problems to find optimal solutions and compares the two approaches. It finds that while genetic algorithms can get trapped in local optima, particle swarm optimization tracks personal and global best positions to move toward global optima without getting stuck.
Comparative Study on Self Confidence among University Level Football, Kho-Kho...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Self-confidence is the belief that one can successfully perform or desired behavior. It is an important
factor to achieve our ultimate goal. Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi are very famous game in India involving
various physical fitness components like speed, co-ordination, power, strength, agility etc. The Researcher was
very keen to find out the self-confidence level of North Bengal University Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi
players before attending the inter university tournament. The purpose of this study was to compare the selfconfidence
level between Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players. Eighteen each male University level
Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players from North University (Mean Age 23) were volunteered in this study.
Hardy and Nelson (1992) questionnaire was used to measured the self confidence level of the subjects. One way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the overall mean significance difference of three groups. List
significance difference (LSD) post-hoc test was used to measure the paired mean significance difference. The
result indicated there was a mean significance difference in self-confidence level between Football, Kho-Kho
and Kabaddi players of North Bengal University. The researcher was concluded that Kho-Kho players are more
confident than the Football and Kabaddi players before attending the respective inter university tournaments.
Key Words: Self-Confidence, Football, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi.
1. Seismic refraction methods were used to measure velocity gradients of subsurface layers in Unwana, Nigeria. Forward and reverse shooting was conducted along a profile line using a seismograph.
2. Velocities of 315m/s and 608m/s were measured for the first layer in forward shooting, and 300m/s and 600m/s in reverse shooting. Thicknesses of 2.1m and 7.3m for the first layer gave velocity gradients of 149s-1 and 83s-1, indicating lateral homogeneity.
3. The second layer showed velocities of 608m/s and 600m/s but thicknesses of 7.3m and
Este documento presenta información sobre la silvicultura de la guadua en 3 oraciones: Resume los antecedentes de reforestación industrial de la guadua en varios países de América Latina, así como la necesidad de ordenar los guaduales naturales de Colombia a través de su manejo técnico. Explica los factores a considerar en la planificación de la silvicultura de la guadua, incluyendo la preparación del terreno, siembra, fertilización y manejo de las plantaciones. Finalmente, resume los métodos y técnicas para un
IRJET-Factors influencing Time and Cost Overruns in Road Construction Project...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on factors influencing time and cost overruns in road construction projects in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It begins with an introduction on the importance of the construction industry to a country's economy. It then reviews literature on definitions of key terms like time overrun, cost overrun, and causes of overruns. The review found that common causes of overruns in Ethiopia included slow site clearance, contractor financial problems, inflation, payment delays, inaccurate cost estimation, and delays in project commencement. Several studies on specific road projects in Addis Ababa found time overruns ranging from 25-264% and cost overruns from 4-135%. The document concludes that identifying the main causes of
Investigating the Factors Affecting Delays in Infrastructure ProjectsDr. Amarjeet Singh
Time and expense overruns are regular occurrences in the construction industry all around the world but these are a major concern in developing countries such as India, and their consequences can be extremely harmful when public infrastructure projects are concerned. In India as per the MoS & PI report, as of October 2019, there were 552 delayed construction projects, and the mean time overrun in these 552 delayed projects is29.07 months. Many studies in the literature review previously, have concentrated on a variety of infrastructure risk management issues but there have only been a few studies that have looked into the overall dynamics of infrastructure and how a project's timeline can be affected by changing risk interactions. This article aids in the investigation of the variables and causes of construction delays in infrastructure projects.
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the causes of delays in construction projects in Kuwait according to engineers working in Kuwait. The study identifies 40 potential causes of delays from literature. It then uses a questionnaire survey to collect views from key players in the Kuwait construction industry on the importance of each potential cause. The responses are analyzed using a relative importance index method to rank the causes. The top 10 causes of delays identified are related to issues like lowest price bidding, poor contractor/subcontractor performance, payment delays, labor shortages, and conflicts. The study aims to propose ways to prevent delays in future Kuwait construction projects based on the identified important causes.
INVESTIGATION ON CAUSES OF DELAYS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study investigating the causes of delays in residential building construction projects in India. It identifies 23 potential delay factors under 5 categories: manpower, equipment, material, design, and authority-related. A survey of 36 construction professionals was conducted to rank these factors based on their influence on delays. The results showed that owner-related delays, such as slow decision making, had the greatest impact. Within categories, shortages of skilled labor and materials were the top manpower and material-related delays. The document concludes by outlining a root cause analysis of the identified delay attributes conducted at 3 construction sites.
Statistical Methods for Construction Delay Analysis IOSR Journals
The occurrence of delay is common in most construction projects, due to various reasons
and causes before or during construction phase. As the delay impact on time and cost overrun,
analyzing of these delay(s) makes easy to give responsibility to concern party. This helps to avoid or
minimize delays in future work. Numerous analytical methods are available for analyzing these
impacts and selection of proper method depends upon: statistical data available, time available,
limitation of method and money available for analyzing. However, information of activities which are
responsible for project delay and their magnitude provides the baseline for investing the cause and
assessing the responsibility for project delay. This paper reviews research methodology suggested for
assessing construction delay factors by analytical methods as well as with the help of computerized
schedule analysis methods. The purpose of this study is to review various analytical & computerized
schedule analysis methods for analysis of construction delay factor.
An Investigation into the Delays in Road Projects in BahrainIJRES Journal
This research investigated the delays in road projects in Bahrain. It studied frequency and severity of delay’s causes, as well as frequency of delay’s effects in such projects. Forty seven causes were identified and classified by responsibility into six groups. A field survey was conducted through a questionnaire including 36 contractors, 24 consultants and 84 engineers working at Ministry of Works (MOW). The researcher concluded that there are many causes of delay related to contractors such as the improper planning and scheduling. One of the major causes related to the owner, i.e. MOW is delay in decision making. The main problems related to consultants are due to lack of experience. Moreover, cost and time overruns were two of the most frequent effects of delay.
Documentation and Process Challenges Faced at Works Department- ReviewIRJET Journal
The document discusses challenges faced in project implementation and documentation processes at Works Departments in India. It reviews literature on problems encountered like lengthy documentation, unrealistic deadlines, influence of politics on processes, inadequate resources and personnel. Common issues include weather delays, shortage of equipment, materials and labor, poor site management. The quality of work also suffers due to heavy workload on site engineers. The processes are criticized for being time-consuming and inefficient. There is a need for digitization and reforms to address these challenges.
The document discusses causes of construction delays in Ethiopian construction projects. It identifies 88 key delay factors which were evaluated through surveys and interviews with construction professionals. The top 10 most critical delay factors according to respondents were: 1) Difficulties financing projects for contractors, 2) Escalating material prices, 3) Ineffective project planning, 4) Scheduling/resource management issues, 5) Delayed progress payments, 6) Lack of skilled construction management professionals, and 7) Fluctuating labor availability. The study found that only 8.25% of projects were completed on schedule, with the rest delayed over 350% of the contractual time. Solutions are needed to reduce delays' impacts on construction projects in Ethiopia.
Time delay and cost escalation in construction worksvivatechijri
The objective of the present study was to measure the effects of delay in construction projects like cost-overrun, time-overrun, litigation and project abandonment. Data on the study variables has been collected through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tool One-Way ANOVA has been applied for data analysis and inference. It is found that delay in construction projects significantly lead to cost overrun, time overrun, litigation and project abandonment. The findings of the study also provide significant insights to the construction industry so that they may formulate strategies in order to avoid delay and its consequences. Moreover, the recommendations and limitations are discussed in the conclusion part of the study.
This document discusses delays in mining/manufacturing projects in India and their effects. It begins by identifying some of the common causes of delays in these types of projects, such as natural disasters, financial problems, improper planning, and shortages. It then discusses three main techniques for analyzing delays: relative importance index, importance index, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The remainder of the document focuses on different delay analysis methodologies, including foresight, hindsight, and contemporaneous methods. It also discusses how to calculate schedule impacts from lost productivity using time impact analysis and window analysis. Overall, the document aims to identify the root causes of delays in mining/manufacturing projects and develop comprehensive methodologies for analyzing delays
This document discusses delays in mining and manufacturing projects in India. It begins by providing background on the prevalence of delays and cost overruns in infrastructure projects in India. It then reviews literature on causes of delays in construction projects, which are relevant for mining projects given similarities in planning and execution. The document outlines objectives to identify causes of delays specific to mining/manufacturing projects in India and calculate delays in a job shop industry project. It proposes using the Relative Importance Index and Importance Index techniques to rank identified delay causes based on severity and frequency of occurrence.
Risk Analysis and Strategic Evaluation of Procurement Process in ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses risk analysis and strategic evaluation of procurement processes in construction projects. It aims to identify appropriate methods for analyzing risks in procurement.
The document first provides background on procurement processes and the importance of risk management. It then reviews past literature on causes of delays in construction projects.
The research methodology section outlines the data collection process, which involved identifying risk factors through literature review and expert surveys. Two methods for analysis are described: Relative Importance Index (RII) and Importance Performance Index (IMPI).
The results section compares the output of these two methods when applied to various identified risk factors. The RII method ranks technical capability of the contractor as the top risk factor, while IMPI ranks it
This document discusses the development of an expert system for disputes avoidance in highway construction projects in Pakistan. It identifies several key issues that contribute to disputes, such as errors in project design, poor contractor performance, and lack of right-of-way access. Through surveys and statistical analysis, it determines the most significant problems and their underlying causes. It then outlines the conceptual framework and working mechanism of an expert system that would suggest controlling measures to address causes and prevent disputes during road construction. The proposed system would help identify issues, offer solutions, and improve overall project performance and completion.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACTOR’S PERFORMANCE IN LOWEST BID...IAEME Publication
Real estate sector in present scenario is going through a lean patch, many organisations are either running in loss or with a marginal profits. As in state government and central government departments contractors are facing huge problems that are in turn tending to decrease in contractor profits. The present study focuses on study of various factors that affect contractor’s performance who have been awarded projects on the basis of lowest bid awards. The study analyses various factors and their impacts on the basis of responses collected form a survey. On the basis of overall index and relative importance index factor causing a major impact on contractor’s efficiency have been identified.
This document discusses factors that affect contractor performance in lowest bid award construction projects in India. It analyzes responses from a survey of contractors, consultants, and public organizations on challenges faced. Major issues identified include material and equipment shortages, as well as inadequate project management assistance. The study aims to determine how such factors decrease contractor efficiency in lowest bid projects.
IRJET- Effect of Pre-Planning in High Rise Building for Time ManagementIRJET Journal
This document discusses the importance of pre-planning for high-rise building projects and time management. It analyzes two case studies of metro projects in Delhi and Mumbai to study their environmental management plans and mitigation methods. The study aims to understand whether the plans mentioned in literature are actually followed at construction sites. It identifies 20 causes of delays in construction projects in India, categorized into owner-contributed and contractor-contributed factors. Some major causes include delayed payments, design changes, and lack of experience. The effects of delays include time and cost overruns, disputes, and damage to reputation. The objective is to describe the importance of pre-planning and identify key parameters requiring focus to complete projects successfully and on time.
Practical Investigation of Factors Affecting Selection of Dispute Resolution ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors affecting the selection of dispute resolution methods in construction projects in India. It aims to identify key factors and examine their relative importance through a questionnaire survey. The study also compares the efficiency of current alternative dispute resolution methods like arbitration and dispute resolution boards. The document provides background on the objectives and methodology of the study, which involves collecting data through questionnaires, analyzing it using statistical software, and interpreting the results. It then reviews past literature on causes of disputes in construction projects and factors influencing conflict resolution.
Element of Cost overrun and Delay in Construction: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews factors that cause cost overruns and delays in construction projects. It begins with an abstract that identifies time and cost as the main elements of project completion and notes that cost and time overruns are common problems in the construction industry. It then provides a literature review that summarizes several previous studies examining factors like improper planning, inaccurate cost estimates, changes in material prices, lack of skilled labor, and weather conditions that can contribute to cost overruns and delays. The document aims to analyze the main causes of cost overruns and delays in Indian construction management through a questionnaire.
Evaluation of Factors Causing Conflicts & Dispute in Construction Projects by...IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that cause conflicts and disputes in construction projects. 30 factors were identified from literature and classified into 5 categories: owner related, contractor related, consultant related, third party and human behavior related, and design and contract related. The factors were analyzed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and important index (IMPI) methods to determine their relative importance. AHP was used to rank the main categories and factors within each category. IMPI calculated an importance index for each factor based on frequency and severity to determine an overall ranking of all 30 factors. Double meaning in documents was found to be the most important factor, while failure of participant to adjust promptly with changes and people protest/interruption were among the least important.
IRJET- Review: Factors Affecting Scheduling of Multiple ProjectsIRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that affect scheduling of multiple construction projects. It identifies 15 key factors through a literature review and survey of construction professionals in India. The top factors identified are poor site management, commitment of project participants, ineffective planning and scheduling, coordination issues, availability of labor and materials, and project priorities. The document provides background on challenges of multi-project scheduling and analyzes studies that have identified important scheduling factors in different contexts. It aims to help construction firms better understand how to manage schedules across multiple concurrent projects.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
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Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
D012261521
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 2 Ver. VI (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 15-21
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12261521 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
Study on Construction Sequence Delay for Road Infrastructure
Projects
Asish Ram1
, Dr. Pratheeba Paul2
1
(M.Tech, Department of Civil Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India)
2
(Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India)
Abstract:Due to the inherent risks and increasing complexity of modern infrastructure construction projects,
delays and cost overruns have become common facts in the construction industry. Delays can lead to many
negative effects such as lawsuits between owners and contractors, increased costs, loss of productivity and
revenue, and contract termination. This paper articulates to study about the delay causes and factors that
contribute to the construction sequence delay for the road infrastructure projects and how one can predict the
future completion date for the delayed project using earned value management. In this context, a literature
review conducted thoroughly to know about the causes and factors contributing to delays.From the intricate
analysis of the reviewed literatures, it showed that questionnaire survey is the best and reliable methodology to
gather the data about the causes and quantification of delay factors. The gathered data are analyzed through
Relative Importance Index (RII) and the delay causes are ranked as per their significance. To validate the
findings of questionnaire survey, a case study on road construction was considered and analyzed based on
earned value management (EVM).
Keywords: Delay Causes and factors, Earned Value Management (EVM), Literature Review, Questionnaire
Survey, Relative Importance Index (RII).
I. Introduction
“DELAY IS THE ENEMY OF PROGRESS” – Eliot Spitzer.
Delay is one of the biggest problems construction firms face. Delays can lead to many negative effects
such as lawsuits between owners and contractors, increased costs, loss of productivity and revenue, and contract
termination. The construction companies in many countries around the world experience significant delays. So
what is construction delay? Construction delay can be defined as time overrun or extension of time to complete
the project. It is a situation when the actual progress of a construction project is slower than the planned
schedule or late completion of the project. However, delay situations are complex in nature because multiple
delays can occur concurrently and because they can be caused by more than one party, or by none of the
principal parties. One delay may contribute to the formation of other delays. In complex and big projects having
many activities, delays are analyzed only based on the two major parameters i.e. time and cost because
recording each activity schedules is difficult. Since the delay in infrastructure projects affects the economy of
the country, it is important for the projects to be completed within the budgeted cost and time.
II. Importance Of The Study
The timely completion of road infrastructure projects is an important objective. A significant
annoyance to the public occurs when projects are not completed in a timely manner and when actual progress of
the construction work is longer than necessary, thereby prolonging the inconvenience and disrupted business
access. Economic & social welfare, and safety are all related to timely completion. In spite of the importance of
timely completion, construction delays remain a common occurrence. This paperaddresses the significant causes
and factors of delays in road infrastructure projects and how one can predict the completion date for the project
using earned value management.
III. Literature Review
Agata Czarnigowska (2008) studied on earned value method as a tool for project control that uses
information on cost, schedule and work performance to establish the current status of the project. By means of a
few simple rates, it allowed the manager to extrapolate current trends to predict their likely final effect. The
method based on a simplified model of a project, but proved to be useful in practice of cost control. It’s being
developed to account better for schedule and time aspects. The paper outlines the basic principles of the method
and its recent extension, the Earned Schedule method, and, with help of a few examples, investigates into
assumptions that affect their diagnostic and predictive accuracy.
Hamzah.N et al (2011)constructed a theoretical framework that causes construction delay by doing a
literature review from previous international journal papers and future study about the causes of delay. The
2. Study on Construction Sequence Delay for Road Infrastructure Projects
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12261521 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
study concluded that improvement of delays are not only limited to technical factors, but also factors in project
management perspective, both from the aspect of processes involve and the influence of human attitudes,
mentality, skills and behavior. The theoretical framework is categorized into: (i) Excusable delay - caused by
owner/consultant; (ii) Concurrent delay – caused by the third party @ acts of god: and (iii) Non-Excusable
delay.
Remon Fayek Aziz (2013)ranked the delay factorsin the construction projects after Egyptian
revolution, especially after 25/1/2011 (Egyptian revolution. The research methodology was based on
questionnaire survey. Ninety-nine factors are identified, that are grouped into 9 major categories: (i) Consultant
Related; (ii) Contractor Related; (iii) Design Related; (iv) Equipment Related; (v) External Related; (vi) Labors
Related; (vii) Materials Related; (viii) Owner Related; and (ix) Project Related. Recommendations to minimize
the delays are too being laid down.
Enas Fathi Taher and Pandey (2013)studied delay in project planning and design stage by identifying
and ranking delay causes in the planning & design phases. A structured questionnaire was sent to engineers at
the A/E companies for public construction projects in India. Based on ninety-five valid responses, study
identified the delay causes and analyzed the importance and frequency of delays using relative importance
index. A third-round Delphi form survey was applied as analysis techniques. The Analytical results revealed that
“changes in client’s requirement” are main cause of delay in both planning & design phases. The finding
became good justification for many public clients who usually change their requirement during planning and
design stage.
Patil et al (2013)researched on the causes of delay in Indian transportation infrastructure projects to
identify the causes and to test the importance of causes of delay between parties involved in the projects and
study of difference between their perceptions. The literatures were reviewed thoroughly and a questionnaire
containing sixty-four possible causes was formed. The results revealed that the problem of construction delays
in transportation infrastructure projects is frequent and notable. The top five important causes of construction
delays in transportation infrastructure projects are mainly: (i) Land Acquisition; (ii) Environmental Impact of
the project; (iii) Financial closure; (iv) Change orders by the client; and (v) Poor site management and
supervision by contractor. The study also revealed that consultant as a mediator has less responsibility in
construction delays.
Ravisankar et al (2014)studied on the quantification of delay factors in construction industry. The
objective of the study was to identify major causes of construction delay and their effects. The scope of the
research mainly focused on literature review and a questionnaire survey. Using the SPSS software, survey data’s
are analyzed to find out the major causes of delay. The mean score value and ranking are assigned for
corresponding delay factors. The overall results indicated top five most important causes are: (i) Shortage of
unskilled/skilled labors; (ii) Design changes by owner or his agent during construction; (iii) Fluctuations of
prices; (iv) High waiting time for availability of work teams; and (v) Rework due to errors.
Ashwin Arun Salunkhe and Rahul S. Patil (2014)logically explored the delay factors of project and
how it can be avoided or controlled. With the help of detailed literature review and interview, delay factors are
grouped into seven categories, which give the parameters that could have direct effect on success of projects.
The seven categories of critical delay factors are: (i) Owner related; (ii) Consultant related; (iii) Contractor
related; (iv) Material related; (v) Labor & Equipment related; (vi) Project related; and (vii) External related.
Amrita Jhawar and Purnima Bajpai (2014)investigated the cause of construction delays and found out
critical relationship between various critical delay parameters. The top ten factors having highest risk priority
number (RPN) are identified from FMEA and structured into comprehensive systematic model portraying this
complex issues which identifies crux of the problem. The major drivers for delay are: (i) Revision in design; (ii)
Delay in approvals; and (iii) Bureaucracy and organizational gaps which ultimately influence the delay in land
acquisition and environment clearances. The study revealed that stringent departmentization and bureaucratic
environment should be minimized so as to improve the decision-making policies.
Khaled Ahmed Ali Alnaas et al (2014)proposed a practical approach that enables the contractor toprove
the delays & build a well-supported claim for extension of time based on combination between theoretical
information and practical experiences. The approach consist of (i) Preparing baseline programme; (ii) Proper
programme updates; (iii) Accurate programme revisions; (iv) Defining and introducing the delays to the
programme updates; (v) identifying the concurrent delays and splitting between the contractor and employer
delays; and (vi) Preparing the evidences of delay. The contractor is requested to submit EoT claim whenever he
believes that the delay event will delay the project completion date and the delay event is excusable and
compensable.
IV. Objective Of The Study
To find and rank the top ten causes of delay in road infrastructure projects based on their significance.
To validate the significant causes of delay through a case study.
3. Study on Construction Sequence Delay for Road Infrastructure Projects
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12261521 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
V. Methodology For The Study
Questionnaire survey is adopted as a methodology in accordance with the fulfillment of the objective of
the study. The questionnaire believed to be the best techniques for gathering the required data as it can be
analyzed scientifically and objectively.
VI. Questionnaire Survey
6.1 Questionnaire Design
Based on the literature review, a closed ended questionnaire was designed considering the objective of
the study. The questionnaire consists of thee parts: The part A consist of general information of the respondent
while part B consist of 9 delay related factors consisting a of total 101 delay causes where respondent have to
rate each cause as per their significance and part C consist of respondent own opinion.
6.2 Rating Criteria
To identify the degree to how much respondents agree or disagree on the severity of these causes based on their
experience and knowledge, a 5-point Likert Scale is designed.
The ratings of scale from 1 to 5 are:
1 - Not Significant: 0% delay contributing factors;
2 - Slightly Significant: < 35 % delay contributing factors;
3 - Moderately Significant: 35 – 60% delay contributing factors;
4 - Very Significant: 60 – 75 % delay contributing factors; and
5 - Extremely Significant: > 75 % delay contributing factors.
The respondent have to rate a particular cause based upon the above scale.Thereasons for using Likert
Scale are: it is most universal method and is easily understood; response is easily quantifiable; makes question
answering easier on the respondent; quick, efficient and inexpensive method; and high versatility.
6.3 Data Gathering
The questionnaire believed to be the best technique for gathering the required data. As far as possible,
the responses have been taken from respondents of designation who are competent of serving the best for
purpose and answering the survey in the most appropriate way. The questionnaire was distributed to the
respondents by visiting their firms personally. Questionnaire from 43 respondents are analyzed. The respondents
experience are depicted in table 1.
Table 2: Respondent Experience
6.4 Data Analysis
Relative Importance Index (RII) is adopted for ranking the delay causes as per their significance as it is
simple and most widely used for finding the significant factors and ranking of the same. It is a regression based
statistical tools.The formulae used for calculating RII is:
RII = Σ W ⁄ (A × N); (1)
where, 0 ≤ RII ≤ 1
Here, W = Weight given to each cause by respondent, ranges from 1 to 5;
A = Highest weight i.e. =5 (in this case); and
N = Total number of respondent.
VII. Findings
The top ten significant causes of construction delays regarding road infrastructure projects are: (i)
Delay due to land acquisition; (ii) Environmental issues; (iii) Delay in progress payment; (iv) Ineffective project
planning and scheduling; (v) Poor site management and supervision; (vi) Rework due to errors; (vii) Delay in
approving design documents; (viii) Poor coordination between owner and other parties; (ix) Financial closure;
and (x) Change order by clients. Table 2 shows the ranking of top ten significant causes of delay as per delay
related factor; type of delay and RII value.
S. No. Respondents Experience Percentage
1 0 - 5 Years 7%
2 5 - 10 Years 14%
3 10 - 15 Years 23.20%
4 15 - 20 Years 18.60%
5 > 20 Years 37.20%
4. Study on Construction Sequence Delay for Road Infrastructure Projects
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12261521 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
Table 2:Top Ten Significant Delay Causes
S. No. Delay Causes Related Factor RII Value Type of Delay
1 Delay due to land acquisition Owner 0.851 Excusable
2 Environmental Issues External 0.841 Excusable
3 Delay in progress payment Owner 0.837 Excusable
4 Ineffective project planning and scheduling Contractor 0.823 Non-Excusable
5 Poor site management and supervision Contractor 0.813 Non-Excusable
6 Rework due to errors Contractor 0.809 Non-Excusable
7 Delay in approving design documents Owner 0.795 Excusable
8 Poor coordination between owner and the other
parties
Owner 0.795 Excusable
9 Financial Closure Owner 0.790 Excusable
10 Change order Owner 0.781 Excusable
All the delay causes will affect the progress of the project as per their significance and occurrence. As
per the parties involved in the project, consultant as a mediator has a lesser role in construction delay. Excusable
delay can be compensated as per the contract terms and condition and the extension of time (EoT) can be
granted for the projects. To validate the findings of questionnaire survey, a case study on road construction was
considered and analyzed based on earned value management (EVM).
VIII. Case Study
The case study on Chennai – Ennore Port Road Connectivity Project was done to validate the questionnaire
survey. The project involves adequate improvement on four major roads connecting the Chennai – Ennore port
involving total of 30.1 kilometers. The contract value was Rs. 258.78 Crores and the actual duration of the
project was 24 months. The project commences on 03-06-2011 and the completion period was 02-06-2013.
Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) was formed comprising of NHAI (National Highway Authority of India),
Chennai Port Trust, Ennore Port Limited and Govt. of Tamil Nadu for looking after and funding the projects.
But only 55.99% of work was accomplished in the contract period with 55.87% of total budgeted amount.
Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) was formed comprising of NHAI (National Highway Authority of India),
Chennai Port Trust, Ennore Port Limited and Govt. of Tamil Nadu for looking after and funding the projects.
The project was given four extension of time by NHAI itself and the fifth extension was recommended by the
contractor. Even after the fifth extension of time (EoT) being granted, the project was just 91% completed till
Jan 2015.Since it’s a vast project consisting of four major roads, the works was carried out parallely.
The major causes and factors that delay the project to this extent are found out to be: (i) The delay and
litigation in land acquisition process; (ii) Delay due to non-shifting of Project Affected Families (PAF’s), around
540 families as well as fishing stalls in front of gate no. 1 of Chennai port, from the allignment of road in two
small stretches by Govt. of Tamil Nadu, for which Chennai Port and NHAI is pursuing for early completion;
(iii) Even the obstructions like encroachment, temples, sewage pipes affected the progress of the project. (iv)
Sea erosion is one of the environmental factors that too causes the delay in this particular project in one of the
four roads that runs along the sea coast; and (v) Delay occurred also due to the several bottlenecks including
non-cooperation from the Tamil Nadu govt. with NHAI.
As per Feb 2105, a meeting was conducted involving all the parties involved in the project to discuss
about the faster completion of the project as the project got halted due to resettlement of fishing hamlet in the
1.6 Km stretch. Once the hamlet being resettled, the project can be executed further for completion as only work
on this 1.6 km stretch is being pending.
The earned value management is applied on the project at the end of original two-year contract period.
The reasons for using EVM is because it relate time phase budgets to specific contract task or statements of
work, provide the basis to capture work progress assessments against the base line plan and provide valid,
timely, and auditable data/information for proactive management action. After applying the EVM, the following
parameters are being found out:
(a) Earned Value (EV): The earned value was found to be 144.89 as compare to the actual cost (AC) of Rs.
144.59 Crores.
EV = (Actual % complete/100)*Budget At Completion (BAC) (2)
Here, BAC is Rs. 258.78 Crores.
(b) The project has unfavorable schedule variance (SV) of -113.89 and schedule variance % of -44.01 %. So,
the project was 44.01% behind schedule.
The project has a cost variance (CV) of 0.3 and cost variance % of 0.21 %. So, the project is 0.21 % under
budget for the work performed.
5. Study on Construction Sequence Delay for Road Infrastructure Projects
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12261521 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
SV = EV – PV; SV% = (SV/PV)*100 (3)
CV = EV – AC; CV% = (CV/EV)*100 (4)
Here, PV is the planned value of the project.
Fig. 1: Schedule Variance %
Fig. 2: Cost Variance%
(c) In the two-year contract period, Cost Performance Index (CPI) value is 1. This implies that for every project
rupee spent, 1 rupee is in earned value is accomplished.
And in the same two-year contract period, Schedule Performance Index (SPI) value is 0.56.This implies that for
every Rupee of work the project had planned to accomplish at this point in time, 0.56 rupee worth of work was
actually done. As the cost ratio (CR) is 0.56, the overall performance is POOR.
CPI = EV/AC (5)
SPI = EV/PV (6)
CR = SPI x CPI (7)
Fig. 3: SPI, CPI and CR
VARIANCE
%
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SCHEDULE PERFORMANCE INDEX (SPI); COST
PERFORMANCE INDEX (CPI); and COST RATIO (CR)
6. Study on Construction Sequence Delay for Road Infrastructure Projects
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12261521 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
(d) Additional Time to Complete: The additional time to complete the project was found to be 18.87 months i.e.
approximately 19 months.
Additional Time to Complete = EACt – 24 (Duration) (8)
Here, EACt is Estimate At Completion time and is given by:
EACt = (BAC/SPI)/(BAC/Duration) (9)
Where, duration is 24 months.
Fig. 4: Additional Time To Complete
(e) Estimate At Completion (EAC): It is manager’s projection of total cost of the project at completion. The
EAC was found out to be Rs. 258.78; same as that of BAC as CPI is 1.
EAC = BAC/CPI (10)
(f) Variance At Completion (VAC): VAC was found out to be zero.
VAC = BAC – EAC (11)
(g) To Complete Performance Index (TCPI): The TCPI for the project was 1. TCPI greater than 1 implies
performance must be increased and less than or equal to 1 implies that it should be maintained. Performance in
terms of cost.
TCPI = (BAC – EV)/(BAC – AC) (12)
IX. Conclusion
Most of the government initiated infrastructure projects are delayed and get finished years after there
scheduled completion. From the intricate analysis of the questionnaire survey and the case study, it has been
found that delay in land acquisition is the major cause for the delay in the road infrastructure projects. The delay
in land acquisition is an owner or client related delay factor that is an excusable type of delay. The two major
parameters that determine the success of the project is overall project cost and time. In the case study project, it
has been found that there is an unfavourable schedule variance while the cost variance is favorable. By looking
through all the parameters of the earned value management that is applied in the case study, it has been found
that the root cause for the delay in the road infrastructure projects are delay in land acquisition which is an
owner/client related factor and excusable type of delay. So, the contractor can claim for extension of time (EoT)
if the delay is excusable. Since for executing any road projects, the client should provide the necessary land
acquisition and sort out any other disputes related to land acquisition before the beginning of the project. Even
the removing of all encroachment in the project area i.e. in the land acquired for the project should be sorted out
well ahead to avoid delays. There should not be any bottlenecks between the state and the central government
for any infrastructure projects. Since infrastructure brings economy to the country, any delays have to be
avoided by clients and the contractors. In case of any delays, EVM is found to be helpful in finding out the
probable completion time for the projects.
18.87
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ADDITIONAL TIME TO COMPLETE
ADDITIONAL TIME TO COMPLETE
MONTHS
ADDITIONAL TIME TO COMPLETE
7. Study on Construction Sequence Delay for Road Infrastructure Projects
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12261521 www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
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[1]. AgataCzarnigowska, Earned value method as a tool for project control, Budownictwo i Architekutra, 3, 2008, 15-32.
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Engineering, 20, 2011, 490-495.
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