In today’s competitive market, the performance of electric utility industry is a
serious concern to the nation. Majority of power plants are Coal-Fired Power plants
in India. Due to the wide variation in the quality of coal being fired, it affects the
performance of the power plant like furnace wall slagging, convective pass slagging
(both Low and High Temperature), soot blower effectiveness, erosion and
grindability. At this juncture, a reliable prediction is needed to assess the slagging
problem which in turn affects the performance parameters of power plant like heat
transfer rate, exit gas temperature, surface corrosion and frequency of soot blowing.
Though conventional indices and ash fusion temperature measurement techniques
do not aid in predicting slagging condition with field performance hence, it is reported
to be highly subjective in nature and poor accuracy.
In this work an alternative approach is made based on shrinkage measurement up
to 1400 °C of coal ash prepared at 800 °C. Sensitive shrinkage measurements indicate
temperatures of rapid change which correspond to the formation of liquid phases.
A preliminary evaluation of shrinkage data for coal ash collected at different
power stations firing wide variety of coal indicates that, the shrinkage profiles of the
ashes are differing widely and rate of shrinkage measurement can provide an
alternative approach to characterize/assess the slagging potential. Shrinkage
measurement of coal ash has been carried out for the coal ashes collected at different
power stations using different quality of coal
The opportunities for reducing CO2 emissions in the iron and steel industry - plenary presentation given by Dianne Wiley at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
WE ALL OWE IT TO OUR CHILDREN
environmental protection, energy saving a/o recovery is what we must focus on.
We, HJK Consulting Engineers are your reliable and valuable partner when it comes to those issues, advisory and consulting on high level expertise in close cooperation with technical institutions', finaly for your reputation and profit.
All of us want an affordable and reliable energy source which we can only get by using coal energy. Although using coal energy is very significant for us and living without it would become impossible, we should always open our minds to the damage the continuous use of coal energy will eventually bring to us and to our environment.
The opportunities for reducing CO2 emissions in the iron and steel industry - plenary presentation given by Dianne Wiley at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
WE ALL OWE IT TO OUR CHILDREN
environmental protection, energy saving a/o recovery is what we must focus on.
We, HJK Consulting Engineers are your reliable and valuable partner when it comes to those issues, advisory and consulting on high level expertise in close cooperation with technical institutions', finaly for your reputation and profit.
All of us want an affordable and reliable energy source which we can only get by using coal energy. Although using coal energy is very significant for us and living without it would become impossible, we should always open our minds to the damage the continuous use of coal energy will eventually bring to us and to our environment.
Iron and steel constitute over 90% of all metal production and a similar fraction of the scrap metals market. Steel mills consume about three quarters of the scrap, and iron and steel foundries consume the remainder to produce ferrous castings.
Economic Facts of Iron & Steel Recycling
•Almost 40% of the world’s steel production is made from scrap.
•Every ton of recycled steel can help saving 1.4 ton of iron ore.
•Conversely, a steel can land-filled will take 100 years to vanish.
•Steel is the most recycled material on earth! In Luxembourg, 2,292 tons of steel packaging have been collected in 2013.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 1,100 kg of iron ore, 630 kg of coal, and 55 kg of limestone.
•CO2 emissions are reduced by 58% through the use of ferrous scrap.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 642 kWh of energy, 1.8 barrels (287 litres) of oil, 10.9 million Btu's of energy and 2.3 cubic metres of landfill space.
•Recycling steel uses 75% less energy compared to creating steel from raw materials - enough to power 18 million homes.
•Steel recycling uses 74% less energy, 90% less virgin materials and 40% less water; it also produces 76% fewer water pollutants, 86% fewer air pollutants and 97% less mining waste.
•Steel automobile frames contain at least 25% recycled steel and a typical electrical appliance will usually be made of 75% recycled steel. Steel cans consist of at least 25% recycled steel.
A brief introduction to corrosion and types of corrosion, such as pitting corrosion.
Cavitations corrosion
Galvanic corrosion.
Fretting corrosion.
Crevice corrosion.
Intergranular and transgranular corrosion,
Stress corrosion
Reheating Furnace in Rolling Mill IndustriesVikas Yadav
In steel plants reheating furnaces are used in hot rolling mills to heat the steel stock (Billets, blooms or slabs) to temperatures of around 1200 deg C which is suitable for plastic deformation of steel and hence for rolling in the mill.
Distillation is one of the widely used separation method in most of the Chemical Process Industries. Improper design/ operation & maintenance leads to various troubles like reduced plant capacity, poor quality of separated products, high energy consumption, etc. This presentation is for learning about the troubleshooting of packed type distillation systems. Through conceptual aspects of the overall distillation system, reader can easily identify the various causes of probable troubles and will be able to suggest their remedial measures.
TALAT Lecture 3207: Solidification Defects in CastingsCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to the causes and remedies of the main solidification defects in castings. The students should be able to diagnose the major defects in castings and propose methods of preventing them. Basic knowledge of physics and foundry practice is assumed.
Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
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Indian Rail Steel- Pearlitic and Bainitic Rails and comparisionMukuldev Khunte
This is the comparative analysis of composition and microstructure of Indian rail steel. In which the method of hardening of material has been studied.
Guided By
Prof. CB Singh
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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Ladle furnace metallurgy means that the ladle refining furnace is used to refine the molten steel melted in the primary smelting furnace (electric arc furnace, open hearth furnace and converter), adjust the temperature of molten steel, buffer the process, and meet the requirements of continuous casting and continuous rolling. A ladle furnace is one of the main pieces of equipment for refining outside the furnace.
EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SQUEEZE FILM BETWEEN POROUS...IAEME Publication
In investigation aims to analyse the effect of transverse surface roughness on the squeeze film performance between porous rectangular plates. The associated differential equation is stochastically averaged making use of stochastic averaging method of Christensen and Tonder for transverse surface roughness. The equation is solved with appropriate boundary conditions to obtain the pressure and consequentlythe load bearing. The graphical results suggest that the bearing suffers because of transverse surface roughness. However the situation is slightly better in the case of
negatively skew roughness. Further variance (-ve) makes the situation furtherimproved even if moderate values of porosity are involved
COMPARATIVE EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CNG AND OCTANE IN RETROFITTED CAR ENGINESIAEME Publication
Comparative emission analysis of octane and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled retrofitted spark ignition car engine refers to exhaust emission (carbon monooxide, carbon di-oxide, Nitrogen Oxide) analysis and exhaust temperature on car engines which are operated with either gasoline or CNG using a solenoid actuated valve mechanism. The analysis was successfully carried out with the help of an exhaust gas analyzer (IMR 4000). Octane was used as the conventional fuels, whereas CNG was the alternative fuel. Comparative analysis of the experimental result showed the retrofitted engine produced higher exhaust gas temperature andNOx emission over different engines of different mileage when were used with CNG.
Other emission contents were significantly lower than those of the gasoline emissions.
Iron and steel constitute over 90% of all metal production and a similar fraction of the scrap metals market. Steel mills consume about three quarters of the scrap, and iron and steel foundries consume the remainder to produce ferrous castings.
Economic Facts of Iron & Steel Recycling
•Almost 40% of the world’s steel production is made from scrap.
•Every ton of recycled steel can help saving 1.4 ton of iron ore.
•Conversely, a steel can land-filled will take 100 years to vanish.
•Steel is the most recycled material on earth! In Luxembourg, 2,292 tons of steel packaging have been collected in 2013.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 1,100 kg of iron ore, 630 kg of coal, and 55 kg of limestone.
•CO2 emissions are reduced by 58% through the use of ferrous scrap.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 642 kWh of energy, 1.8 barrels (287 litres) of oil, 10.9 million Btu's of energy and 2.3 cubic metres of landfill space.
•Recycling steel uses 75% less energy compared to creating steel from raw materials - enough to power 18 million homes.
•Steel recycling uses 74% less energy, 90% less virgin materials and 40% less water; it also produces 76% fewer water pollutants, 86% fewer air pollutants and 97% less mining waste.
•Steel automobile frames contain at least 25% recycled steel and a typical electrical appliance will usually be made of 75% recycled steel. Steel cans consist of at least 25% recycled steel.
A brief introduction to corrosion and types of corrosion, such as pitting corrosion.
Cavitations corrosion
Galvanic corrosion.
Fretting corrosion.
Crevice corrosion.
Intergranular and transgranular corrosion,
Stress corrosion
Reheating Furnace in Rolling Mill IndustriesVikas Yadav
In steel plants reheating furnaces are used in hot rolling mills to heat the steel stock (Billets, blooms or slabs) to temperatures of around 1200 deg C which is suitable for plastic deformation of steel and hence for rolling in the mill.
Distillation is one of the widely used separation method in most of the Chemical Process Industries. Improper design/ operation & maintenance leads to various troubles like reduced plant capacity, poor quality of separated products, high energy consumption, etc. This presentation is for learning about the troubleshooting of packed type distillation systems. Through conceptual aspects of the overall distillation system, reader can easily identify the various causes of probable troubles and will be able to suggest their remedial measures.
TALAT Lecture 3207: Solidification Defects in CastingsCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to the causes and remedies of the main solidification defects in castings. The students should be able to diagnose the major defects in castings and propose methods of preventing them. Basic knowledge of physics and foundry practice is assumed.
Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Indian Rail Steel- Pearlitic and Bainitic Rails and comparisionMukuldev Khunte
This is the comparative analysis of composition and microstructure of Indian rail steel. In which the method of hardening of material has been studied.
Guided By
Prof. CB Singh
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Ladle furnace metallurgy means that the ladle refining furnace is used to refine the molten steel melted in the primary smelting furnace (electric arc furnace, open hearth furnace and converter), adjust the temperature of molten steel, buffer the process, and meet the requirements of continuous casting and continuous rolling. A ladle furnace is one of the main pieces of equipment for refining outside the furnace.
EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SQUEEZE FILM BETWEEN POROUS...IAEME Publication
In investigation aims to analyse the effect of transverse surface roughness on the squeeze film performance between porous rectangular plates. The associated differential equation is stochastically averaged making use of stochastic averaging method of Christensen and Tonder for transverse surface roughness. The equation is solved with appropriate boundary conditions to obtain the pressure and consequentlythe load bearing. The graphical results suggest that the bearing suffers because of transverse surface roughness. However the situation is slightly better in the case of
negatively skew roughness. Further variance (-ve) makes the situation furtherimproved even if moderate values of porosity are involved
COMPARATIVE EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CNG AND OCTANE IN RETROFITTED CAR ENGINESIAEME Publication
Comparative emission analysis of octane and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled retrofitted spark ignition car engine refers to exhaust emission (carbon monooxide, carbon di-oxide, Nitrogen Oxide) analysis and exhaust temperature on car engines which are operated with either gasoline or CNG using a solenoid actuated valve mechanism. The analysis was successfully carried out with the help of an exhaust gas analyzer (IMR 4000). Octane was used as the conventional fuels, whereas CNG was the alternative fuel. Comparative analysis of the experimental result showed the retrofitted engine produced higher exhaust gas temperature andNOx emission over different engines of different mileage when were used with CNG.
Other emission contents were significantly lower than those of the gasoline emissions.
PERFORMANCE OF 3-D POLAR WEAVE CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES IN HIGH THERMAL EROSI...IAEME Publication
Composite structures are generally made with bi-directional reinforcement either by filament winding and with continuous fiber or by laying of woven fabric or contour woven socks. For high temperature Aerospace applications the an-isotropic mechanical
property of bi-directionally reinforced materials poses a design problem as the mechanical properties in the third direction are dominated by the matrix. Low strength in the unreinforced regions between the fabric piles is a severe limitation for high thermal erosive environment. This problem is especially critical in applications involving high thermal stresses for ballistic Re-entry Nose tips and Solid Rocket motor throats [1]. The obvious solution is to add fiber reinforcement in the other directions to make the structure isotropic. This paper gives the complete details of the experimental
3-D cylindrical preforms developed with polar co-ordinates. This paper also explains the erosive behaviour of 3-D cylindrical preform in Oxy Acetylene flame testing.
COMBUSTION MONITORING THROUGH VIBRATIONAL DATA IN A TURBOCHARGED CITY CAR ENGINEIAEME Publication
Condition monitoring and optimization of diesel engine has been the focus of a
wide research approaches. Techniques have been developed in which in-cylinder
pressure measurements are used to calculate peak pressure and burn rates. In the
recent past, vibration, acoustic and speed measurements have received considerable
attention to this purpose. Methodologies have been developed in which these nonintrusive
measurements are employed to estimate the combustion progress. This work
is devoted to assess the potential application of a methodology developed by the
authors, in which the engine block vibration is used to estimate indicators able to
characterize the combustion development. Previous research activity demonstrated
that an accelerometer sensor placed in a selected position of the engine block is quite
sensitive to the combustion process in a naturally aspirated two-cylinder common rail
diesel engine mainly used in micro cars. The objective of this work is to evaluate the
applicability of the methodology to a more complex engine architecture (the same
engine was downsized by equipping it with a small turbocharger). Measurements were
performed in the engine operative field in which the turbocharger is truly effective.
The acquired signals were processed in time and frequency domains. Obtained results
proved the good accuracy of the estimation of combustion indicators (crank angle
corresponding to start of combustion, 50% of mass fraction burnt) via accelerometer
signal processing
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL PURPOSE MACHINE USING HYDROPNEUMATIC CYLIND...IAEME Publication
Piercing is a type of shearing operation which creates a open hole in sheet metal
by separating interior section. The removed metal is discarded as strap. In general
piercing operation is done in mechanical presses using piercing tool. Piercing tools
are developed with indexing method by piercing 1 or 2 holes at a time. To do 4 holes
the tool is allowed to do first hole and then the first hole is located to do piercing of
other holes. This special purpose machine using hydro pneumatic cylinders to pierce 4
holes and 2 holes at a time in a square tube. The productivity and quality of the work
is increased by this machine. The use of Special Purpose Machines minimizes
Possibility of Human Errors. These machines are Designed to Operate Continuously
for 24 hours a day, with Minimum Supervision
QUALITY CONTROL AND SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTIONIjmet 08 03_012IAEME Publication
The concept of Quality control has arisen to ensure that customer demands, and a level of quality and conformance are achieved. Quality Assurance is provided through the implementation of systemic management techniques ensuring control of the activities carried out by each party. This research provides a review of the topic of Quality control. In particular it looks at the meaning of quality control and the needs for its introduction into the construction industry. Current quality standards in the construction industry and the alternative quality systems, including the British Property Federation system, the Construction Industry Development Association's Code of Practice, and the Building and Construction Council's Quality Assessment Scheme are discussed. The quality control and safetyduring construction are highlighted
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND CARBONATION OF SEA WATER CURED BLENDED CONCRETE IAEME Publication
This paper investigates the influence of sea water on pre-cast concrete containing
industrial by-product materials such as fly ash (FA) and silpozz. The mix design is targeted for
M30 grade concrete. Ten concrete mixtures were designed to have the same degree of
workability with water to cementitious material ratio of 0.43. The studied parameters include
the compressive strength of normal water curing (NWC) and sea water curing (SWC) samples
after 28 days of NWC for 7, 28, 90, 180 and 365 days curing period. The carbonation depth of
concrete samples for 28, 90, 180 and 365 days SWC after 28 days of NWC was measured. It
was found that the higher the FA content the higher is the carbonation process occurred. The
percentage increase in compressive strength for blended cement concrete in NWC is better
than the samples in SWC after 28 days of NWC
COMPARATIVE EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CNG AND OCTANE IN RETROFITTED CAR ENGINESIAEME Publication
Aluminium (Al) reinforced with Titanium Nitride (TiN) Metal Matrix composites find its application for elevated temperature operating conditions. 5, 10 and 15 weight percentage of TiN particles was added to aluminium to prepare the composite through powder metallurgy technique. The mixed powder was compacted at two compacting pressure of 250 MPa and 300 MPa to produce the specimens having h/d ratio in the range of 1.1 to 1.2. The specimens were sintered in nitrogen atmosphere at two different sintering temperatures of 4000C and 5000C with sintering time of 4 hours for each. Physical properties namely, green density, sintered density and mechanical properties such as hardness, compression strength and surface roughness were studied.
FLUID FLOW ANALYSIS IN AIR DUCT FLOW WITH AND WITHOUT INTERNAL THREADS USING ...IAEME Publication
Computational heat transfer flow modeling is one of the great challenges in the classical sciences. As with most problems in engineering, the interest in the heat transfer augmentation is increasing due to its extreme importance in various industrial applications. This paper deals with the analysis of heat transfer for fluid flowing through the pipe with and without internal threads using CFD. Using CFD codes for modeling the heat and fluid flow is an efficient tool for predicting equipment performance. CFD offers a convenient means to study the detailed flows and heat exchange processes, which take place inside the tube. Simulations were carried out using commercial CFD software ANSYS Fluent version 14.5. Friction factor and Nusselt number for air flowing through the specified tube (internal diameter = 0.005 m, length = 0.1 m) were obtained first for the plain tube and then for the tube with internal threads with pitch 5mm in the Reynolds number range of 2000 to 5000. Finally results will be compared to available experimental and analytical calculations. The data obtained by simulation are matching with the literature value for a plain tube with the discrepancy of less than plus or minus 5% for Nusselt number and for the friction factor.
Enhanced heat transfer for the tube with internal threads has been observed. Heat flux is more uniform all along the tube and decreases uniformly towards the center.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF GATE VALVE BODY AND SEAT RINGIAEME Publication
Gate valves are used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired. Gate valves are so named because the part that either stops or allows flow of fluid through the valve acts somewhat like the opening or closing of a gate and is called, appropriately, the gate. This gate valve is widely used in various industries like
refineries, petrochemical complexes, fertilizer plants, power generation plants (hydro
- electric, thermal and nuclear) steel plants and allied industries etc. for a various
process. The objective of this project is to perform a stress analysis and temperature distribution of valve body of the Gate Valve. The seat ring is welded with the valve body by using gas tungsten arc welding. A model of body and seat ring of Gate Valve
is developed in SOLID WORKS 2014, and analyzed in ANSYS 15. Gate valve stress
analysis and temperature distribution is done by Finite Element Method using ANSYS15. The main purpose is to create a model of the gate valve body and analysis the loaddeformation, stress concentration, temperature distribution and directional heat flowin the valve body at the place where the seat ring is welded.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MATERIAL HANDLING ROBOT FOR MULTI STATIONIAEME Publication
In our project we have designed material handling robot for multi stations. Material handling robot for multi stations is a mobile robot used in industrial applications to move materials around a manufacturing area or a warehouse. Proximity Sensor, DC Motor, Wheel and Material handling vehicle are the main blocks in this project. Here we use proximity sensor to handle a material and to replace it at a particular place in for our requirement. For this purpose we use visitor guided vehicle. A motor is attached with the vehicle wheel for moving purpose. The motor gets power through control unit. The proximity sensor detects the positioning plate and gives the output signal to the control unit and it activates the relay. Themotor runs when the relay is on. When the vehicle reaches a particular place thereader detects and alarm is activated
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF UNSYMMETRIC BUILDING WITH OPTIMALLY PLACED FRICTION DAMPERSIAEME Publication
Conventional methods of seismic rehabilitation with concrete shear walls or steel bracing
are not considered suitable for some buildings as upgrades with these methods would have
required expensive and time consuming foundation work. Supplemental damping in
conjunction with appropriate stiffness offers an innovative and attractive solution for the
seismic rehabilitation of such structures. This paper deals with the use of friction damper as a
passive dissipative device in order to seismic retrofit of existing structures and discusses the
optimal placement criteria. To fulfill this objective, six storey and ten storey L-shaped
buildings have been modeled with five different damper location formats in SAP2000 subjected
to El Centro and Utterkashi earthquake records. Non-Linear Modal Time History Method has
been used for the analysis and base shear, joint displacement, member forces and hysteresis
energy has been compared to find out most optimal damper location format.
CRITICAL REVIEW ON STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE IAEME Publication
Concrete is widely used material across the world for construction of large structures. Due
to increase in industrialization and development of urban areas, high volume of resources is
required which are available naturally. This means high volume of resources is used worldwide
for production of concrete. To reduce the use of such resources and to decrease the negative
impact on environment, the uses of industrial waste and artificial aggregates as a replacement
of natural aggregates are increasingly used. Another focus required in material research is to
reduce the concrete weight density so that the effective dead load and seismic loads can be
lowered. The paper attempts to review the literature and present a state of art in making
lightweight concrete as reported till now for structural application
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOIRON PARTICLES REINFORCED EPOXY/POLYESTER NANOCO...IAEME Publication
We report on synthesis of two highly dissolve nanoparticles viz. Fe2 O3 & f-Fe2 O3using chemical reduction method. Reaction effect was initiated to mix up solution 1 (i.e.Fecl3 6H2 o) into solution 2 (i.e. Fecl2 4H2 o) as one under the occurrence of ammonium to build up nanoiron (NI) particles. Mechanical properties as above mentioned nanoiron particles filled with polyester and epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated to assess the possibility of using this filler as a latest material. Functionalization agent as Methacryloxypropyl was used to prepare f-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles. f-Fe2 O3 nanocomposites of mechanical properties were improved with the help of functionalization when compared with nanocomposites of Fe2 O3 Nanoiron particles functionalization favours the composite fabrication with a curing temperature at low as compared to the as-synthesised nanoparticles filled polyester nanocomposites. Mechanical properties carried out are Hardness, Impact strength, Tensile strength, Flexural strength and Compression strength. Mechanical property values increased due to the homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion and chemical bonding between polyester matrix and nanoparticles. After incorporation nanoiron particles into the polyester resin matrix it becomes magnetically harder. Machines generated mechanical property values were compared and analysed with system generated software analysis of variance (ANOVA) values
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL PATTERN AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THREE REGIONS OF S...IAEME Publication
Rainfall and temperature are important parameters that determine the climatic condition
of a region andis a growing concern in the current situation. Growing industrialization and
increasing use of fossil fuels are putting pressure and effecting the regional and global
temperatures that are subsequently influencing the overall precipitation levels. GCC and Arab
countries are mostly dominated by dry climate and hot winds for most part of the year with
little or no rainfall in most regions. In Middle east, specifically GCC countries economy
depends on oil and gas production, processing, and exports, and these resources are used for
electricity generation across all the six countries. This practice invariably is releasing more of
greenhouse gases coupled with industrial emissions annually from industrialized zones.
Among the six GCC nations, Oman has the second largest land area next to Saudi Arabia and
has significant quantities of oil and gas resources and limited ground water resources.
Scarcity of ground water poses serious problems for farming and potable water that cannot be
supported by scanty or less rainfall annually. In absence of considerable data on rainfall
pattern and temperature deviations, this paper is focused to highlight the rainfall scenario over
temperature changes by studying the rainfall patterns over three designated regions for a
certain duration. In Oman rainfall patterns and temperatures are stimulated by the weather
changes and mostly by heavy industrialization in the recent past. Precipitation data and
temperature profiles are two dependent parameters that are analyzed to achieve the objectives
of the study. Regression analysis is performed to understand the trend in the rainfall pattern
with changes in temperature in the three designated regions of Oman using the data of 14
years. The study revealed significant outcomes indicating distinct relationship between rainfall
and temperature. Changing ambient temperatures in each region has shown to influence the
rainfall pattern differently in Muscat region contrasting the Maseira and Sur region of the
study area. The trend in rainfall pattern with one unit temperature variations are not uniform
across all the three study regions that show apparent variations due the differently
contributing factors such as topography, wind speed, direction, mountain ranges, relative
humidity, and proximity to sea etc. that would govern the precipitation rates
STUDY OF MACRO LEVEL PROPERTIES OF SCC USING SILICA FUME AND FLY ASH BY USING...IAEME Publication
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and
utilization of industrial by products. Many power plants and electro static precipitators will
produce millions of tons waste powder every year. Having considerable high degree of
fineness in comparison to cement this material may be utilized as a partial replacement to
cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using fly
ash powder in the production of SCC with combined use SILICAFUME and how it affects the
fresh and mechanical properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with SILICA
FUME in 10% and fly ash powder is blended to mix in percentage like 25% as a partial
replacement to cement. Here we use manufacture sand as fine aggregate. By taking fineness
modulus 2.5,2.7,2.9 .Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 10% SILICA
FUME and 25% fly ash powder with fineness modulus 2.7 satisfies filling ability and passing
ability and hardened properties are also in the limits prescribed by the EFNARC.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOURS OF ECC AND CONCRETE COMPOSITE REINF...IAEME Publication
Engineered cementations composite (ECC) is a class of high-performance cementations
composites with strain-hardening behaviour and excellent crack control. Substitution of concrete
with ECC can avoid the cracking and durability problems associated with brittleness of concrete.
Extensive inelastic deformation is achieved in ECC through Recron 3’s fibre. ECC can be used in
high rise buildings due to their appearance, high bearing capacity, ductility, Fast construction and
cost effective. The aim of the paper is to study the flexural behaviour of ECC and concrete
composite reinforced beams. Size of the beam is 1200mm x100mmx150mm. The percentage of
Recron 3’s fibre replaced is 0.5 %, 1.5%, 2.5% by weight of cement. Finally conventional beam is
compared with ECC beam and also compare ECC at top and bottom of composite beams
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EVALUATION OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF POND ASH FOR ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVE CO...IAEME Publication
The exploration is completed to test the geotechnical property of pond ash and bottom ash. The specimens were acquired from Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS).They are all around view as overabundance, organized gathered in lakes. Reutilization of these waste constituents in planning applications that need far reaching sizes of fill or refill materials, for instance, dams and holding structures, is important. Besides, of ash ordinary materials and stipends speculation stores on each region acquisition and exchange operations.
Objective: To test the geotechnical properties of pond ash and bottom ash for economic alternative of Construction of fills and backfill materials.
Methodology: The materials are acquired from V.T.P.S Vijayawada. The materials were kept for dried in oven at the temperature of 105-1100 C. The tests performed are specific gravity, sieve analysis, light compaction.
Findings: The outcome obtainable in this paper illustrate that pond ash and bottom ash take possessions that permit their usage in place of conventional resources in the construction of fills and backfills.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USING GASIFICATION BY SYNTHESIS OF FISCHER-TRO...IAEME Publication
The solid carbonaceous fuel is converted into combustible gas (energy) using limited amount of air it is called Gasification process the gases which evolve are known as “producer gas”. This is more suitable than the direct combustion of biomass gases. In this paper an updraft gasifier is construct and is used to carry out the experiment. updraft gasifier is one of the boiler. The waste material like coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles are used for the generation of producer gas. The sense of this paper is to study the effect of waste products (coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles) in form of biomass. The performance of the gasifier is evaluated in terms of zone temperature with different air velocity. By taking the different fuels and varying the air flow rate the temperature of the zones are analysed. The arrangement of tar is also seen in this apparatus. After analysis the maximum temperature give for coconut shell (waste) all three place as compare to other two .so coconut shell is the best suitable material for this gasifier.
Effect of LVOF Sprayed Coating in Oxidation & Hot Corrosion Performance of Bo...IJRES Journal
Oxidation and hot corrosion is the major degradation mechanism of failure of boiler and gas turbine components. These failures occur because of the usage of wide range of fuels such as coal, oil at increased temperatures. To obviate these problems, in current investigation Al2O3+40%TiO2 powder has been deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192by LVOF (Low velocity oxy fuel process). The oxidation and hot corrosion performances of Al2O3+40%TiO2 coated as well as bare Boiler Steel SA-192 has been evaluated in air and with aggressive environment Na2SO4+60%V2O5 under cyclic conditions at an elevated temperatures of 8500C & 9500C. The kinetics of the corrosion is approximated by weight change measurements made after each cycle for total duration of 50 cycles. Each cycle consists of keeping the samples for 1 hour duration in Kanthol wire tube furnace at 8500C and 9500C followed by 20 minute cooling in ambient air. Weight change data has been taken after each cycle by digital electronic balance machine with an accuracy of 1 milligram. Graphs have been plotted between weight gains per surface area to number of cycles. Boiler Steel SA-192 has shown poor performance in oxidising and in hot corrosion environment it suffered intensive spallation in the form of removal of scales. To improve oxidation and hot corrosion resistance Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating has been successfully deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192 by Low velocity oxy fuel process using CERAJET spray nozzle (A proprietary item of MECPL, Jodhpur). Coating has shown approximately 90% & 92% improvement respectively in the oxidation and hot corrosion resistance of Boiler Steel SA-192have been observed .
Low grade iron ores are often contaminated with relatively high percentage of different
impurity gangue minerals. The iron ores contaminated with manganese oxide and silica are hardly reducible
and consume more energy in the integrated steel plant. Therefore it is important to estimate and predict the
influence of manganese oxide, silica and temperature on the reduction yield of iron oxide using mathematical
model approach. In the current study, a 23
(three-parameters, two-levels)factorial design is applied on the
gaseous reduction experimental data of mixed oxides (Fe2O3-MnO2-SiO2) to build a linear regression model.
The calculations have been performed using Matlab program. The developed mathematical model indicated that
SiO2 and temperature have positive effect on the reduction yield of iron oxide. On the other hand, MnO2
exhibited the highest negative impact on the reduction yield of iron oxide followed by the interaction coefficient
of MnO2, SiO2 and temperature. The results of the developed mathematical model are fitted to the experimental
reduction data of mixed oxides.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
Ad hoc & sensor networks, Adaptive applications, Aeronautical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering
Agricultural Engineering, AI and Image Recognition, Allied engineering materials, Applied mechanics,
Architecture & Planning, Artificial intelligence, Audio Engineering, Automation and Mobile Robots
Automotive Engineering….
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Analytical Tool for Analysing Slagging Characteristic of High Ash Coals in Utility Boilers
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 186 editor@iaeme.com
Boilers. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017,
pp. 185–196.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
A pulverized coal-fired Boiler is an industrial or utility Boiler that generates thermal energy
by burning pulverized coal (Fossil Fuel) into the furnace. The basic idea behind pulverized
coal firing system is to use the whole volume of the furnace for combustion. Pulverised Coal
firing is a dominant technology for generating electric power in our country which contributes
60% of total installed capacity in thermal as on August 2015.Pulverised coal provides the
thermal energy which produces about 50% of world’s electric supply.
Pulverised fuel Boilers are principally a combustion chamber enclosed by vertical wall
tubes. Pulverised coal enters into the combustion chamber through the burners, combusts and
heat the water in the vertical tubes. Steam produced from heating the water produce electricity
through turbo-generator sets. The mineral matter in coal is converted into ash during
combustion. (A coal particle entering the combustion chamber will be subjected to a
temperature of 1500° C). Ash, a by-product of combustion either accumulates onto the Boiler
tubes as “Slag” or is collected by Electrostatic Precipitators, attached to the backend of the
Boiler.
On entering the Boiler, mineral matter in coal undergoes high complex mineral
transformation to produce ash of varying elemental compositions, morphological features
(size and shape) and physical characteristics (viscosity and density).Flue gas a by-product of
combustion carries ash particles (fly ash) to the dust collecting facility at the Boiler end. Ash
thus formed from combustion creates severe problems like slagging, fouling, erosion,
particulate emissions etc., Slagging is a complex phenomenon seen in radiative heat transfer
section in boiler. The mechanism of the growth of the ash deposits on the surface of the tube
is mainly because of molten condition of the ash particles in the flue gas stream. When the
particle approach the tube initial layer formed by the condensation of low melting minerals,
therefore it acts as a glue to capture other particles arriving in partially molten state deposit
over the initial layer and provides a sticky surface for other particles leads to sintering. As the
deposit grows further and temperature becomes high the proportion of the liquid increases
which cause to collapse later.
2. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
All individual coal samples used in this work were characterized with proximate, ultimate
chemical composition of ash and calorific value analysis. The analysis were done as per
standard ASTM standards and summarized in Table(s) 1, 2 and 3
Table 1 Proximate analysis are done for different coal samples
Coal Moisture
Volatile
matter
Ash Fixed
Carbon
Sulphur Gross
Calorific
value
A 3.70 20.40 52.40 23.50 0.44 3026
B 10.80 43.90 4.60 40.70 0.34 5760
C 7.30 26.20 34.60 31.90 0.46 4058
D 10.06 22.75 43.19 24.00 0 3337
E 9.74 33.85 19.75 36.70 0.60 5069
F 25.0 37.17 2.50 35.30 0.30 4961
3. J. John Christy Vijay, A. Lawrence and G. Arthanareeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 187 editor@iaeme.com
Table 2 Ultimate analysis are done for different coal samples
Coal
C H N S
% by Weight
A 32.12 2.04 0.98 0.44
B 62.23 3.69 1.04 0.34
C 41.76 2.74 1.01 0.46
D 35.82 1.68 0.69 1.09
E 54.81 3.18 1.22 0.58
F 51.32 4.02 1.09 0.27
Table 3 Chemical composition of coal ashes for different coal samples
Coal
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 TiO2 Cao MgO Na2O K2O P2O5 SO3
% by Weight
A 64.80 26.10 4.30 1.60 0.60 0.50 0.60 1.20 0.20 0.10
B 36.20 19.20 18.60 1.20 10.70 3.20 0.80 0.90 0.30 8.90
C 63.40 26.20 5.90 1.70 1.20 0.60 0.10 0.70 0.10 0.10
D 65.25 20.30 8.23 1.13 1.70 1.19 0.15 1.58 0.27 0.20
E 61.60 20.80 7.20 1.40 3.40 2.60 0.40 1.10 0.20 1.30
F 35.60 16.42 18.89 1.04 15.70 7.97 0.03 0.95 0.15 3.27
3. EMPIRICAL RATIO TO ASSESS SLAGGING
The conventional predictive slagging indices namely Base to acid ratio, Slagging factor Rs,
Iron oxide to calcium oxide ratio, Silica to alumina ratio, Sodium content of coal ash, Sodium
to potassium ratio and Iron oxide are done for the coal ash samples and are shown in Table 4.
The low, medium and high slagging stands for the prediction of coal behavior w.r.t slagging
in the Boiler during the combustion. Low slagging means there is non-problematic
combustion and the deposition does not affect the heat transfer and cleaning up is not
necessary. High slagging refers to formation of thick layer ash deposit on the Boiler heat
transfer section which will retard the heart transfer in boiler tubes.
Table 4 Slagging performance prediction based on conventional indices
Conventional
Indices C.I
A D.S B D.S C D.S D D.S E D.S F D.S
Base/Acid ratio 0.08 L.S 0.60 H.S 0.09 L.S 0.15 L.S 0.18 L.S 0.82 L.S
Slagging Rs
index
0.03 L.S 0.21 L.S 0.04 L.S 0.07 L.S 0.26 L.S 2.79 S.S
Iron/Calcium
Ratio
7.17 H.S 1.74 H.S 4.91 H.S 4.84 H.S 2.12 H.S 1.20 H.S
Silica
Aluminum
Ratio
2.48 M.S 1.88 M.S 2.42 M.S 3.21 H.S 2.96 H.S 2.17 H.S
Sodium Oxide 0.60 L.S 0.80 L.S 0.10 L.S 0.15 L.S 0.40 L.S 0.03 L.S
Sodium and
Potassium
oxide
1.80 L.S 1.70 L.S 0.80 L.S 1.73 L.S 1.50 L.S 0.98 L.S
Iron oxide 4.30 L.S 18.60 M.S 5.90 L.S 8.23 L.S 7.20 L.S 18.89 M.S
C.I Conventional indices, L.S low slagging, M.S medium slagging, H.S high slagging and
S.S Severe slagging, D.S Degree of Slagging
4. Analytical Tool for Analysing Slagging Characteristic of High Ash Coals in Utility Boilers
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 188 editor@iaeme.com
3.1. Base to Acid Ratio (B/A)
The base-to acid ratio is the ratio of total base to total acid components in the coal ash. Since
it is a ratio, its lower limit can approach but never be zero and its upper limit approach to
infinity. It is generally used only in the range of 0.1 to 1. The base-to acid ratio has been
empirically correlated with ash melting, viscosity properties and other problems.
(B/A) = Fe2O3+CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O/SiO2+Al2O3+TiO2 (1)
3.2. Slagging Factor Rs
The B/A ratio provides an indication of the melting point and viscosity of the slag while %
Sulphur gives an indication of the quantity of pyritic iron present which influences the state of
oxidation of the iron in the slag and thus its plastic range. The overall RS parameter has no
theoretical basis, however it develops report that it gives a reasonable correlation with the
slagging problems, particularly for dry bottom furnaces.
Rs = B/A x Sulphur % in dry coal (2)
3.3. Iron Oxide to Calcium Oxide Ratio
The iron oxide to calcium oxide ratio is the ratio of iron present in the ash calculated as
Fe2O3 divided by the percentage of calcium calculated as CaO. This parameter is used as an
indicator of furnace slagging in dry bottom furnaces.
= Fe2O3 / CaO (3)
3.4. Silica to Alumina Ratio
The Silica-to-Alumina ratio is the %SiO2 in the ash divided by % Al2O3 in the Ash.
= SiO2 / Al2O3 (4)
3.5. Sodium Content of Coal Ash
Sodium oxide contributes to corrosion and slagging and is one of the parameter used to judge
the slagging potential problem. Some forms of sodium in coal are vaporized in the flame and
condense out on heating surfaces of the furnace producing alkali-matrix deposits. Since the
quantity of sodium that can be vaporized per unit of coal burned is a function of the total ash
content and of the form in which the sodium is present, additional information on the coal
source is needed for proper interpretation of results.
3.6. Sodium to Potassium Ratio
The sodium-to-potassium ratio is the molar ratio of Na2O to K2O in the coal. It is most useful
when determined on actual convection section deposits.
= Na2O / K2O (5)
3.7. Iron Oxide
The presence of high iron oxide content in coal ash leads to slagging in radiative heat transfer
section in boiler.
5. J. John Christy Vijay, A. Lawrence and G. Arthanareeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 189 editor@iaeme.com
4. INFLUENCE OF CALORIFIC VALUE BY ASH AND MOISTURE
CONTENTS IN COAL
Figure 1 shows that, if we have a certain correlation among ash content, moisture and calorific
value then it is easy to relate coal quality with slagging propensity index. The calorific value
has a linear dependence on the ash content in coal. However the results matches with medium
moisture samples, but the error was big in case of smaller moisture and bigger than medium
moisture coals samples. According to this situation, we have to consider moisture data for
determination of slagging propensities.
Figure 1 Correlation between Gross Calorific Value and Sum of Ash and Moisture contents in coal
samples
5. ASH FUSION TEST (AFT) STUDIES
Ash fusion temperatures are determined in order to provide an indication of how the mineral
matter in coal may behave in the furnace. The standard AFT was carried out to determine the
initial deformation temperature, softening temperature, hemispherical temperature and fluid
temperature and the ash fusibility temperatures are shown in Table 5.
Table 5 Ash fusion test studies for the coal ash samples
Parameters Unit A B C D E F
Initial Deformation
Temp.
Deg. C 1450 1220 1450 1340 1264 1229
Softening Temp. Deg. C 1450 1275 1450 1445 1316 1242
Hemispherical
Temp.
Deg. C 1450 1283 1450 1450 1385 1251
Fluid Temp. Deg. C 1450 1301 1450 1450 1435 1281
5.1. Initial Deformation Temperature
Initial deformation temperature is the temperature at which a prepared standard cone of ash
just begins to fuse or show evidence of deformation at the top of the cone as it is being to
heated in a standard test furnace. This would correspond to the temperature in the operating
furnace at which the particles of the coal ash, in transit through the furnace, have been cooled
to a point where they still retain a slight tendency to stick together or slowly to build upon
heat-adsorption surfaces. When the temperatures in an operating furnace are such that the ash
6. Analytical Tool for Analysing Slagging Characteristic of High Ash Coals in Utility Boilers
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 190 editor@iaeme.com
particles have cooled to a temperature lower than their initial deformation temperature, they
tend to accumulate as a “dry” product.
5.2. Softening Temperature
The softening temperature corresponds to an observed condition between initial deformation
and fluidity. Softening temperature is the temperature at which the test under observation has
deformed to a spherical form where height is equal to width.
5.3. Hemispherical Temperature
The hemispherical temperature is read when the cone has further deformed to the point where
it assumes a hemispherical shape and its height equals one half of its width. Both softening
and Hemispherical temperature are related to appoint at which the fuel shows a greatly
accelerated tendency to mass together and stick in large quantities to heat-absorbing surfaces.
5.4. Fluid Temperature
The fluid temperature is the temperature at which the test cones flattens out to a pancake
shape on the plaque. The fluid temperature is related to the temperature at which the coal ash
may be expected to flow ion streams or drip from heat-absorption surfaces or the temperature
at which heavy clinker forms on the grates under a fuel bed.
6. THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS (TMA) STUDIES
TMA is used to determine the linear thermal expansion of the coal-ash as a function of
temperature. A small constant load acts on the coal specimen which is used to measure the
expansion and thereby co-efficient of linear thermal expansion is determined. The first
heating phase yields information about the actual state of the coal-ash, including its thermal
and mechanical history. When the thermoplastics soften, stress may relax as a result of which
post crystallization and recrystallization processes may occur. On the other hand, specimen
with deform for the load applied.
6.1. Experimental Studies
Figure 2 Description of TMA test
Thermo-mechanical analysis measures linear or volumetric changes in the dimensions of
the sample as a function of time, temperature and force in a controlled atmosphere. Thermo
mechanical analyzer of SETRAM make Model Setsys-18 with resolution of 0.004micron is
Alumina lid
Ash
pellet
Alumina
crucible
Heating Shrinkage
7. J. John Christy Vijay, A. Lawrence and G. Arthanareeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 191 editor@iaeme.com
used. The representative raw coal sample was crushed and fine grounded in a mini pulveriser
to pass through 200 mesh (75 microns) similar to the pulverized coal. The –-200 mesh coal
sample was heated in a furnace at 900°C to completely burnout the combustible matter. About
500 mg of the residual ash is mixed with 2 drops of 10% dextrin solution and pressed into
pellet of the size (7mm x 5 mm dia) in a specially designed pelletizer by applying constant
pressure. The ash pellet is dried in an oven at 100°C and the height of the pellet is measured
to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The ash pellet is placed in an alumina crucible of 6.8 mm dia and
a suitable alumina disc (cover) is placed over the top of the pellet as shown in the Fig. 2
The whole sample assembly is placed between the push rod and the sample holder in the
TMA instrument and inserted into the furnace. Adjustments are done in such a way that the
push rod just rests on the alumina cover and 10g load is applied on the push rod and the
displacement of the push rod is targeted to “zero”. The actual length of the ash pellet is fed
into the computer as input.
The furnace is heated at the rate of 10°C per minute from room temperature to 1400°C in
nitrogen atmosphere. The ash pellet undergoes dimensional changes as it is heated. The
displacement of the push rod, i.e, shrinkage pattern, time and temperature are recorded
continuously. At the end of the run, the absolute shrinkage%, as well as the rate of shrinkage
%/min are plotted against temperature. Under the standard experimental conditions, the
repeatability has been found to be good, with peaks in derivative curves being reproducible to
within about 5°C. Whenever there was a steep drop in the 2nd stage shrinkage at temperatures
≤ 1200°C the heating of crucible was limited to 1300° C in order to protect the alumina push
rod from being fused with the ash melt.
6.2. Shrinkage Curves based on TMA
The review of shrinkage curves of all coal ashes shows that different stages of shrinkage
pattern have been occurring, when the ash pellet is subjected to heating from ambient to 1400
oC. The first stage of shrinkage of less than 2 to 3 % is observed for all the coal ashes around
the temperature range of 800oC to 1000oC. The second stage of shrinkage of 5 to 40% range
appears to be a prominent phase observed in almost all coal ashes within the short temperature
range of 1150 oC to 1350 oC. The different stages of shrinkage, representing the various
events are clearly exhibited by the peaks on the differential curve (rate of shrinkage). The
temperatures with respect to specific amount of shrinkage can be derived from TMA curve.
The initial stage of shrinkage or the first derivative peak occurs at temperatures less than 1000
oC in all the samples, which may probably be primarily due to particle deformation rounding
of corners and secondarily due to sintering. As the temperature increases, more particles
become fully molten depending on the mineral phase changes and the proportion of liquid
formation increases significantly exhibiting the steep rise in the rate of shrinkage as shown by
the second peak.
It is important to note that all the conventional slagging indices namely percentage iron
oxide, base to acid ratio, slagging index based on AFT, silica ratio and viscosity are ultimately
linked to liquid formation tendencies of the ash. It is well established that the buildup of ash
deposit on waterwalls is dependent on the ash particle remaining partially in the liquid stage
on arrival at the tube surface. Analysing the shrinkage curves of TMA analysis, the 2nd peak
is significant since it captures major portion of shrinkage occurring due to liquid formation in
ash. Though the maximum rate of shrinkage is observed to be different for different coal
ashes and the temperature at which the peak rate of shrinkage is also observed to be varying
between coal ashes. In order to rationalize the above two characteristic data namely, peak
shrinkage rate and temperature corresponding to the peak rate are normalized by dividing the
rate by temperature to arrive at relative shrinkage rate for all the coal ashes. In spite of having
8. Analytical Tool for Analysing Slagging Characteristic of High Ash Coals in Utility Boilers
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 192 editor@iaeme.com
higher relative shrinkage rate of the ash, the quantum of ash or concentration of ash particle in
the furnace also matters. If it is less for corresponding coal the overall effect of slagging in the
furnace dynamic condition may not be significant. On the other hand if both the relative
shrinkage rate and quantum of ash are high then, there will be a pronounced synergistic effect
on slag formation.
6.3. Formulation of New Slagging Index
In order rationalize different peak shrinkage rate (Rm) and the temperature corresponding to
the peak rate (Tm) for different coal ashes, the same is been normalized by dividing the
Shrinkage rate by temperature to arrive a relative shrinkage rate. It is worthwhile to consider
the concentration of the ash particles or the ash content in coal because the overall effect of
the slagging depends upon the percentage of ash in the coal.
Based on the above new Slagging Index,
SINew = Rm Ash 10 7
(6)
Tm GCV
Rm - Maximum rate of shrinkage for the second peak
Tm - Temperature corresponding to Rm
Rm/Tm - Relative shrinkage rate
Ash - Ash in percentage
GCV - Calorific value of coal in Kcal/Kg
Based on the above slagging index by TMA for the coal ash samples, Table 6 shows the
slagging performance prediction with power plant performance.
Table 6 Slagging prediction based on TMA and validation with power plant performance
Coal
Relative
Shrinkage Rate
(Rm/Tm)
10 -5
Ash per
million Kcal
g x 10 3
New Slagging
Index
SINew
(6)
Power plant
Performance
A 48.60 173.16 84.11 Slagging
B 641.40 7.98 51.22 No Slagging
C 51.20 85.26 43.64 No Slagging
D 82.30 129.42 106.49 Slagging
E 280.10 38.96 109.13 Slagging
F 275.60 5.04 13.89 No Slagging
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
There is positive correlation between the new slag index and actual observation made in a few
higher capacity boilers. The field data indicated slagging tendency for coals having slag index
more than 80. The data also reveals that if either of the parameters ie, relative shrinkage rate
or ash in g per million kcal alone is very low comparatively for a particular coal then that coal
is not likely to exhibit slagging eg coal-C. It is very clear that slagging in boiler furnaces
depends on the combined effect of the liquid forming tendency of the ash, temperatures
experienced in furnaces and ash loading. It is also evident from the Table-4 that the indices
derived from chemical composition do not reliably correlate with the power plant
performance. Slagging index based on ash fusion temperatures, which was carried out for coal
ashes also do not reliably reflect the power plant thermal observation with respect to slagging.
The proposed new index takes into account both the liquid forming tendency of the ash ie,
the relative shrinkage data from TMA of the ash as well as ash loading ie, weight of ash per
9. J. John Christy Vijay, A. Lawrence and G. Arthanareeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 193 editor@iaeme.com
million kcal derived from proximate and calorific value. The conventional slagging indices
that are derived from Ash fusion temperatures and chemical compositions of ash do not take
into account the ash loading of high ash coals and hence conventional indices are not reliably
correlating with actual performance. The new slagging index provides a better tool for
assessing boiler slagging than the conventional indices derived from chemical composition of
ash and ash fusion temperatures.
It is well known fact that the slagging phenomena in boilers not only depends on coal
quality but also the boiler design such as volumetric heat loading and operational regimes like
excess air, fineness of coal particles etc. However, for a given boiler, the boiler-operating
regime cannot be adjusted beyond certain range to alleviate slagging without compromising
on combustion efficiency if the coal exhibits very high slagging index. For a given new coal,
proper sizing of boiler furnace can be done, based on the comparison of new slagging index of
the coal against a reference coal for which the correlation between slagging index and power
plant performance is well understood.
7.1. Coal-Ash A, D and E
The relative shrinkage rate of ash and ash content in coals are varying between moderate to
high and hence due to the combined effect of the liquid forming tendency and high ash
loading, the effect on slagging is high and same matches with power plant performance.
Figure 3 Shrinkage % and rate of shrinkage%/min of coal-ash A
Figure 4 Shrinkage % and rate of shrinkage%/min of coal-ash D
10. Analytical Tool for Analysing Slagging Characteristic of High Ash Coals in Utility Boilers
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 194 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 5 Shrinkage % and rate of shrinkage%/min of coal-ash E
7.2. Coal-Ash B and F
High Iron oxide content of the ash shows high slagging nature as per the conventional indices.
Though the relative shrinkage rate of coal ashes is high, the ash content in is low and hence it
is less propensity towards slagging.
Figure 6 Shrinkage % and rate of shrinkage%/min of coal-ash B
Figure 7 Shrinkage % and rate of shrinkage%/min of coal-ash F
11. J. John Christy Vijay, A. Lawrence and G. Arthanareeswaran
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 195 editor@iaeme.com
7.3. Coal-Ash C
The relative shrinkage rate of ash and ash loading in the furnace is moderate, hence there is
less effect on slag formation and same matches with power plant performance.
Figure 8 Shrinkage % and rate of shrinkage%/min of coal-ash C
8. CONCLUSION
1. The development of new methodology of calculating slagging index based on
maximum shrinkage rates measured in a Thermo-Mechanical Analyser (TMA) offers a
reliable correlation with the reported slagging intensities in the power plant.
2. The new index based on TMA is found to be a better predictive tool for assessing
boiler slagging than conventional indices derived from chemical composition of ash and ash
fusion temperatures.
3. The work described in this paper though with the limited data, has provided a
foundation for a comprehensive coal quality research program for characterization towards
better slagging potential prediction.
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Mr K Ravishankar and Mr S Thiagarajan of Engineering / Fossil
Boiler from BHEL Tiruchirappalli, India for providing support and necessary facilities for the
preparation of the paper.
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