The document provides an outline for a manual on writing a Ph.D. dissertation. It discusses introducing the dissertation, how to write and organize it, dissertation style, and good habits for writing a dissertation. Key sections include outlining the dissertation process and milestones, differences between papers/theses, common dissertation skeleton structures, principles for organizing sections, and tips for writing early and getting feedback.
Writing the results section for scientific publicationAshok Pandey
To introduce participants to the details of communication and writing scientific papers.
To guide researchers in the writing of scientific paper to increase its acceptability for publication in a journal; and
To upgrade the pre-existing knowledge of writing skills in a scientific manner.
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research.
A comprehensive guide on the art of writing the discussion section of a dissertation, manuscript, thesis or scientific paper. writing out the interpretation and description of scientific findings in light of what was already known, in a simple, authoritative and persuasive manner.
How to review a journal paper and prepare oral presentationSeppo Karrila
The slides are for an about 2-hour lecture to students who each have to review one scientific journal article.
There are guidelines on key content, as well as planning, preparing, and delivering an oral presentation.
This should be useful to any student preparing for an oral presentation with slides.
Original research articles constitute a major portion of academic journal publishing. These slides will help you with four important steps to of writing an original research article: choosing a research question, doing a literature search, structuring a manuscript, and formatting a research paper.
How to write a scientific paper for publicationAnisur Rahman
I am Dr Md Anisur Rahman Anjum passed MBBS from Dhaka Medical College in 1987. Diploma in Ophthalmology (DO) from the then IPGM&R (now it is Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University BSMMU) in 1993. Felllowship in Ophthalmology FCPS from Bangladesh College of Physician and surgeon in 1997. Now I am working as associate professor in General Ophthalmology in National Institute of Ophthalmology Dhaka Bangladesh which is the tertiary centre in eye care in Bangladesh.
When I was secretary of Bangladesh Academy in 2011-2012. During my tenure I had pulblished four academic journal. The ISSN of the journal is 1818-9423. I have seen that the format of original article was not maintained. though there was "GENERAL INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS" but many of the author did not follow that guideline. From that time I am trying to build up "HOW TO WRITE THE SCIENTIFIC MANUSCRIPT" among my students, colleague and senior fellows. and do two workshop about this topic.
I am hopeful if any of you write a scientific manuscript according to this format with correct statistics power and language it will be no longer rejected.
Writing the results section for scientific publicationAshok Pandey
To introduce participants to the details of communication and writing scientific papers.
To guide researchers in the writing of scientific paper to increase its acceptability for publication in a journal; and
To upgrade the pre-existing knowledge of writing skills in a scientific manner.
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research.
A comprehensive guide on the art of writing the discussion section of a dissertation, manuscript, thesis or scientific paper. writing out the interpretation and description of scientific findings in light of what was already known, in a simple, authoritative and persuasive manner.
How to review a journal paper and prepare oral presentationSeppo Karrila
The slides are for an about 2-hour lecture to students who each have to review one scientific journal article.
There are guidelines on key content, as well as planning, preparing, and delivering an oral presentation.
This should be useful to any student preparing for an oral presentation with slides.
Original research articles constitute a major portion of academic journal publishing. These slides will help you with four important steps to of writing an original research article: choosing a research question, doing a literature search, structuring a manuscript, and formatting a research paper.
How to write a scientific paper for publicationAnisur Rahman
I am Dr Md Anisur Rahman Anjum passed MBBS from Dhaka Medical College in 1987. Diploma in Ophthalmology (DO) from the then IPGM&R (now it is Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University BSMMU) in 1993. Felllowship in Ophthalmology FCPS from Bangladesh College of Physician and surgeon in 1997. Now I am working as associate professor in General Ophthalmology in National Institute of Ophthalmology Dhaka Bangladesh which is the tertiary centre in eye care in Bangladesh.
When I was secretary of Bangladesh Academy in 2011-2012. During my tenure I had pulblished four academic journal. The ISSN of the journal is 1818-9423. I have seen that the format of original article was not maintained. though there was "GENERAL INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS" but many of the author did not follow that guideline. From that time I am trying to build up "HOW TO WRITE THE SCIENTIFIC MANUSCRIPT" among my students, colleague and senior fellows. and do two workshop about this topic.
I am hopeful if any of you write a scientific manuscript according to this format with correct statistics power and language it will be no longer rejected.
How to write a Research Paper1. Discussion (How to write a Resea.docxpooleavelina
How to write a Research Paper
1. Discussion (How to write a Research Paper) begins during Residency 10/12 – 10/14
2. Research Paper + Assignment Paper #2 Due 10/21/2018
Research papers are intended to demonstrate a student’s academic knowledge of a subject. When studying at higher levels of school and throughout college, you will likely be asked to prepare research papers. A research paper can be used for exploring and identifying scientific, technical and social issues. If it's your first time writing a research paper, it may seem daunting, but with good organization and focus of mind, you can make the process easier on yourself. Writing a research paper involves four main stages: choosing a topic, researching your topic, making an outline, and doing the actual writing. The paper won't write itself, but by planning and preparing well, the writing practically falls into place. Also, try to avoid plagiarism.
· Abstract - An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
· Background of the Problem - Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to the existing literature. The background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, appropriate context of the problem in relation to theory, research, and/or practice, its scope, and the extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts to address.
· Problem Statement - A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issue(s) that need(s) to be addressed by a problem-solving team. It is used to center and focus the team at the beginning, keep the team on track during the effort, and is used to validate that the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem statement
· Purpose Statement - A purpose statement is a declarative sentence which summarizes the specific topic and goals of a document. It is typically included in the introduction to give the reader an accurate, concrete understanding what the document will cover and what he/she can gain from reading it. To be effective, a statement of purpose should be:
· Nature of the Study - In modern science, all findings are usually required by the research community to be backed up by sound statistical evidence. The target audience... The nature of a study in social sciences research may refer to the statistical design of the study
· Research Question - A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting
· Interview Questions
· Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations –
· Limitations are influences that the researcher cannot con ...
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[RIIT 2017] Identifying Grey Sheep Users By The Distribution of User Similari...YONG ZHENG
Yong Zheng, Mayur Agnani, Mili Singh. “Identifying Grey Sheep Users By The Distribution of User Similarities In Collaborative Filtering”. Proceedings of The 6th ACM Conference on Research in Information Technology (RIIT), Rochester, NY, USA, October, 2017
[RecSys 2014] Deviation-Based and Similarity-Based Contextual SLIM Recommenda...YONG ZHENG
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Context-aware recommender systems (CARS) help improve the effectiveness of recommendations by adapting to users' preferences in different contextual situations. One approach to CARS that has been shown to be particularly effective is Context-Aware Matrix Factorization (CAMF). CAMF incorporates contextual dependencies into the standard matrix factorization (MF) process, where users and items are represented as collections of weights over various latent factors. In this paper, we introduce another CARS approach based on an extension of matrix factorization, namely, the Sparse Linear Method (SLIM). We develop a family of deviation-based contextual SLIM (CSLIM) recommendation algorithms by learning rating deviations in different contextual conditions. Our CSLIM approach is better at explaining the underlying reasons behind contextual recommendations, and our experimental evaluations over five context-aware data sets demonstrate that these CSLIM algorithms outperform the state-of-the-art CARS algorithms in the top-$N$ recommendation task. We also discuss the criteria for selecting the appropriate CSLIM algorithm in advance based on the underlying characteristics of the data.
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Context-aware recommender systems (CARS) are extensions of traditional recommenders that also take into account contextual condition of a user to whom a recommendation is made. The recommendation problem is, however, still focused on recommending a set of items to a target user. In this paper, we consider the problem of recommending to a user the appropriate contexts in which an item should be selected. We believe that context recommenders can be used as another set of tools to assist users' decision making. We formulate the context recommendation problem and discuss the motivation behind and possible applications of the concept. We identify two general classes of algorithms to solve this problem: direct context prediction and indirect context recommendation. Furthermore, we present and evaluate several direct context prediction algorithms based on multi-label classification (MLC). Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed approaches outperform the baseline methods, and also that personalization is required to enhance the effectiveness of context recommenders.
[Decisions2013@RecSys]The Role of Emotions in Context-aware RecommendationYONG ZHENG
Context-aware recommender systems try to adapt to users' preferences across different contexts and have been proven to provide better predictive performance in a number of domains. Emotion is one of the most popular contextual variables, but few researchers have explored how emotions take effect in recommendations -- especially the usage of the emotional variables other than the effectiveness alone. In this paper, we explore the role of emotions in context-aware recommendation algorithms. More specifically, we evaluate two types of popular context-aware recommendation algorithms -- context-aware splitting approaches and differential context modeling. We examine predictive performance, and also explore the usage of emotions to discover how emotional features interact with those context-aware recommendation algorithms in the recommendation process.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. A Manual for Ph.D Dissertation
Yong Zheng
DePaul University
May 17, 2011
1
2. Outline
1. Introduce Dissertation
2. How to Write & Organize Dissertation
3. Dissertation Style
4. More About Dissertation
5. Good habits for Dissertation
2
3. 1. Introduce Dissertation
In view of the process and milestones:
Course Credits Ph.D. Degree
Directed Research Further Research
Ph.D. Exams Graduation
Proposal Defense Dissertation Defense
General Research Career
3
4. 1. Introduce Dissertation
In view of the purpose and significance:
To fulfill the promises in your dissertation proposals;
To clearly document an original, substantial, innovative
contributions to knowledge;
4
5. 1. Introduce Dissertation
In view of the differences among papers and Master thesis:
Paper Proposal MS Thesis/Dissertation
Length/Time Short/Depends Short/Depends Longer/Longer
Examiner Reviewer Proposal Thesis Committee
Committee
Audience Researchers, Experts Proposal Thesis Committee
Interested People Committee Generalist
Focuses Specific problem Academic Systematized problems
Purpose Quick publication; Recognition General and Thorough
Academic communication & Supports Cover specific & trivial aspects
Significance Targeted on specific A plan/direction MS Thesis: incremental improvement
Contribution smaller problems; for further Ph.D. Thesis: More difficult problems;
research Original, Substantial, Innovative
Contributions to prior knowledge
Hypothesis (Problem+Solution) + Convincing Evidence + Organized Literature 5
6. 2. How to Write Dissertation
1st Question: When to start writing Ph.D. thesis?
Start as early as possible, do not wait you are fully ready.
Write early, write often, writing is thinking!
Assumption: successfully defend the proposal;
At least start with an outline or skeleton;
Do not have to start from the 1st section to the end;
Start taking notes of problems, goals, brief descriptions,
experimental designs and expected outcomes;
The theories, algorithms or experiments, as well as the thesis
may require numerous revisions to cover weaknesses/errors;
Set deadline/due dates for each stages!! 6
7. 2. How to Write Dissertation
Common Skeleton (formal structure depends on Universities):
Abstract
Introduction
Background and Literature Review
Research Questions/Problem Statement
Solutions, Methodologies and Experiments
Evaluations and Discussions
Conclusions
References
Appendices
Others: Table of Contents, Acknowledgements, etc 7
8. 2. How to Write Dissertation
Principles of Thesis Organizations:
Take the readers’ views/focuses into account;
Logically Clear, Sound, Thorough, Reasonable;
Be honest and justified;
Highlight the novel ideas and main contributions;
For each section, ask yourself relevant questions to
validate whether your writings have meet the
requirements of each section
Basic Routine: Goal->Writing->Question
8
9. 2. How to Write Dissertation
1). Abstract
General introduction of the background
Briefly introduce the problem you want to address
Summary of your solution and methodologies
State a bird view of your results/conclusions
Highlight your novel ideas and main contributions
Is it concise? Is it clear and easy to learn the background
and the targeted problem?
Did you clearly indicate your solutions, conclusions and
highlight your contributions?
9
10. 2. How to Write Dissertation
2). Introductions
General introduction to what the thesis is about
Summarize the research questions/problems
Indicate why this is a worthwhile problem
Give an overview of your solution, experiment and main
results/conclusions
Can general readers easily understand the introduction?
Did you explain some terms to avoid readers’ confusion?
Did you briefly introduce your solutions and contributions?
Did you highlight the novelty?
10
11. 2. How to Write Dissertation
3). Background and Literature Review
Give the background to let the readers know and
understand your topic & the knowledge of this area
The state of the art; related work, existing research
Organize these by logical and reasonable ideas, not
simply by time/author, etc
Is the background clear enough?
Is the literature review well organized?
Is the literature review thorough enough?
11
12. 2. How to Write Dissertation
4). Research Questions/Problem Statements
Concise statement about the problems you want to address
Justified, the problem should be unanswered/not well solved
based on the previous literature review
Thoroughly discuss why it is worthwhile to solve this problem
Will readers be convinced to agree with your view on the
problems, about the originality, novelty and applicability?
Did you refer to some literature references to convince your
points?
12
13. 2. How to Write Dissertation
5). Solutions, Methodologies and Experiments
Main purpose: to convince the examiners that you have answered
the question or solved the problem by your own solutions
It may require several sections to thoroughly explain the solutions,
experiments and evaluations; here I simply split them into two.
Show prior & current methodologies/work to your solution
If there were blind alleys or dead ends, do not include them unless
they can be used to serve that you have solved the problem
Can readers clearly understand your solutions?
Did all these parts have a logical basis and convinces?
Did you mention the experimental conditions and limitations? 13
14. 2. How to Write Dissertation
6). Evaluations and Discussions
Analyze your experimental results and evaluate your
assumptions/performance of solutions
Focus on the positive contributions of the results, also explain
the negative results
Reasonably discuss the limitations of your solution, focus on the
scale of the applicability
Did you thoroughly evaluate the experimental results?
Did you thoroughly discuss the relevant issues, such as
limitations, flaws, etc?
14
15. 2. How to Write Dissertation
7). Conclusions
Conclusions: short concise statements about the results of work
you have done; must be directly relevant to the problem you
raised in this thesis; How you complete your promise?
Summary of contributions: whether your results can contribute
to the knowledge of your area; organize from most to least
important. Original? Novel? Thorough? Meaningful?
Future research: in order to let other researchers pick up relevant
work and follow your tracks. Feasible? Reasonable?
15
16. 2. How to Write Dissertation
8). References
Closely tied to the literature reviews in previous sections
Examiners usually scan this list looking for important works in
the field, which may be considered as a preliminary assessment
If your examiners are one of the experts in your topic, it may be
necessary for you to read their relevant papers and put some into
the references
Do not just list them, make sure you have referred them in the
main body!
Organize them either alphabetically by author surname or order
of citation in your thesis 16
17. 2. How to Write Dissertation
9). Appendices
This part may include materials impede the smooth development
of your thesis but can contribute to justify the results of the
thesis.
For example: program listings, huge tables of data,
mathematical proofs or derivations
17
18. 3. Dissertation Style
The formal structure/format depends on the University;
Be logically clear, sound, reasonable as academic literature style;
Latex tool is recommended for writing; Grammar & logic written;
Keep the figures and tables clear enough and well organized;
Check spells, as well as missing chapter or figure references;
Avoid simply use “obviously/clearly”, etc;
Avoid simply use “XX is the most important …”;
Avoid personal moral judgements and self-assessment;
More: How to Write A Dissertation or Bedtime Reading for
People Who Do not Have Time To Sleep
18
19. 4. More about Dissertation
Results of your dissertation defense:
Pass, Fail, Major Revision, Small Revision, etc
Evaluate your thesis by yourself:
Did you clearly and reasonably describe all?
Did you logically demonstrate your solution?
Were all questions well answered?
Is there a significant contribution to previous knowledge?
Ethical Issues: Original, Honest, Justified
Thorough literature review
Keep original, honest & justified about ideas & evidences
Take references seriously (literature, figure, table, etc) 19
20. 5. Good Habits/Tips
Write early, write often, do not wait all things to be ready;
Grow your Ph.D. thesis from previous research;
Keep notes about your ideas daily;
Keep the reader’s backgrounds and views in mind;
Predict examiners’ questions and answer them in thesis;
Keep asking yourself questions about the thesis;
Get feedbacks from others, especially advisors & committees;
Submit early to committees in order to get feedbacks early;
20