Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Most proposals should contain at least these elements:
Title Page
-1st Step : Introduction
-2nd Step : Review of Related Literature
-3rd Step : Research Design
-4th Step : Data Analysis & Expected Findings
-5th Step : Reference list or bibliography
-6th Step : Budget & Expected Schedule
Scientific Writing should be fun. It is not for only science students but also for all the person who are associated with education or literature or any type of writing. For students also it is useful for paper writing. Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta
Research Objective
Research is an organized investigation of a problem in which there is an attempt to gain solution to a problem.
To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are very important.
Clearly defined objectives enlighten the way in which the researcher has to proceed.
What is Research Objective?
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables.
Generally research objective focus on the ways to measure the variables , such as to identify or describe them.
Sometime objectives are directed towards identifying the relationship or difference between two variables.
Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e. what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study.
The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.
Objective should be closely related to the statement of the problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research objectives is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Time-bound.
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal & Measurable.
Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe &with the available resources.
The objective or research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study.
The research objectives are the specific accomplishment the researchers hopes to achieve by the study
The objective include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
Why need Research Objectives?
The formulation of research objectives will help researcher to:
With clearly defined objectives, the researchers can focus on the study.
Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding & solving problem that he or she has defined.
The formulation of objectives organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of research methodology & will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation, &utilization of data.
Types of Research Objectives
General Objective
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
The general objectives of the study state what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
General objectives are usually less in number.
This includes:
1. Definition of abstract
2. Uses of importance of abstracts
3. Reasons for writing abstracts
4. Parts or sections of an abstract
5. Types of abstracts
6. Tips on how to write abstracts
7. Qualities of a good abstract
Howdy! Take a look at this great presentation and find some useful tips on writing research proposal. For more information visit https://www.writingaresearchproposal.com/
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Most proposals should contain at least these elements:
Title Page
-1st Step : Introduction
-2nd Step : Review of Related Literature
-3rd Step : Research Design
-4th Step : Data Analysis & Expected Findings
-5th Step : Reference list or bibliography
-6th Step : Budget & Expected Schedule
Scientific Writing should be fun. It is not for only science students but also for all the person who are associated with education or literature or any type of writing. For students also it is useful for paper writing. Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta
Research Objective
Research is an organized investigation of a problem in which there is an attempt to gain solution to a problem.
To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are very important.
Clearly defined objectives enlighten the way in which the researcher has to proceed.
What is Research Objective?
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables.
Generally research objective focus on the ways to measure the variables , such as to identify or describe them.
Sometime objectives are directed towards identifying the relationship or difference between two variables.
Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e. what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study.
The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.
Objective should be closely related to the statement of the problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research objectives is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Time-bound.
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal & Measurable.
Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe &with the available resources.
The objective or research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study.
The research objectives are the specific accomplishment the researchers hopes to achieve by the study
The objective include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
Why need Research Objectives?
The formulation of research objectives will help researcher to:
With clearly defined objectives, the researchers can focus on the study.
Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding & solving problem that he or she has defined.
The formulation of objectives organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of research methodology & will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation, &utilization of data.
Types of Research Objectives
General Objective
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
The general objectives of the study state what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
General objectives are usually less in number.
This includes:
1. Definition of abstract
2. Uses of importance of abstracts
3. Reasons for writing abstracts
4. Parts or sections of an abstract
5. Types of abstracts
6. Tips on how to write abstracts
7. Qualities of a good abstract
Howdy! Take a look at this great presentation and find some useful tips on writing research proposal. For more information visit https://www.writingaresearchproposal.com/
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
<a href="https://myassignmentdeck.com/dissertation-writing-services/">Dissertation Writing</a> is an academic task that university students must complete at the end of their degrees program. It holds immense importance in students' educational life as their degree completion depends on it. In this article, you will get insight into how to write a dissertation to make it perfect for gaining excellent grades. To create a perfect dissertation, a writer should follow some steps that include selecting the topic, <a href="https://myassignmentdeck.com/research-paper-writing-services/">Research Proposal</a> of the topic, plan of the dissertation, structure of the dissertation, taking notes, drafting, and final drafting.
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If I make any mistake, please forgive. I just collect information from different resource and online courses. Combine it together and make a checklist.
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This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
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UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
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f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
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An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
3. • A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of
candidature for an academic degree or professional
qualification presenting the author's research and findings.
• Thesis is the document describing the Project Work carried
out as a part of partial fulfillment of academic requirement to
get a degree.
• It describes the complete process of the project starting from
the problem formulation to the solution and conclusions in a
Scientific and Methodical manner.
• Simple equation for thesis:
• Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
• What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis
4.
5. What is the significance of Thesis ?
While carrying out the project, the delegates get an opportunity
to work on technical problem and bring out the solution by
following scientific and technical methods.
During this phase the delegates put all their learning and apply
the theoretical knowledge and analytical skills gained during
the course to derive the solutions. It involves a systematic
approach to document the proceedings of the project and gives
a thorough training for the candidate to re-look at the
presentation skills.
It is a proud document a student can produce to prove his/her
capability to analyse and solve an engineering problem.
Thesis are often considered to be the testimonials for the
candidates who aspire for a good job or higher education.
5
6. Difference between thesis and dissertation
the word "thesis" or a cognate is used for part of a
bachelor's or master's course, while "dissertation" is
normally applied to a doctorate.
The words “thesis” and “dissertation” are often used
interchangeably, leading to some confusion in academia
about what each individual word actually means.
The main similarity between the dissertation and the thesis
is the structure. Both have an introduction, literary review,
main body, conclusion, bibliography and appendix. But
that is the extent in which they are similar.
7. Difference between thesis and dissertation
Generally a thesis is for the masters degree and a dissertation leads to a
doctoral degree. Those pursuing a masters degree must perform research
on a specific subject that demonstrates their knowledge acquired
through their program. Seeking a PhD is different in that your
dissertation must contribute something completely new and
undiscovered to your field.
A masters degree thesis is more closely related to a research paper that
you would have completed during college. You are expected only to use
the research of others and provide your own analysis on your
discoveries. It demonstrates your level of critical and analytical thinking
and defines the subject that you are most interested in pursuing within
your field. With a dissertation, you are expected to use the research of
others only to guide you in your own research to come up with a
completely new hypothesis.
Another way in which the thesis and dissertation differ are in length. A
masters degree thesis is typically over 100 pages while the dissertation is
usually at least double and sometimes triple the length of a thesis.
8. Thesis structure
Title
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Appendices
9. Title Page
Title (including subtitle), author, institution, department,
date of delivery, research mentor(s) and advisor, their
instututions and email adresses.
10. Abstract
• A good abstract explains in one line why the paper is
important. It then goes on to give a summary of your major
results, preferably couched in numbers with error limits. The
final sentences explain the major implications of your work. A
good abstract is concise, readable, and quantitative.
• Length approx. 400 words.
• Absrtracts generally do not have citations.
• Use numbers where appropriate.
• Answers to these questions should be found in
the abstract:
1. What did you do?
2. Why did you do it? What question were
you trying to answer?
3. How did you do it? State methods.
4. What did you learn? State major results.
11. Table of Contents
• list all headings and subheadings with page
numbers
• indent subheadings
• it will look something like this:
Page #
List of Figures xxx
List of Tables
Introduction
subheads ...?
Methods
subheads ...?
Results
subheads ...?
Discussion
subheads ...?
Conclusion
Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Appendices
12. List of Figures
List page numbers of all figures.
The list should include a short title for each figure but
not the whole caption.
List of Tables
List page numbers of all tables.
The list should include a short title for each table but
not the whole caption
13. Introduction You can't write a good introduction until you know what the body of the paper says.
Consider writing the introductory section(s) after you have completed the rest of the
paper, rather than before.
Be sure to include a hook at the beginning of the introduction. This is a statement of
something sufficiently interesting to motivate your reader to read the rest of the paper, it
is an important/interesting scientific problem that your paper either solves or addresses.
You should draw the reader in and make them want to read the rest of the paper.
The next paragraphs in the introduction should cite previous research in this area.
What else belongs in the introductory section(s) of your paper?
1. A statement of the goal of the paper: why the study was undertaken, or why the
paper was written. Do not repeat the abstract.
2. Sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand the context
and significance of the question you are trying to address.
3. Proper acknowledgement of the previous work on which you are building.
Sufficient references such that a reader could, by going to the library, achieve a
sophisticated understanding of the context and significance of the question.
4. The introduction should be focused on the thesis question(s). All cited work
should be directly relevent to the goals of the thesis. This is not a place to summarize
everything you have ever read on a subject.
5. Explain the scope of your work, what will and will not be included.
6. A verbal "road map" or verbal "table of contents" guiding the reader to what lies
ahead.
14. Methods What belongs in the "methods" section:
1. Information to allow the reader to believe in your results.
2. Information needed by another researcher .
3. Description of your materials, procedure, theory.
4. Limitations, assumptions, and range of validity.
5. Desciption of your analystical methods, including reference to
any specialized statistical software.
The methods section should answering the following questions.
1. Could one accurately replicate the study (for example, all of the
optional and adjustable parameters on any sensors or
instruments that were used to acquire the data)?
2. Is there enough information provided about any instruments
used so that a functionally equivalent instrument could be used to repeat
the experiment?
3. If the data are in the public domain, could another researcher lay
his or her hands on the identical data set?
4. Could another researcher approximately replicate the key
algorithms of any computer software?
Citations in this section should be limited to data sources and
references of where to find more complete descriptions of procedures.
15. Results
• The results are actual statements of observations,
including statistics, tables and graphs.
• Indicate information on range of variation.
• Mention negative results as well as positive.
• Lay out the case as for a jury. Present sufficient
details so that others can draw their own inferences
and construct their own explanations.
• Use S.I. units (m, s, kg, W, etc.) throughout the
thesis.
• Break up your results into logical segments by using
subheadings
• Key results should be stated in clear sentences at
the beginning of paragraphs.
16. Discussion
The discussion section should be a brief essay in itself, answering the
following questions.
1. What are the relationships, trends and generalizations
among the results?
2. Is there agreement or disagreement with previous work?
3. what is the relationship of the present results to the
original question?
4. What is the implication of the present results for other
unanswered questions in earth sciences, ecology,
environmental policy, etc....?
5. Multiple hypotheses: There are usually several possible
explanations for results..
6. What are the things we now know or understand that we
didn't know or understand before the present work?
7. What is the significance of the present results: why
should we care?
This section should be rich in references to similar work and
background needed to interpret results.
17. Conclusions
• What is the strongest and most important statement that
you can make from your observations?
• If you met the reader at a meeting six months from now,
what do you want them to remember about your paper?
Refer back to problem posed, and describe the
conclusions that you reached from carrying out this
investigation, summarize new observations, new
interpretations, and new insights that have resulted from
the present work.
Include the broader implications of your results.
• Do not repeat word for word the abstract, introduction
or discussion.
18. Recommendations
• Include when appropriate (most of the time)
• Remedial action to solve the problem.
• Further research to fill in gaps in our understanding.
• Directions for future investigations on this or
related topics
Acknowledgments
Advisor(s) and anyone who helped you:
1. technically (including materials, supplies)
2. intellectually (assistance, advice)
3. financially (for example, departmental support, travel
grants
19. References
• All references cited in the text must be listed.
• cite single-author references by the surname of the author
(followed by date of the publication in parenthesis)
o ... according to Hays (1994)
o ... population growth is one of the greatest environmental
concerns facing future generations (Hays, 1994).
• cite double-author references by the surnames of both
authors (followed by date of the publication in parenthesis)
o e.g. Simpson and Hays (1994)
• cite more than double-author references by the surname of
the first author followed by et al. and then the date of the
publication
o e.g. Pfirman, Simpson and Hays would be:
o Pfirman et al. (1994)
• do not use footnotes
20. Appendices
• Include all your data in the appendix.
• Reference data/materials not easily available (theses
are used as a resource by the department and other
students).
• Tables (where more than 1-2 pages).
• Calculations (where more than 1-2 pages).
• You may include a key article as appendix.
• If you consulted a large number of references but did
not cite all of them, you might want to include a list of
additional resource material, etc.
• List of equipment used for an experiment or details of
complicated procedures.