The 8086 microprocessor has an architecture that includes a Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and Execution Unit (EU). The BIU fetches instructions and data from memory and computes addresses, while the EU decodes and executes instructions using its 16-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The 8086 has fourteen 16-bit registers for data, addresses, status flags, and pointers that support its operations. It also has an instruction queue that allows the BIU to pre-fetch up to six bytes of upcoming instructions to improve performance.
The architecture of 8086 provides a number of improvements over 8085 architecture.
The complete architecture of 8086 can be divided into two parts.
(a) Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
(b) Execution Unit (EU)
8086 Microprocessor is an enhanced version of 8085 Microprocessor that was designed by Intel in 1976. It is a 16-bit Microprocessor having 20 address lines and 16 data lines that provides up to 1MB storage. In April 1978, intel introduced this microprocessor and it was officially released on June 8.
The architecture of 8086 provides a number of improvements over 8085 architecture.
The complete architecture of 8086 can be divided into two parts.
(a) Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
(b) Execution Unit (EU)
8086 Microprocessor is an enhanced version of 8085 Microprocessor that was designed by Intel in 1976. It is a 16-bit Microprocessor having 20 address lines and 16 data lines that provides up to 1MB storage. In April 1978, intel introduced this microprocessor and it was officially released on June 8.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
computer organizaton and architecture
topic- microprocessors, segment registers
this ppt gives brief discription about microprocessors topic in computer organization and architecture
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
3. • THE MICROPROCESSOR 8086 IS MADE OF HMOS: HIGH
PERFORMANCE METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR
TECHNOLOGY WITH AN IC CIRCUITRY EQUIVALENT TO
≈ 29000 TRANSISTORS.
• HOUSED IN A 40-PIN DUAL IN-LINE PACKAGE.
• 8086 IS A 16BIT PROCESSOR. IT’S ALU, INTERNAL
REGISTERS WORKS WITH 16BIT BINARY WORD.
• 8086 HAS A 16BIT DATA BUS. IT CAN READ OR WRITE
DATA TO A MEMORY/PORT EITHER 16BITS OR 8 BIT AT
A TIME.
• 8086 HAS A 20 BIT ADDRESS BUS WHICH MEANS, IT
CAN ADDRESS UP TO 220 = 1MB MEMORY LOCATION.
3
INTRODUCTION TO 8086
5. BUS INTERFACE UNIT (BIU)
• THE BIU FETCHES INSTRUCTIONS, READS AND
WRITES DATA, AND COMPUTES THE 20-BIT
ADDRESS.
• BIU HANDLES ALL THE DATA TRANSFERS AND
ADDRESSES ON THE BUSES FOR EU.
• EU EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE
INSTRUCTION SYSTEM BYTE QUEUE.
6. EXECUTION UNIT (EU)
• THE EU CONTAINS CONTROL CIRCUITRY, INSTRUCTION
DECODER, ALU, POINTER AND INDEX REGISTER, FLAG
REGISTER.
• EU TELLS THE BIU WHERE TO FETCH INSTRUCTIONS
AND DATA.
• THE EU DECODES AND EXECUTES THE INSTRUCTIONS
USING THE 16-BIT ALU.
• DECODER TRANSLATES INSTRUCTIONS INTO SERIES OF
ACTIONS WHICH EU CARRIES OUT.
• ALU CAN PERFORM ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL
OPERATIONS.
8. REGISTERS DESCRIPTION
• Registers
– Data registers
•Hold data for an operation to be performed
•There are 4 data registers (AX, BX, CX, DX)
– Address registers
•Hold the address of an instruction or data element
•Segment registers (CS, DS, ES, SS)
•Pointer registers (SP, BP, IP)
•Index registers (SI, DI)
– Status register (FLAG Register)
•Keeps the current status of the processor
• In total there are fourteen 16-bit registers in an
8086/8088
9. FLAG REGISTER
Carry flag
Parity flag
Auxiliary flag
Zero
Overflow
Direction
Interrupt enable
Trap
Sign
6 are status flags
3 are control flag
10. FLAG REGISTER
DESCRIPTION• SF (sign) Contains the resulting sign of an arithmetic operation
(1=negative)
• ZF (zero) Indicates when the result of arithmetic or a comparison
is zero. (1=yes)
• CF (Carry) Holds the carry out after addition or the borrow after
subtraction.
• AF (auxiliary carry) Contains carry out of bit 3 into bit 4 for
specialized arithmetic.
• PF (parity) Indicates the number of 1 bits that result from an
operation in accumulator.
• OF (overflow) Indicates overflow of the leftmost bit during
arithmetic operation.
• DF (direction) Indicates left or right for moving or comparing
string data if df=0 then then string proceed from lower address
to high otherwise high add. To low add..
.
11. 11
• TF (TRAP) PERMITS OPERATION OF A PROCESSOR IN
SINGLE-STEP MODE. IF SUCH A FLAG IS
AVAILABLE, DEBUGGERS CAN USE IT TO STEP THROUGH
THE EXECUTION OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM.
• IF (INTERRUPT) DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT
THE CPU WILL HANDLE MASKABLE HARDWARE INTERRUPTS.
12. POINTER AND INDEX
REGISTERS
• IP: INSTRUCTION POINTER
• POINTS TO NEXT INSTRUCTION IN CODE MEMORY.IT
CALCULATE THE 20 BIT PHYSICAL ADDRESS.
• SP: STACK POINTER
• POINTS TO PROGRAM STACK.IT CONTAINS 16 BIT
OFFSET FROM START OF STACK SEGMENT.
• BP: BASE POINTER
• PRIMARILY USED TO ACCESS DATA ON THE STACK
• CAN BE USED TO ACCESS DATA IN OTHER SEGMENTS
12
13. • SI & DI: SOURCE AND DESTINATION INDEX REGISTER
IT IS REQUIRED FOR STRING OPERATIONS. WHEN
STRING OPERATIONS ARE PERFORMED, THE SI & DI
REGISTER POINTS TO MEMORY LOCATIONS IN THE DATA
SEGMENT WHICH IS ADDRESSED BY THE DS REGISTER.
13
14. ALU
ALU STANDS FOR ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT. IT
PERFORMS,
1. MATH OPERATION LIKE 8 OR 16 BIT ADDITION,
SUBTRACTION, DATA CONVERSION,
2. LOGICAL OPERATION LIKE NOT, OR, XOR, AND,
ETC.
3. INCREMENT ,DECREMENT, AND SHIFT
OPERATIONS.
14
15. INSTRUCTION QUEUE IN
8086
• 8086 PROVIDES QUEUING FACILITY WHERE BIU
FETCHES THE SIX INSTRUCTION BYTE FROM
MEMORY WHILE CURRENT INSTRUCTION IS BEING
EXECUTED. IT SPEED UP THE PROGRAM
EXECUTION.
• IT WORKS ON FIRST IN FIRST OUT (FIFO)
FASHION.
• THE SIZE OF QUEUE FOR 8086 IS 6 BYTES.
• BIU FETCHES THE INSTRUCTION CODE FROM
MEMORY AND STORES IN QUEUE, EU FETCHES
15
