this is the brief description of the 8085 microprocessor. in this ppt, I described the key features of 8085, architecture, pin diagram, interfacing, timing diagram, some program, etc. I have also discussed the memory interfacing of 8085 microprocessor.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
this is the brief description of the 8085 microprocessor. in this ppt, I described the key features of 8085, architecture, pin diagram, interfacing, timing diagram, some program, etc. I have also discussed the memory interfacing of 8085 microprocessor.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
all about architecture and memory interfacing. This is the most important lecture for microprocessor.
In computer science you must known about this lecture.
Computer system architecture (microprocessor 8085) unit 4Anjaan Gajendra
Microprocessor: Organization of 8085 microprocessor, Instruction set of 8085, Mnemonics and operation codes
of data transfer group, Arithmetic group, Logic group, Branches group and stack, I/O and Machine control group,
Assembly language, Assembler, Simple programs in assembly language.
1. 8-Bit Microprocessor:
The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor, which means it can process data in 8-bit chunks at a time. This restricts the processor to working with values from 0 to 255.
2. Architecture:
The 8085 microprocessor has a simple architecture consisting of various registers, a control unit, and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
It has 74 instructions and 246 opcodes.
3. Registers:
Accumulator (A): Used for performing arithmetic and logic operations.
General-Purpose Registers (B, C, D, E, H, L): Used for various data manipulation tasks.
Stack Pointer (SP): Used to manage the stack.
Program Counter (PC): Keeps track of the address of the next instruction to be executed.
4. Memory:
The 8085 microprocessor can address up to 64KB of memory, which includes RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory).
Memory is organized into 16-bit addresses.
5. Data and Address Bus:
The 8085 has an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit address bus, allowing it to communicate with external memory and peripheral devices.7. Instruction Set:
The 8085 uses a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture with a relatively small instruction set. Instructions are categorized into data transfer, arithmetic and logical operations, control flow, and input/output operations.
8. Addressing Modes:
The 8085 supports various addressing modes, such as direct addressing, immediate addressing, register indirect addressing, and more, allowing for flexible data manipulation.
9. Interrupts:
The 8085 microprocessor features five interrupt lines, which are used for handling external interrupts. It supports both maskable and non-maskable interrupts.
10. Flags:7. Instruction Set:
The 8085 uses a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture with a relatively small instruction set. Instructions are categorized into data transfer, arithmetic and logical operations, control flow, and input/output operations.
8. Addressing Modes:
The 8085 supports various addressing modes, such as direct addressing, immediate addressing, register indirect addressing, and more, allowing for flexible data manipulation.
9. Interrupts:
The 8085 microprocessor features five interrupt lines, which are used for handling external interrupts. It supports both maskable and non-maskable interrupts.
10. Flags:7. Instruction Set:
The 8085 uses a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture with a relatively small instruction set. Instructions are categorized into data transfer, arithmetic and logical operations, control flow, and input/output operations.
8. Addressing Modes:
The 8085 supports various addressing modes, such as direct addressing, immediate addressing, register indirect addressing, and more, allowing for flexible data manipulation.
9. Interrupts:
The 8085 microprocessor features five interrupt lines, which are used for handling external interrupts. It supports both maskable and non-maskable interrupts.
10. Flags:7. Instruction Set:
The 8085 uses a Reduced Instruction
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8085 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE AND ITS OPERATIONS
1. MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE AND
ITS OPERATIONS
By
Mrs.B.RAMA PRABHA,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE,
K.C.S.KASI NADAR COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE
2. What is a Microprocessor?
A microprocessor is nothing but the Central
Processing Unit of a computer that has been
constructed on a single chip.
It is an integrated circuit and is able to implement
all the important functions of the CPU. It is built
on a silicon chip and is a clock-driven.
The device is register-based.
It accepts binary data and produces the necessary
output after processing the data on the basis of
the instructions which are stored in the memory.
4. MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
8085 architecture consists of following
blocks:
1. Register Array
2. ALU & Logical Group
3. Instruction decoder &encoder,
4. Interrupt control Group
5. Serial I/O control Group
6. Timing and control circuitry
5. REGISTER ARRAY
It has eight addressable 8-bit registers : A, B, C, D,
E, H, L, F, and two 16-bit registers PC and SP.
These registers can be classified as:
General Purpose Registers
Temporary Registers :
Temporary data register
W and Z registers
Special Purpose Registers :
Accumulator
Flag registers
Instruction register
Sixteen bit Registers :
Program Counter (PC)
Stack Pointer (SP)
6. General purpose register
There are 6 general purpose registers in
8085 processor,
i.e. B, C, D, E, H & L. Each register
can hold 8-bit data.
These registers can work in pair to hold
16-bit data and their pairing
combination is like B-C, D-E & H-L.
Register Array
6
7. Temporary Register:
It is an 8-bit register associated
with the ALU. It holds data during
an arithmetic/logical operation.
It is used by the microprocessor.
It is not accessible to
programmer.
Register Array
7
8. Special Purpose Register:
Accumulator (A):
The accumulator is an 8-bit register
associated with the ALU.
The register 'A' is an accumulator in
the 8085.
It is used to hold one of the
operands of an arithmetic and
logical operation.
The final result of an arithmetic
or logical operation is also placed
in the accumulator.
Register Array
8
9. Special Purpose Register:
Instruction Register:
The instruction register holds the
opcode (operation code or instruction
code) of the instruction which is being
decoded and executed.
9
10. Special Purpose Register:
Flags Register:
The Intel 8085 microprocessor contains
five flip-flops to serve as a status flags.
The flip-flops are reset or set according to
the conditions which arise during an
arithmetic or logical operation.
The five status flags of Intel 8085 are:
Carry Flag (CS)
Parity Flag (P)
Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC)
Zero Flag(Z)
Sign Flag(S)
10
11. 16 bit Register:
Program Counter (PC):
It is a 16-bit special purpose register.
It is used to hold the address of memory of
the next instruction to be executed.
It keeps the track of the instruction in a
program while they are being executed.
The microprocessor increments the content
of the next program counter during the
execution of an instruction
11
12. 16 bit Register:
Stack Pointer (SP):
It is a 16-bit special function register used as
memory pointer.
A stack is nothing but a portion of RAM.
In the stack, the contents of only those registers
are saved, which are needed in the later part of the
program.
12
13. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit:
ALU performs the arithmetic and logical operations.
The result of an operation is stored in Accumalator
Instruction decoder and machine cycle encoder:
Decodes the op-code stored in the Instruction Register (IR) and establishes the sequence of events to
follow.
Encodes it and transfer to the timing & control unit to perform the execution of the instruction.
Timing and control circuitry
works as the brain of the CPU
For proper sequence and synchronization of all the operations of MP, this unit generates all the
timing and control signals necessary for communication between microprocessor and peripherals.
13
14. Interrupt Control group
Interrupt:- Occurrence of an external disturbance
After servicing the interrupt, 8085 resumes its normal working sequence
Transfer the control to special routines
Five interrupts: - TRAP, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5, INTR
In response to INTR, it generates INTA signal
Serial I/O control Group
Data transferred on D0- D7 lines is parallel data
But under some condition it is used serial data transfer
Serial data is entered through SID(serial input data) input (received)
Serial data is outputted on SOD(serial output data) input (send)
14
15. MICRO PROCESSOR OPERATIONS
The internal Logic design of the microprocessor called its architecture, determine how
and what various operations are performed by the microprocessor.
The microprocessor is programmable logic device deigned with register ,flip-flop and
timing elements.
All functions in microprocessor can be classified in three categories:
1. Microprocessor Initiated operations
2. Internal data operations
3. Peripheral (or externally initiated) operations
15
16. Microprocessor Initiated Operations
Primarily microprocessor performs four operations:-
a) Memory read (Reads data from memory).
b) Memory writes (Write data into memory).
c) I/O read (Accept data to output device).
d) I/O writes (Sends data to output device).
17. Microprocessor Initiated Operations:-
Microprocessor performed these functions
using sets of buses:
Address Bus
Data Bus
Control Bus
The microprocessor needs to perform
the following steps:
1. Identify the peripheral.
2. Transfer data.
3. Provide timing or synchronization
signals
17
18. Bus Structure in 8085
Address bus:
Microprocessor has 16 bit address bus.
The bus over which the CPU sends out the
address of the memory location is known
as Address bus.
The address bus is unidirectional.
Data bus:
8085 Microprocessor has 8 bit data bus. So
it can be used to carry the 8 bit data .
It is bidirectional.
Control bus :
The control bus is used for sending control
signals to the memory and I/O devices. 18
19. 19
To communication with a memory,
for example to read instruction from
memory location:-
1. Mp placed 16-bit address on address bus.
2. The address on the bus is decoded by an external logic
circuit.
3. The memory location is identified.
4. The Mp sends a pulse called memory read as control
signal.
5. The pulse activates the memory chip.
6. The contents of the memory location (8-bit data) are
placed on the data bus as in fig. (2).
20.
21. 2- Internal Data Operations:-
The internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor determines how and what operation can be
performed with the data.
These operations are:-
1. Store 8-bit data.
2. Performed arithmetic and logical operations.
3. Test for conditions.
4. Sequence the execution of instructions.
5. Store data temporarily during execution in the defined R/W memory locations
called the stack.
22. Internal Data Operations:-
To perform these operations the Microprocessor requires:-
a) Registers.
b) An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) & control logic.
c) Internal buses (paths for information flow).
22
23. Peripheral or Externally Initiated Operations:-
External devices (or signals) can initiate the following operation for which individual pins on Microprocessor chip are
assigned: Reset, Interrupt, Ready, Hold.
A) Reset: when reset is activated all internal operations are suspended and the program counter is cleared.
B) Interrupt: the Microprocessor can be interrupted from normal execution and asked to execute other instructions called
"service routine" (emergency), Microprocessor resumes its operation after that.
C) Ready: 8085 has pin called ready, if the signal is low Microprocessor enters into wait state, this signal used to
synchronized slower peripherals with Microprocessor.
D) Hold: when hold pin activated by external signal Microprocessor relinquishes control buses and allows the external
peripheral to use the. For example: Hold signal is used in direct memory access data transfer.
23