Medicinal properties of plant terminalia bellerica(barro) which have
contain different chemical constituent and having differnt biological activity like Analgesic activity,Anti diarrhoeal activity, Antioxidant activity, Antihypertensive effect, Anti salmonella activity, Anti- Spasmodic and, Bronchodilatory properties, Anti-micobial activity, Antimicrobial and Toxicity studies, Wound healing activity
medicinal properties of Terminallia chebula(harro) with its habit and habbitat,microscopic character, macroscopic character and plant have pharmacological properties like antioxidant,anticancer, cardioprotective activity,antidaibetic,antibactarial,antifungal,antiviral and anti-infammatrory properties.
The term “medicinal plant” include various types of plants used in herbalism ("herbology" or "herbal medicine"). It is the use of plants for medicinal purposes, and the study of such uses.
The word “herb” has been derived from the Latin word, “herba” and an old French word “herbe”. Now a days, herb refers to any part of the plant like fruit, seed, stem, bark, flower, leaf, stigma or a root, as well as a non-woody plant. Earlier, the term “herb” was only applied to non-woody plants, including those that come from trees and shrubs. These medicinal plants are also used as food, flavonoid, medicine or perfume and also in certain spiritual activities.
Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before prehistoric period. Ancient Unani manuscripts Egyptian papyrus and Chinese writings described the use of herbs. Evidence exist that Unani Hakims, Indian Vaids and European and Mediterranean cultures were using herbs for over 4000 years as medicine. Indigenous cultures such as Rome, Egypt, Iran, Africa and America used herbs in their healing rituals, while other developed traditional medical systems such as Unani, Ayurveda and Chinese Medicine in which herbal therapies were used systematically.
medicinal properties of Terminallia chebula(harro) with its habit and habbitat,microscopic character, macroscopic character and plant have pharmacological properties like antioxidant,anticancer, cardioprotective activity,antidaibetic,antibactarial,antifungal,antiviral and anti-infammatrory properties.
The term “medicinal plant” include various types of plants used in herbalism ("herbology" or "herbal medicine"). It is the use of plants for medicinal purposes, and the study of such uses.
The word “herb” has been derived from the Latin word, “herba” and an old French word “herbe”. Now a days, herb refers to any part of the plant like fruit, seed, stem, bark, flower, leaf, stigma or a root, as well as a non-woody plant. Earlier, the term “herb” was only applied to non-woody plants, including those that come from trees and shrubs. These medicinal plants are also used as food, flavonoid, medicine or perfume and also in certain spiritual activities.
Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before prehistoric period. Ancient Unani manuscripts Egyptian papyrus and Chinese writings described the use of herbs. Evidence exist that Unani Hakims, Indian Vaids and European and Mediterranean cultures were using herbs for over 4000 years as medicine. Indigenous cultures such as Rome, Egypt, Iran, Africa and America used herbs in their healing rituals, while other developed traditional medical systems such as Unani, Ayurveda and Chinese Medicine in which herbal therapies were used systematically.
Medicinal value of plant Dactylorhiza hatagiera including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
It is power point presentation on a medical plant Tinospora cordifolia for Bsc botany 1st year students itis the total overview on this plant. I hope it may fulfill your needs.
Medicinal value of plant Juglans regia including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Bauhinia variegata Linn including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Dactylorhiza hatagiera including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
It is power point presentation on a medical plant Tinospora cordifolia for Bsc botany 1st year students itis the total overview on this plant. I hope it may fulfill your needs.
Medicinal value of plant Juglans regia including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Bauhinia variegata Linn including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of Urtica dioica
Contents
Nomenclature
Biological source
Habbitat
cultivation and collection
chemical constituent
Pharmacological action including antioxidant, Anti-helmintic, Anti-diabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial.
Medicinal value of plant Rheum australe including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Highlight: PHARMACOGNOSY ON AMLA, Taxonomical classification, BIOLOGICAL SOURCE, CULTIVATION, MORPHOLOGY, MICROSCOPE, BOTNICAL DESCRIPTION, USED PARTS , CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION,
Determine the Efficiency of Two Different Methods Used for the Extraction of ...ijtsrd
The plant Moringa oleifera is a rich source of bioactive chemicals and antioxidants. The present study was focused to determine the efficiency of two different method used for the extraction of polyphenols present in the leaves of moringa oleifera. The attempt was made to check the efficiency of both methods used for the extraction process such as soxhlet extraction method and maceration and determined the accuracy of both methods by HP TLC, FTIR and UV Visible spectroscopy. Moringa oleifera possesses relatively higher content of polyphenols. Epidemiology research repeatedly shows that eating foods high in phytochemicals, such as fruits, vegetables, and herbs, reduces the prevalence of disease in people. The presence of polyphenolic chemicals is primarily responsible for this advantageous effect. Because of their strong ability to entrap the free radicals linked to many diseases, polyphenols have attracted a lot of attention. Neel R. Shah | Mrs. Renuka Singh "Determine the Efficiency of Two Different Methods Used for the Extraction of Polyphenols from Moringa Oleifera Leaves" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53890.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/home-science/food-science/53890/determine-the-efficiency-of-two-different-methods-used-for-the-extraction-of-polyphenols-from-moringa-oleifera-leaves/neel-r-shah
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pharmacognostical study of monocot medicinal herb kyllinga triceps rottbijtsrd
Kyllinga triceps in a small tufted herb upto 12in. high with a short rhizome and linear leaves, one half or nearly as long as the stem, found in forest of Gwalior-Chambal region. The plant is considered as diuretic, hepato protective, anti diabetic in Ayurvedic literatures plant is known as musta. It Cures kapha and pitta disorders in the present work detailed information related to pharmacognosy of kyllinga triceps rottb. (Cyperaceae) have been carried out, which would help investigators in identification of the plant. Amit Upadhyay | Dr. Suman Jain"Pharmacognostical study of monocot medicinal herb kyllinga triceps rottb" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2422.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/2422/pharmacognostical-study-of-monocot-medicinal-herb-kyllinga-triceps-rottb/amit-upadhyay
ABSTRACT
The traditional medicine involves the use of different plant extracts or the bioactive constituents. The study
such as ethno medicine keenly represents one of the best avenues in searching new economic plants for
medicine. This type of study provides the health application at affordable cost. The present study carried out to
find out the phytochemical constituents in the Ficusracemosa leaves. The materials were grained and extracted
with benzene, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol and petroleum ether. Photochemical analysis was carried
out according to standard procedures. Sugar, protein, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols and glycoside were found
to be present in the extracts.
KEY WORDS
Ficusracemosa (linn.)moraceae, Pharmacological and Phytochemical studies.
Medicinal value of plant Picrorhiza scrophulariflora including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Medicinal value of plant Momordica charatia including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Crataeva nurvala including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
The presentation describe about communicable disease(Tuberculosis,Giardiasis, Ascariasis ,AIDS,Typhyoid) and uncommunicable disease(Cancer ,HTN, Coronary artery disease) with its mode of trasmission ,symptoms, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment
The presentation on topic Medicinal value of cordyceps sinensis give the idea about its clinical uses, chemical constituent, pharmacological activity and conservation status of cordyceps sinensis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Overview
2 July 20182
1. Nomenclature
2. Biological source
3. Habitat
4. Cultivation and collection
5. Macroscopic and microscopic character
6. References
3. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Introduction
2 July 20183
Terminalia bellerica is a species of Terminalia that grows
on scattered forests, sunny mountain slopes , one of the
upper layer trees of stream valleys and lower seasonal
rain forests, 500-1400m in the country Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malasiya,
Myanmar, Nepal, Srilanka, Thailand, Vietnam. It is a
desiduous tree growing 20-30m tall, with thick brownish
grey bark having shallow longitudinal fissure.
4. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Nomenclature
2 July 20184
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angiosperm
Class: Dicotyledonae
Sub- class: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Combretaceae
Genus: Terminalia
Species: T. bellerica
Binomial name: Terminalia bellerica
Nepali name: Barro
5. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Biological sources
2 July 20185
The biological sources of Terminalia bellerica are bark,
leaves and fruit.
6. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Habit and distribution
2 July 20186
Barro is perrenial decidious large tree up to 30cm in height
commanly found in tropical and subtropical zones up to an
altitude of 1500m which is mainly distributed in Nepal India
and China. It is native to tropical Asia. It is common in mixed
deciduous forests. It has a spreading and dome shaped crown.
Distribution in Nepal:
It grows in decidous forest up to the height of 1100m.
Found in variety of soils clay as well as shady.
7. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 20187
Cultivation
Light: The tree is strong light demander. It requires direct
light and cannot tolerate shade of cramped situation. The
young plants however appreciate a certain amount of
shade.
Soil type: It grows best on fertile, loam soils with good
drainage, however, it has performed reasonably well on
poor soils where the choice of tree species is limited.
Temperature: Average temperature ranging from 10-40⁰c
is suitable for its growth.
Moisture: The plant grows well on moist regions.
Altitude: upto 1500m.
Propagation: By fermentation of the seeds.
8. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Collection
2 July 20188
Fruits are collected from the time they begins to turn
yellow.
They are sun dried , avoiding wetting by rain and they
shrivel considerably during drying.
For the extraction of tannin and the preparation of
extracts the crushed are infused for 8-10 hours with
hot water in a series of vats.
The timber should be sawn when the wood is still
green.
9. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Macroscopic character
2 July 20189
Leaves: Leaves are large, glabrous, alternate, broadly
elliptic to obovate- elliptical 4-24cm * 2-11cm, base
rounded to cuneate, rufous-sericeous but soon
glabrescent, with 6-9 pairs of secondary veins. The leaf
have long petiole. Young leaves are copper red , soon
becoming parrot green, then dark green. The venation of
leaves is reticulate with prominent midrib.
Flower: They are solitary, small 3-15 cm long, greenish
white, simple, axillary spikes, calyx tube sericeous or
tomentulose; flowers appear along with new leaves and
have strong honey like smell.
10. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 201810
Seed: The seed of Terminalia bellerica is ovoid. 5ridged
and very hard. There is one stone per fruit.
Fruit: The fruit of Terminalia bellerica is globose or
ovoid drupe. The fruit is subsessile, grey coloured
and velvety. It is 2.5 cm long and 2cm wide and it
contains one stone. The fruit is slightly 5 ridged when
dried.
11. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 201811
Organoleptic properties:
Color: Green
Odor: offensive
Taste: Bitter, sour, astringent and sweet.
12. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Microscopic character
2 July 201812
T.S of fruit: Transverse section of the fruit shows epicarp
composed of a layer of epidermal cells tangential wall
and upper portion of the thick radial walls. Mesocarp, 2 or
3 layer of collenchymatous cells followed by a zone of
parenchyma with fibres and sclerieids in great vascular
bundles, scattered fibres, simple-pitted walls, porous
parenchyma sclereids shapes and sizes, mostly
elongated: tannins and aggregated crystals of calcium
paenchyma; starch grains simple rounded oval in shape
measuring 2-7 micrometer in size. Endocarp consists of
thick walled scleroids of various shapes and sizes.
Fibres, sclerieids and vessels, lignified. Testa , one layer
of large cubical cells, followed by network of reticulates
parenchyma and vessels; tegmen consists of collapsed
parenchyma folded and containing aleuronegrains, oil
globules and some rosette aggregate crystals.
13. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 201813
Powder microscopy:
Powder drugs show few fibres, vessels with simple
pits and group of scleroids. Powdered drug is
brownish in color, free flowing with granular
appearance.
15. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Traditional uses
2 July 201815
Fruits are laxative, astringent, anthelmintic and antipyretic;
useful in hepatitis, bronchitis, asthma, dyspepsia, piles,
diarrhoea, coughs, hoarseness of voice, eye diseases and
scorpion-sting; used as a hair tonic.
Decoction of the green fruit is used for cough. Pulp of the fruit is
useful in dysenteric-diarrhoea, dropsy, piles and leprosy. Half
ripe fruit is used as purgative. Kernel of the fruit is narcotic.
Fruits are used in menstrual disorder in Khagrachari.
Seed oil is used in rheumatism. Gum of the bark is demulcent
and purgative. The triterpenoid present in the fruits possess
significant antimicrobial activity. Kernel oil has purgative action
and its prolonged use was well tolerated in mice.
16. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201816
Fruit powder is taken with water to cure cough in dhading
district.
Seeds are boiled, dried, pulverized and smoked by Tharus of
Chitwan district.
Fruit Pulp is used in chronic diarrhea, dysentery flatulence,
vomiting nad urinary disorder at Palpa district.
Powdered fruit is used by the Limbu’s of Morang district in
ulcer.
17. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Modern Medicinal Uses
2 July 201817
Central nervous system: improves vision and nourish brain and
nerves.
Respiratory system: it is used in Dyspnea, asthma and
whooping cough
Digestive system: is used in constipation, abdominal pain and
distention, foul feces and breath, Flatulence, weakness and
slow pulse.
Skin: A fine paste of powder may be applied on burns and
scalds.
18. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Phytoconstituents
2 July 201818
Glycoside (bellericanin), Gallo-tannic acid, Coloring
matter, resins and a greenish yellow oil. Ellagic acid,
gallic acid, lignans (termilignan and thannilignan), 7-
hydroxy 3’4’ (methylenedioxy) flavone and anolignanB.
Tannins, ellagic acid, ethyl gallate, galloyl glucose and
chebulagic acid, phyllemblin, β-sitosterol, mannitol,
glucose, fructose and rhamnose.
21. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Pharmacological effects
2 July 201821
Analgesic activity
Anti diarrhoeal activity
Antioxidant activity
Antihypertensive effect
Anti salmonella activity
Anti- Spasmodic and
Bronchodilatory
properties
Anti-micobial activity
Antimicrobial and Toxicity
studies
Wound healing activity
Immmunological activity
Acute and sub acute
toxicities
Immune response in vitro
Hepatoprotective activity
Antibiofilm Activity
Antiulcer activity
Antipyretic activity
Antimutagenic actvity
Antithrombotic and
thrombolytic activity
22. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201822
Analgesic: The crude extract of Terminalia bellerica contain
analgesic activity at the dose range of 300-1000mg/kg
inhibited the castor oil induced intestinal fluid secretion in
mice. The extract also dose-dependently (50 - 100 mg/kg)
where it reduced the numbers of acetic acid-mediated in mice.
These results indicate that TB exhibit antisecretory and
antinociceptive effects, hence justifying its medicinal use in
diarrhea and pain.( Khan AU etal 2008)
Anti diarrheal activity: The Antidiarrhoeal activity was
perfomed using Castor oil induced diarrhea. Aqueous and
ethanolic extract of fruit pulp of Terminalia bellerica at the
doses of 334 mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 143mg/kg were used.
23. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201823
Antihypertensive Effect: After administration of Terminalia
bellerica, they observed that fall in the arterial BP of rats
under anaesthesia. In isolated guinea-pig atria, inhibition of
force and rate of atrial contractions noted. In rabbit thoracic
aorta, relaxation was observed after the induction of
contractions which was induced by phenylephrine.
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School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201824
Antimicrobial study: The Aqueous extract of dry fruit at 4 mg
concentration showed highest zone of inhibition against
S.aureus. These pathogens were highly sensitive to the
methanol extract also except E. coli (enteropathogen) and P.
aeruginosa. Terminalia bellerica dry fruit possesses potential
broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.
Antimicrobial and Toxicity Studies: The crude methanolic
extract of the fruits of Terminalia bellerica Roxb along with its
various organic fractions elicited both in vitro and in vivo
antioxidant activity as well as antibacterial activity. Total
antioxidant activity, scavenging free radical, authentic
peroxynitrite and reducing power assessment were performed.
25. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201825
Antioxidant activity: The crude aqueous extract of the fruits
of Terminalia bellerica Roxb have antioxidant properties
since these contains enzymatic and non – enzymatic
antioxidants, these can be very effective against microbes
causing various diseases. In vitro assessment of the
antioxidant activity of ethanolic fractions of both these plants
to scavenge 2, 2- Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and
highly reactive hydroxyl radicals showed that the semi pure
compounds present in the fractions are useful potential
source of antioxidants and can be used in the therapy of
diseases like cancer, coronary heart disease, ageing and
any other disease related to oxidative stress. These fractions
being non-toxic showed significant antioxidant activity at
scavenging free radicals damage.
26. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201826
Wound healing activity: The paste of Terminalia bellerica
Roxb have proper efficacy on wound healing. Herbal paste
preparation showed significant improvement on maturation,
wound contraction and epithelialization.
Immunological activity: T. bellerica extract affected T cell
proliferation mainly through the same mechanism as PHA.
The extract with LPS and PWM also affected B cell
proliferation through T cell-independent and T cell dependent
mechanisms respectively. The results indicated that the
extract affected cellular mediated immunity (CMI) rather than
humoral mediated immunity (HMI).
27. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201827
Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity: Single oral administration of
the ethanolic extract of T. belerica at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg
did not produce any toxicity. In sub-acute toxicity, repeated
administration of 1,000 mg/kg of T. bellerica over 14 days did
not cause changes in terms of general behaviors, mortality,
weight gain, hematological or clinical blood chemistry
parameters. The results of histological examinations showed
normal appearance of the internal organs when compared to
those of the control group.
Immune response In vitro: In vitro Phagocytic activity and
lymphocyte proliferation assay were carried out in
methanolic extract of on the mouse immune system. In both
assay, stimulation of macrophage phagocytosis and maximal
activation of phytohemagglutinin were observed.
28. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201828
Hepatoprotective activity: Treatment with extract (200, 400
and 800 mg/kg, p.o.) and gallic acid (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg,
p.o.) showed dose-dependent recovery in biochemical
parameters such as SGOT, SGPT and lipid peroxidase,
glutathione but the effect was more pronounced with gallic
acid.
Antibiofilm Activity: The ethanolic extract of a plant
Terminalia bellerica (common name = Baheda) was tested
for its antimicrobial activity against the oral plaque forming
bacteria Streptococcus mutans. It was found that the extract
from Terminalia bellerica showed strong activity against
Streptococcus mutans. The extract also prevents the
formation of biofilm by the bacteria.
29. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201829
Antiulcer Activity: The anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract
of Terminalia bellerica (Combretaceae) fruits ETB was
investigated in pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulcer
models in wistar rats. ETB at doses of 250-500 mg/kg orally
produced significant inhibition of the gastric lesions induced
by Pylorus ligation induced ulcer & Ethanol induced gastric
ulcer. The extract (250 mg/kg & 500 mg/kg) showed
significant reduction in free acidity and ulcer index as
compared to control.
Antithrombotic and thrombolytic activity: An in vitro
model was used to check the clot lysis and antithrombotic
effect of Terminalia bellerica fruits along with Streptokinase
as a positive control.
30. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201830
Antipyretic Activity: The antipyretic activity of ethanolic and
aqueous extracts of Terminalia bellirica fruits (200 mg/kg,
p.o.) was studied in brewer's yeast-induced fever models in
mice and rats. Both extracts showed a significant inhibition
of elevated body temperature when compared to
corresponding control.
Antimutagenic Activity: Water, acetone, and chloroform
extracts of Terminalia bellerica were examined for their
antimutagenic potency using the Ames
Salmonella/microsome assay. Acetone extract exhibited
variable inhibitory activity of 65.6%, and 69.7% with 4-
Onitrophenylenediamine (NPD) and sodium azide,
respectively (as direct-acting mutagens), and 81.4% with 2-
aminofluorene (2AF) (an S9-dependent mutagen), in the
preincubation mode of experimentation.
31. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Pharmacopieal standard
2 July 201831
Foreign matter: not more than 2%
Total ash: not more than 7%
Acid insoluble ash: not more than 1%
Alcohol insoluble ash : not more than 8%
Water soluble extractive: not more than 35%
32. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Formulations
2 July 201832
Indian Ayurvedic formulation Triphala used for
treatment of digestive and respiratory disease.
Bibhitaki powder which is used for hair, throat and
eyes related problems
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School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201833
Adverse reaction: no information noted
Contraindication: Hypersensitivity or allergy to the
plant material and in pregnancy.
34. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
References
2 July 201834
1. Terminalia bellirica
URL-1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_bellirica
(accessed on 12th June 2018)
URL-2: http://www.pitchandikulam-
herbarium.org/contents/description-habit.php?id=50
(accessed on 12th june 2018)
2. Deb A, Barua S, Dr Das B(2016) Pharmacological
activities of Terminalia berellica: A review. Journal of
pharmacognosy and phytochemistry pp(194-197)