Phyllanthus emblica, commonly known as amla, is a plant native to India and Nepal. The fruit is used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat cough, asthma, digestive issues, and other conditions. It contains high levels of vitamin C and antioxidants. Microscopic analysis of amla fruit shows epicarp, hypodermis, mesocarp tissue with fibrovascular bundles, and seeds containing sclereid cells. The plant is used to treat liver problems, cancer, fever, pain, and memory loss due to its hepatoprotective, antitumor, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties.

1. Phyllanthus emblica(Amala)
Deepa kumari karn
B Pharm , 6th Sem
Department of Pharmaceutical
Science
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2. Source
The Drug consists of dried as well as
fresh fruit of the plant Phyllanthus
emblica
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3. Classification
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4. Nomenclature
Biological name :- Phyllanthus emblica
Synonyms:- Emblica officinalis
Phyllanthus laxifolius
Local name:-
• Chepang- Tausi
• Limbu –Aagra
• Magar – aaunlesa
• Newari- amba8/3/2012 4

5. •Danuwar- rikhiya
•Guraung- titi
•Limbu- agara
•Magar- aaunlesa
•Tharu- aura
•Tibetan- Kyu-ru-ra
•Sanskrit- amalaki
•Rauta- aurys
•Newari- amba
•Tamang- amble
•Nepali- amala
•Hindi- amla
•English- Emblica
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6. Identification
Botanical identification:-
Habit and Distribution-:
• Deciduous shrub or tree up
to 10-15 m height
•Distributed throughout Nepal
to about 1600m
• Himalaya (Uttar Pradesh to
Bhutan), in all deciduous forest8/3/2012 6

7. Macroscopic identification-:
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8. Leaves-:
Simple, subsessile, closely get
along the branchlet, light
green having the appearance
of pinnate leaves
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9. Flower-:
• Small, yellowish, densely
clustered on the branches
• Male flowers numerous
while female flowers are
few
• Unisexual on the same
branchlet
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10. • Male flower are
pedicelled, 5-6 sepals,
stamen 3, filaments
united into a short
column, anther erect,
free disc absent
• Female flower has sepal
as in male, style 3,
stigma 2
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11. Flowering-: March to May
Fruits-:
A glabose capsule,2 cm diameter,
smooth, fleshy, with 6
longitidinal faint lines, 6 lobed,
pale yellow or greenish
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12. Parts used-: Root bark, leaves
and fruits
Powder analysis-: Light brown
powder with astringent and
sour taste. Soluble in water,
insoluble in most organic
solvent
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13. Organoleptic properties-:
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14. Microscopic identification
Chromosome number-: 2n=28, 98,104,198
T. S. of fruit-:
• Shows epicarp consisting of single layer
of epidermis and 2-4 layer of hypodermis
• Covered externally with a thick cuticle
and appear in surface view as polygonal
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15. • Hypodermal cells are tangentially
elongated, thick walled, similar in
dimension than epidermal cell
• Mesocarp forms bulk of fruit, consisting of
thin walled parenchaymatous cells with
intercellular spaces
• Pheripheral 6-9 layers smaller, ovoid or
tangentially elongated while rest are larger
in size8/3/2012 15

16. • Isodimetric and radially elongated,
several collateral fibrovascular bundles
scattered throughout the mesocarp
consisting of xylem and phloem
• Mesocarp contain large aggregate of
numerous irregular silica crystal
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17. T. S. of seed-:
• Testa consists of several layer of sclereids
• Thickened and pitted sclereids inside the
epidermal cell are partly like a
macrosclereid layer
• Partly quadratic in outline, with 2 or 3
sclereids on the top of each other
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18. • Endosperm is covered by 2 rows of brown
parenchymatic cell
• Has droplets of fatty oil and small cluster
crystal of calcium oxalate
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19. Powder microscopy-:
Fragment of parenchyma, sometime
with solitary sclereids or amorphous gray
crystalline masses
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20. Identification of crude drug by TLC
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21. 8/3/2012 21

22. TLC for ascorbic acid
Stationary phase-: Silica gel G
Solvent system-: Ethanol-10% acetic acid
Detection-: UV-254nm(blue spots)
Ammonical Agno3(Black spot)
Rf value-: Ascorbic acid 0.5
Dehydroascorbic acid 0.73
Isoascorbic acid 0.54
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23. Cultivation of crude drug
Cultivation-: grown by seed germination,
also can be propagated by cutting, does
not tolerate the frost or drought
Collection-: collected on ripening of fruit,
in autumn or winter
Drying-: dried on shade, protected from
intense sunlight
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24. Storage-: Dry and airtight container, don’t
expose to light, active constituent get
decompose due to action of light
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25. Major chemical constituent
• Ascorbic acid
• Gallic acid
• Tannins
• Beta setosterol
• Lupinoleic acid
• 1,3,6- trigalloyiglucose
• Polyphenolic
compound
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•Alkaloids phyllanthidine
and phyllantine
•Linoleic acid
•Lupeol
•Emblicanin A

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Ascorbic acid

27. Quality standard
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28. Alcohol soluble extractive value 22-33% w/w
Water soluble extractive value 40-60%w/w
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29. Formulation
Dosage-:
• Fresh fruits 10 to 20 g of drug
• Powdered drug 3-6 g
• Fresh juice 5-10 ml
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30. Ayurvedic preparation-:
• Chyawanprash
• Triphala
• Brahmrasayana
• Banyan (liver formulation)
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31. Cosmeceuticals-:
• Shampoo
• Soap
• Hair oil
• Cream
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32. Therapeutics
Ethnomedicinal use
• Fruits and seed of Amala is used by local
people of Doblan VDC Palpa in the treatment
of stomach disorder, hair protection purpose,
urino genital problem
• Tharu community of Jayanagar VDC of
kapilvastu use Amala in the treatment of
cough, constipation,source of vitamin C
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33. • Newar community of Pharping village of
Kathmandu district take fruit and seed in the
raw form for cough and cold
• The flower of amala has been used by the
Bantar ethenic group of Bhausaha, Morang
district , for blood purification and mental
disorder
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34. Medicinal use
• Scurvy and Toothache
• Inflammatory reaction
• Cough
• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Diabetes
• Carminative and
digestive
• Pimples
• Digestive problem
• Mental and memory
effect
• Poor eyesight
• Hemmorage
• Peptic ulcer and
Jaundice
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35. Pharmacological action
• Hepatoprotective activity-: In vitro
expirement of P. emblica on paracetamol
induced hepatic damage of albino rat show
Hepatoprotective activity
• Antitumor activity-: In vitro expirement of P.
emblica on chemical induced skin
carcinogenesis of mice show anticarcinogenic
and antitumor activity
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36. • Antipyretic and analgesic activity-: Preliminary
phytochemical screening of extracts showed the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolic
compound and amino acids which are
responsible for antipyretic and analgesic activities
• Antioxidant activity-:Amala posses long lasting
and broad spectrum antioxidant activity and
effective for relieving the oxidative stress and
improving glucose in diabetes
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37. • Memory enhancing activity-: Amala churna
reverses the amnesia induced by scopolamine
and diazepam
• Antimicrobial activity-: Phytochemical
screening of extract of plant Phyllanthus
emblica show antibacterial activity
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38. Safety measure
Toxity-:
• Sever diarrohea with losses of fluids and
electrolyte
• Electrolyte particularly potassium should be
monitored in all recepients, especially in
children and adult
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39. Side effect-:
• Abdominal spasms and pain, watery stools
hypokelamia, electrolyte disbalance, weakness
• Tannins precipitate proteins and may cause
bowel irritaton, liver damage, gastrointestinal
pain
• Long term use of tannins may cause
esophageal or nasal cancer
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40. Contraindication-:
• Not given in case of pregnancy and acute
diarrhoea
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41. References
• Manandhar NP (2002) Plants and people of Nepal, Timber Press,
Portland, pp 280-281.
• Malar Vidhyan .H.L and Mettilda Mary S, (2009) Hepato protective
activity of Phyllanthus emblica against Paracetamol induced
Hepatic damage in wister albino rat, African jornal of basic and
applied science,(1-2),21-25
• Natural remedies private limited, Emblica officanalis, Quality
control department,hosur road, bangalore-561-229
• Liv Xiaoli, Zhao mouming (2008), Antioxidant activity of
methanolic extract of emblica fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L) from six
region in China, Journal of Food composition and analysis 21,219-
228
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