Black pepper is native to southern India and is now widely cultivated in tropical regions around the world. Karnataka is India's leading producer, accounting for approximately 50% of national production. Pepper plants are woody vines that produce clusters of small, green berries that turn red and then black or white upon ripening. There are over 100 varieties cultivated in India, with the most important including Tellicherry, Malabar, and Cheriakodi. Black pepper is used widely as a spice and preservative, and also has traditional medicinal uses. It is harvested when berries start to change color, then dried or processed into products like white, green, and powdered pepper. India is a major exporter, contributing over a third of spice
Neem is a tree native to India that is classified in the plant kingdom and mahogany family. It is a fast-growing evergreen tree that reaches 15-20 meters tall. Throughout history, all parts of the neem tree have been used for various economic, medicinal, and agricultural purposes in India and other tropical regions. It has been used as a toothbrush, resin, bark, honey, cosmetics, animal treatments, fertilizer, and more. Medicinally, neem is used to treat skin diseases, hair health, liver function, blood detoxification, and other ailments.
The document discusses the botany and cultivation of turmeric (Curcuma longa), including its botanical name, family, origin in Southeast Asia, major constituents like curcumin, and common names. It provides details on the plant's chromosome number, morphology, flowering biology, genetic resources, wild relatives, cultivar diversity in India, and important varieties. The main active compounds in turmeric like curcuminoids and turmerones are also summarized along with their various medicinal and biological properties.
This document discusses the medicinal plant Asparagus racemosus, commonly known as Satavari. It is a herbaceous plant found throughout India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In Ayurveda, it is known as the "Queen of Herbs" as it promotes health, love, and devotion. It has many medicinal uses including as a brain tonic, uterine tonic, fertility enhancer, and lactation promoter. The document outlines the plant's taxonomy, distribution, uses in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine, cultivation practices, and concluded that further research is needed to document its traditional uses.
Cultivation and Processing of Selected Medicinal PlantsAjjay Kumar Gupta
Medicinal plants are important for human health. These plants have been used from the prehistoric times to present day. These plants based medicines are consumed in all civilizations. It is believed that the herbal medicine can give good effect to body without causing side effects to human life. Medicinal plants are not only a major resource base for the traditional medicine & herbal industry but also provide livelihood and health security to a large segment of Indian population. Medicinal plants constitute a large segment of the flora, which provide raw materials for use by various industries. They have been used in the country for a long time for their medicinal properties. These plants are staging a comeback and herbal renaissance is happening all over the globe. The herbal medicines today symbolize safety in contrast to the synthetics that are regarded as unsafe to human and environment. Although herbs had been priced for their medicinal, flavoring and aromatic qualities for centuries, the synthetic products of the modern age surpassed their importance, for a while.
2013.
The annual demand of botanical raw drugs in the country has been estimated at 3,19,500 MT for the year 20011-2013.There is global resurgence in traditional and alternative health care systems resulting in world herbal trade which stands at US$ 120 billion and is expected to reach US$ 7 trillion by 2050.
Indian share in the world trade, at present, however, is quite low.In state wise assessment of demand for 10 major states it works out to 33000 tons per State per year totaling to approximately 3.5 lakh tons for the country as a whole. However, individual pharmacy requirement works out to 1292 tons (approx.) annually. Assuming that there are 100 major pharmacies, the country's demand for crude drugs on this basis comes to 1.29 lakh tons per year. Combining the averages of the two sources, the demand estimate is worked out to 2.4 lakh tons of crude drugs per 122 annum.
The present book covers cultivation practices of selected commercially important medicinal plants with their processing details and uses. The book is very resourceful for medicinal plants growers, professionals, researchers, entrepreneurs and agriculture universities.
See more:-
https://goo.gl/mFQwsq
https://goo.gl/7jlQAF
Contact us:-
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23845886
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
This document summarizes information about Andrographis paniculata, a plant native to India and Sri Lanka. It discusses the plant's names in various languages, its morphology and parts used, as well as its main chemical constituent andrographolide. The document also outlines the plant's pharmacological actions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antimalarial and anti-HIV effects. Finally, it discusses the plant's traditional medicinal uses and potential side effects.
Cardamom comes from the seeds of plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum. The seeds are used as a spice and flavoring agent due to their strong aromatic properties. Cardamom is native to the Indian subcontinent and Indonesia, and the main producing countries are Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, and India. It has a variety of medicinal uses including as a carminative and stimulant.
Black pepper is native to southern India and is now widely cultivated in tropical regions around the world. Karnataka is India's leading producer, accounting for approximately 50% of national production. Pepper plants are woody vines that produce clusters of small, green berries that turn red and then black or white upon ripening. There are over 100 varieties cultivated in India, with the most important including Tellicherry, Malabar, and Cheriakodi. Black pepper is used widely as a spice and preservative, and also has traditional medicinal uses. It is harvested when berries start to change color, then dried or processed into products like white, green, and powdered pepper. India is a major exporter, contributing over a third of spice
Neem is a tree native to India that is classified in the plant kingdom and mahogany family. It is a fast-growing evergreen tree that reaches 15-20 meters tall. Throughout history, all parts of the neem tree have been used for various economic, medicinal, and agricultural purposes in India and other tropical regions. It has been used as a toothbrush, resin, bark, honey, cosmetics, animal treatments, fertilizer, and more. Medicinally, neem is used to treat skin diseases, hair health, liver function, blood detoxification, and other ailments.
The document discusses the botany and cultivation of turmeric (Curcuma longa), including its botanical name, family, origin in Southeast Asia, major constituents like curcumin, and common names. It provides details on the plant's chromosome number, morphology, flowering biology, genetic resources, wild relatives, cultivar diversity in India, and important varieties. The main active compounds in turmeric like curcuminoids and turmerones are also summarized along with their various medicinal and biological properties.
This document discusses the medicinal plant Asparagus racemosus, commonly known as Satavari. It is a herbaceous plant found throughout India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In Ayurveda, it is known as the "Queen of Herbs" as it promotes health, love, and devotion. It has many medicinal uses including as a brain tonic, uterine tonic, fertility enhancer, and lactation promoter. The document outlines the plant's taxonomy, distribution, uses in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine, cultivation practices, and concluded that further research is needed to document its traditional uses.
Cultivation and Processing of Selected Medicinal PlantsAjjay Kumar Gupta
Medicinal plants are important for human health. These plants have been used from the prehistoric times to present day. These plants based medicines are consumed in all civilizations. It is believed that the herbal medicine can give good effect to body without causing side effects to human life. Medicinal plants are not only a major resource base for the traditional medicine & herbal industry but also provide livelihood and health security to a large segment of Indian population. Medicinal plants constitute a large segment of the flora, which provide raw materials for use by various industries. They have been used in the country for a long time for their medicinal properties. These plants are staging a comeback and herbal renaissance is happening all over the globe. The herbal medicines today symbolize safety in contrast to the synthetics that are regarded as unsafe to human and environment. Although herbs had been priced for their medicinal, flavoring and aromatic qualities for centuries, the synthetic products of the modern age surpassed their importance, for a while.
2013.
The annual demand of botanical raw drugs in the country has been estimated at 3,19,500 MT for the year 20011-2013.There is global resurgence in traditional and alternative health care systems resulting in world herbal trade which stands at US$ 120 billion and is expected to reach US$ 7 trillion by 2050.
Indian share in the world trade, at present, however, is quite low.In state wise assessment of demand for 10 major states it works out to 33000 tons per State per year totaling to approximately 3.5 lakh tons for the country as a whole. However, individual pharmacy requirement works out to 1292 tons (approx.) annually. Assuming that there are 100 major pharmacies, the country's demand for crude drugs on this basis comes to 1.29 lakh tons per year. Combining the averages of the two sources, the demand estimate is worked out to 2.4 lakh tons of crude drugs per 122 annum.
The present book covers cultivation practices of selected commercially important medicinal plants with their processing details and uses. The book is very resourceful for medicinal plants growers, professionals, researchers, entrepreneurs and agriculture universities.
See more:-
https://goo.gl/mFQwsq
https://goo.gl/7jlQAF
Contact us:-
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23845886
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
This document summarizes information about Andrographis paniculata, a plant native to India and Sri Lanka. It discusses the plant's names in various languages, its morphology and parts used, as well as its main chemical constituent andrographolide. The document also outlines the plant's pharmacological actions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antimalarial and anti-HIV effects. Finally, it discusses the plant's traditional medicinal uses and potential side effects.
Cardamom comes from the seeds of plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum. The seeds are used as a spice and flavoring agent due to their strong aromatic properties. Cardamom is native to the Indian subcontinent and Indonesia, and the main producing countries are Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, and India. It has a variety of medicinal uses including as a carminative and stimulant.
Ginger is a flowering plant native to Southeast Asia whose rhizome is used widely as a spice. It is a herbaceous perennial grown for its underground stem. The plant produces erect shoots with narrow leaves and pale yellow flowers. India is a major ginger producer along with China. Ginger is high in nutrients and contains compounds that provide potential health benefits. Micropropagation through tissue culture is used to produce disease-free planting materials as diseases often spread through contaminated rhizomes.
Tamarind is a plant with various parts that are used in herbal medicine. It contains organic acids, vitamins, minerals, fats, and other compounds. Its uses include as a laxative, for weight loss, and as an antioxidant. It has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties. Tamarind can interact with anti-diabetic drugs and blood glucose levels, so monitoring is recommended when using it. Potential side effects include increased bleeding risk when combined with other drugs and lowering blood sugar levels.
This document summarizes information about cinnamon bark, including its biological source from the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree, propagation methods, harvesting process, chemical constituents like volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde, quality standards, and uses as a spice, flavoring agent, and in preparations like candy and perfumes. It also describes different varieties of cinnamon including Saigon cinnamon and Java cinnamon.
The document summarizes information about tea plants and the process of manufacturing tea. It discusses that tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant and describes the two main varieties, China and Assam. It then outlines the steps involved in manufacturing tea, including withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and grading. Key steps are withering to reduce moisture, rolling to break plant cells and allow enzymatic reactions, and fermentation to produce the colors and flavors characteristic of tea.
The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) contains over 53 genera and 1300 species of aromatic herbs that grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Many species are used as spices due to their pungent and spicy tastes, including cardamom, turmeric, and ginger. Ginger and turmeric are two important medicinal plants from the family. Ginger contains gingerol which gives it pungency and is used to treat nausea, vomiting, and inflammation. Turmeric contains curcuminoids which provide its yellow color and is used as a carminative, anti-inflammatory, and to treat liver and digestive issues. Both plants show potential anti-cancer effects but their use in pregnancy requires further study due to possible
Ginger is a botanical that originates from Zingiber officinale. It contains chemical constituents like gingerol and shogaol. Ginger has medicinal uses as an anti-bacterial, to decrease cholesterol and joint pain from arthritis, and as an anti-inflammatory. High doses of ginger can cause side effects like heartburn, diarrhea, and skin irritation when applied. Ginger can be consumed fresh, dried, or in teas and drinks, with most research using 250mg to 1g per day. Ginger may interact with anticoagulants, anti-diabetes drugs, and blood pressure medications.
Lavender is a genus of 39 species of flowering plants native to the Mediterranean. Lavender is an aromatic shrub growing up to 2 feet tall, with gray-green leaves and purple flowers. It is cultivated for its essential oils, which have antiseptic and calming properties and are used in products like soap, perfumes, and teas.
Rauwolfia serpentina, commonly known as Indian snakeroot or serpent wood, is a plant native to the Himalayan region. It contains several important alkaloids such as reserpine, ajmaline, and serpentine that have pharmacological effects including lowering blood pressure and acting as a sedative. The dried roots are used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat hypertension, anxiety, and intestinal disorders. The plant is cultivated for its medicinal properties, and its dried roots are an important crude drug that is exported internationally.
This document discusses the health benefits and properties of garlic. It is presented by Pankaj Kushwaha from the Department of Biomedical Sciences at Bundelkhand University Jhansi. Garlic contains compounds like allicin and sulfur compounds that have antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. It may help reduce cholesterol and blood pressure. While garlic has many health benefits, it also has some potential side effects like heartburn, nausea, and body odor.
The document provides information about cardamom, including its definition, morphology, history, chemical constituents, common usable parts, traditional uses, extraction process, therapeutic uses, dosage, side effects, and contraindications. Cardamom is the world's third most expensive spice and originated in Guatemala. It grows well in areas with high rainfall and its seeds contain volatile oils including a-terpineol and limonene. Traditional uses of cardamom include use in cooking, baking, and as a breath freshener. Its extraction process involves grinding seeds and steeping them in water. Therapeutic uses include treating indigestion, infections, and inflammation. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, but side effects may
Most of us are familiar with Aloe Vera, here is the description related to this plant. I tried to include most of the parts if there is anything i forgot to include then leave me a comment.
This document provides information on several medicinal and aromatic plants including lemongrass, eucalyptus, basil, and long pepper. It describes their systematic position, species, varieties, uses of essential oils, and important breeding programs. The lemongrass section provides details on four main Cymbopogon species and nine popular varieties cultivated in India. Eucalyptus citriodora and E. globulus are outlined as the most common eucalyptus species grown. Sweet basil and holy basil are highlighted among the Ocimum genus, and eleven of their varieties are listed. Lastly, long pepper is native to South Asia and its spikes and roots contain medicinal alkaloids.
Ashwagandha is a plant from the Solanaceae family that is used in Ayurvedic medicine. It grows as a short shrub and its long, brown, tuberous roots are used for medicinal purposes. Ashwagandha is cultivated in drier regions of India and can tolerate temperatures from 20 to 38°C. Traditionally, it has been used to treat tumors, tuberculosis, and anxiety and research suggests it may help reduce cholesterol and improve sperm quality. Potential side effects include stomach upset, diarrhea, vomiting, and lowered blood pressure.
Rosemary is an aromatic evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean. It has fragrant needle-like leaves used for flavoring foods like roast lamb. The name "rosemary" derives from Latin words meaning "dew of the sea." Rosemary contains phytochemicals like rosmarinic acid, camphor, and caffeic acid that have potential health benefits such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Traditionally, rosemary has been used to treat digestion problems, gout, headaches, and increase menstrual flow.
This document provides information on the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), including its nomenclature, biological source, cultivation, collection, macroscopic and microscopic properties, chemical constituents, pharmacological uses, and commercial applications. Key points include: neem has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine and has a wide range of medicinal properties; it is native to India and parts of Southeast Asia; and extracts from neem leaves, bark, and seeds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic and other pharmacological effects.
This document summarizes information about Coriandrum Sativum L., commonly known as coriander or cilantro. It contains essential oils such as linalool and fatty oils like oleic acid. Coriander has various pharmacological actions including being aromatic, anti-arthritic, stimulating digestive secretions, and being anti-ulcer, anti-lipidemic, anti-spasmodic, and more. The daily dose is 1-3 grams of powdered seeds or a freshly prepared cup of infusion between meals. Overdose may cause liver damage and skin sensitivity. It should be used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation.
This document discusses aromatic plants and their uses. It provides an introduction to aromatic plants and essential oils. It then discusses the scope for aromatic plant cultivation in India and describes several specific aromatic plant types in more detail, including their botanical names, families, where they are grown, chemical contents, and uses. Key aromatic plants discussed are lavender, rose, lemongrass, chamomile, marigold, mint, and rosemary. The document emphasizes the importance of aromatic plants and their essential oils to industries like perfumery, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and more.
This document provides information about the cultivation and processing of the medicinal plant Ocimum tenuiflorum, also known as tulsi. It discusses the parts and varieties of tulsi plants, their medicinal uses, cultivation methods including soil and climate requirements, irrigation, manure and fertilizers, pest management, harvesting, and post-harvest processing. It also includes a cost-benefit analysis of tulsi farming and information about government loans and subsidies available to support tulsi cultivation in India.
Ayurveda Herbs : Medicinal uses of Turmeric
Ayurveda, the Indian System of Medicine, uses TURMERIC as medicine since centuries. The herb is very effective in many disease conditions. This is also a household remedy in India and in Indian Continents. Details are given about the medicinal properties of this Herb,with its uses.
Medicinal plants are used as a source of drugs for treating human and livestock health issues. In Bangladesh, around 500 plant species have been identified as medicinal plants and 400 herbal factories produce Ayurvedic, Unani, and homeopathic medicines from these plants. The document then discusses several common medicinal plants found in Bangladesh, including their botanical features, parts used, and therapeutic properties. It notes that medicinal plants constitute an important natural resource and play a significant role in primary healthcare while also benefiting local economies.
1. The document discusses Acromus Calamus (Bojo plant), providing its English name, scientific classification, description, origin and distribution, biological source, habitat, uses, cultivation and collection process.
2. It describes A. Calamus as an aromatic, herbaceous perennial plant that is native to South Asia and other regions, with tufts of basal leaves and aromatic rhizomes used medicinally and as a spice.
3. The document outlines the plant's anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and provides details on its cultivation through rhizome propagation, harvesting after 6-8 months, and post-harvest processing into extracts, oil and powder.
This document discusses the taxonomy, origins, cultivation, and breeding of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). It begins by classifying cauliflower taxonomically and noting its introduction to India in 1822. It then discusses the origins of cauliflower and other cole crops in the Mediterranean region. The document outlines key traits that have been a focus in cauliflower breeding programs, such as curd quality, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. It also provides details on cauliflower growth phases, production trends in India, and methods for hybrid seed production.
Ginger is a flowering plant native to Southeast Asia whose rhizome is used widely as a spice. It is a herbaceous perennial grown for its underground stem. The plant produces erect shoots with narrow leaves and pale yellow flowers. India is a major ginger producer along with China. Ginger is high in nutrients and contains compounds that provide potential health benefits. Micropropagation through tissue culture is used to produce disease-free planting materials as diseases often spread through contaminated rhizomes.
Tamarind is a plant with various parts that are used in herbal medicine. It contains organic acids, vitamins, minerals, fats, and other compounds. Its uses include as a laxative, for weight loss, and as an antioxidant. It has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties. Tamarind can interact with anti-diabetic drugs and blood glucose levels, so monitoring is recommended when using it. Potential side effects include increased bleeding risk when combined with other drugs and lowering blood sugar levels.
This document summarizes information about cinnamon bark, including its biological source from the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree, propagation methods, harvesting process, chemical constituents like volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde, quality standards, and uses as a spice, flavoring agent, and in preparations like candy and perfumes. It also describes different varieties of cinnamon including Saigon cinnamon and Java cinnamon.
The document summarizes information about tea plants and the process of manufacturing tea. It discusses that tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant and describes the two main varieties, China and Assam. It then outlines the steps involved in manufacturing tea, including withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and grading. Key steps are withering to reduce moisture, rolling to break plant cells and allow enzymatic reactions, and fermentation to produce the colors and flavors characteristic of tea.
The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) contains over 53 genera and 1300 species of aromatic herbs that grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Many species are used as spices due to their pungent and spicy tastes, including cardamom, turmeric, and ginger. Ginger and turmeric are two important medicinal plants from the family. Ginger contains gingerol which gives it pungency and is used to treat nausea, vomiting, and inflammation. Turmeric contains curcuminoids which provide its yellow color and is used as a carminative, anti-inflammatory, and to treat liver and digestive issues. Both plants show potential anti-cancer effects but their use in pregnancy requires further study due to possible
Ginger is a botanical that originates from Zingiber officinale. It contains chemical constituents like gingerol and shogaol. Ginger has medicinal uses as an anti-bacterial, to decrease cholesterol and joint pain from arthritis, and as an anti-inflammatory. High doses of ginger can cause side effects like heartburn, diarrhea, and skin irritation when applied. Ginger can be consumed fresh, dried, or in teas and drinks, with most research using 250mg to 1g per day. Ginger may interact with anticoagulants, anti-diabetes drugs, and blood pressure medications.
Lavender is a genus of 39 species of flowering plants native to the Mediterranean. Lavender is an aromatic shrub growing up to 2 feet tall, with gray-green leaves and purple flowers. It is cultivated for its essential oils, which have antiseptic and calming properties and are used in products like soap, perfumes, and teas.
Rauwolfia serpentina, commonly known as Indian snakeroot or serpent wood, is a plant native to the Himalayan region. It contains several important alkaloids such as reserpine, ajmaline, and serpentine that have pharmacological effects including lowering blood pressure and acting as a sedative. The dried roots are used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat hypertension, anxiety, and intestinal disorders. The plant is cultivated for its medicinal properties, and its dried roots are an important crude drug that is exported internationally.
This document discusses the health benefits and properties of garlic. It is presented by Pankaj Kushwaha from the Department of Biomedical Sciences at Bundelkhand University Jhansi. Garlic contains compounds like allicin and sulfur compounds that have antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. It may help reduce cholesterol and blood pressure. While garlic has many health benefits, it also has some potential side effects like heartburn, nausea, and body odor.
The document provides information about cardamom, including its definition, morphology, history, chemical constituents, common usable parts, traditional uses, extraction process, therapeutic uses, dosage, side effects, and contraindications. Cardamom is the world's third most expensive spice and originated in Guatemala. It grows well in areas with high rainfall and its seeds contain volatile oils including a-terpineol and limonene. Traditional uses of cardamom include use in cooking, baking, and as a breath freshener. Its extraction process involves grinding seeds and steeping them in water. Therapeutic uses include treating indigestion, infections, and inflammation. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, but side effects may
Most of us are familiar with Aloe Vera, here is the description related to this plant. I tried to include most of the parts if there is anything i forgot to include then leave me a comment.
This document provides information on several medicinal and aromatic plants including lemongrass, eucalyptus, basil, and long pepper. It describes their systematic position, species, varieties, uses of essential oils, and important breeding programs. The lemongrass section provides details on four main Cymbopogon species and nine popular varieties cultivated in India. Eucalyptus citriodora and E. globulus are outlined as the most common eucalyptus species grown. Sweet basil and holy basil are highlighted among the Ocimum genus, and eleven of their varieties are listed. Lastly, long pepper is native to South Asia and its spikes and roots contain medicinal alkaloids.
Ashwagandha is a plant from the Solanaceae family that is used in Ayurvedic medicine. It grows as a short shrub and its long, brown, tuberous roots are used for medicinal purposes. Ashwagandha is cultivated in drier regions of India and can tolerate temperatures from 20 to 38°C. Traditionally, it has been used to treat tumors, tuberculosis, and anxiety and research suggests it may help reduce cholesterol and improve sperm quality. Potential side effects include stomach upset, diarrhea, vomiting, and lowered blood pressure.
Rosemary is an aromatic evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean. It has fragrant needle-like leaves used for flavoring foods like roast lamb. The name "rosemary" derives from Latin words meaning "dew of the sea." Rosemary contains phytochemicals like rosmarinic acid, camphor, and caffeic acid that have potential health benefits such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Traditionally, rosemary has been used to treat digestion problems, gout, headaches, and increase menstrual flow.
This document provides information on the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), including its nomenclature, biological source, cultivation, collection, macroscopic and microscopic properties, chemical constituents, pharmacological uses, and commercial applications. Key points include: neem has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine and has a wide range of medicinal properties; it is native to India and parts of Southeast Asia; and extracts from neem leaves, bark, and seeds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic and other pharmacological effects.
This document summarizes information about Coriandrum Sativum L., commonly known as coriander or cilantro. It contains essential oils such as linalool and fatty oils like oleic acid. Coriander has various pharmacological actions including being aromatic, anti-arthritic, stimulating digestive secretions, and being anti-ulcer, anti-lipidemic, anti-spasmodic, and more. The daily dose is 1-3 grams of powdered seeds or a freshly prepared cup of infusion between meals. Overdose may cause liver damage and skin sensitivity. It should be used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation.
This document discusses aromatic plants and their uses. It provides an introduction to aromatic plants and essential oils. It then discusses the scope for aromatic plant cultivation in India and describes several specific aromatic plant types in more detail, including their botanical names, families, where they are grown, chemical contents, and uses. Key aromatic plants discussed are lavender, rose, lemongrass, chamomile, marigold, mint, and rosemary. The document emphasizes the importance of aromatic plants and their essential oils to industries like perfumery, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and more.
This document provides information about the cultivation and processing of the medicinal plant Ocimum tenuiflorum, also known as tulsi. It discusses the parts and varieties of tulsi plants, their medicinal uses, cultivation methods including soil and climate requirements, irrigation, manure and fertilizers, pest management, harvesting, and post-harvest processing. It also includes a cost-benefit analysis of tulsi farming and information about government loans and subsidies available to support tulsi cultivation in India.
Ayurveda Herbs : Medicinal uses of Turmeric
Ayurveda, the Indian System of Medicine, uses TURMERIC as medicine since centuries. The herb is very effective in many disease conditions. This is also a household remedy in India and in Indian Continents. Details are given about the medicinal properties of this Herb,with its uses.
Medicinal plants are used as a source of drugs for treating human and livestock health issues. In Bangladesh, around 500 plant species have been identified as medicinal plants and 400 herbal factories produce Ayurvedic, Unani, and homeopathic medicines from these plants. The document then discusses several common medicinal plants found in Bangladesh, including their botanical features, parts used, and therapeutic properties. It notes that medicinal plants constitute an important natural resource and play a significant role in primary healthcare while also benefiting local economies.
1. The document discusses Acromus Calamus (Bojo plant), providing its English name, scientific classification, description, origin and distribution, biological source, habitat, uses, cultivation and collection process.
2. It describes A. Calamus as an aromatic, herbaceous perennial plant that is native to South Asia and other regions, with tufts of basal leaves and aromatic rhizomes used medicinally and as a spice.
3. The document outlines the plant's anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and provides details on its cultivation through rhizome propagation, harvesting after 6-8 months, and post-harvest processing into extracts, oil and powder.
This document discusses the taxonomy, origins, cultivation, and breeding of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). It begins by classifying cauliflower taxonomically and noting its introduction to India in 1822. It then discusses the origins of cauliflower and other cole crops in the Mediterranean region. The document outlines key traits that have been a focus in cauliflower breeding programs, such as curd quality, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. It also provides details on cauliflower growth phases, production trends in India, and methods for hybrid seed production.
1. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is a herbaceous biennial plant cultivated for its thick fleshy edible red roots. It is native to the Mediterranean region and has 2n=18 chromosomes.
2. The roots vary in shape, size, and color depending on variety but store large amounts of food. The leaves are dark green and develop in a close spiral pattern.
3. Beetroot is wind or insect pollinated and produces small, inconspicuous flowers in spikes. The fruits are dry seed balls containing 1-3 seeds each that can remain viable for 5-6 years.
This document summarizes key characteristics of the plant division Gnetophyta. It describes three main genera within this division: Welwitschia, Ephedra, and Gnetum. Welwitschia is a bizarre desert plant found in Africa with only two strap-like leaves. Ephedra is a genus of small shrubs or vines found in dry areas worldwide. Gnetum includes about 30 tropical vine-like species. All three genera share some characteristics with flowering plants like vessel elements in xylem and double fertilization, distinguishing them from other gymnosperms.
The document discusses the morphology, anatomy, and reproductive structures of gymnosperms. It focuses on Cycas, describing its external morphology such as its unbranched stem covered in persistent leaf bases and pinnately compound leaves. Internally, it notes Cycas has monoxylic wood and coralloid roots that form a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria. It also details the structures and development of male and female reproductive organs in Cycas, which are dioecious and wind pollinated. Cycas reproduces sexually through seeds and vegetatively through bulbils.
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a biennial plant grown as an annual root crop worldwide. It originated from Europe and Southwestern Asia. The edible taproot is rich in nutrients like carotenes, sugars, and minerals. China is the largest producer while Afghanistan is the center of diversity for purple carrots. There are many varieties classified based on root shape, color, and temperature response. Popular varieties include Pusa Kesar, Pusa Meghali, Nantes, Chantenay, and Pusa Yamadagni.
The document provides information on breeding of carrot and radish. It discusses the botany, genetics, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For carrot, it describes varieties such as Pusa Kesar and Nantes half long. It also covers topics like introduction, mass selection, and heterosis breeding for carrot improvement. For radish, it discusses taxonomy, botany and cross-pollination, and provides a brief introduction.
The potato is a tuber that was botanically named Solanum tuberosum in 1596. It develops from underground stolons and stores starches and sugars. Tubers vary widely in size, weight, and color. They have scars from scale leaves, multiple eyes that are axillary buds, lenticels for gas exchange, and an almost impermeable skin for protection. Potatoes are grown for their starchy tubers which are eaten around the world.
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Contents
Nomenclature
Biological source
Habbitat
cultivation and collection
chemical constituent
Pharmacological action including antioxidant, Anti-helmintic, Anti-diabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial.
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Date: May 29, 2024
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4. Description: It is a herbaceous perennial with
aromatic rhizomes, 30- 100 cm tall. It consists of tufts
of basal leaves that rise from a spreading rhizome, flat,
linear, distinct midrib, wavy margin, spathe elongated
similar in shape to the leaves; flowers small, bisexual,
yellowish, condensed on a cylindrical spadix; fruit berry.
Flowering : April to June
Fruiting : June to July
5. The dried rhizomes of the plant are used. It
contains not less than 1.5% of volatile oil
6. Habitat
Marshy land, on the bank of river and ponds, edges of
swamps, moist places.
Distribution :
Today Calamus is found all over the world. On the banks of
swamps, streams or ponds of North America, Europe and
Asia.
Sub-tropical to temperate zones (1200-2700). In case of
Nepal, 200- 2300m in wet and marshy places.
7. Bojho is propagated through rhizomes. Rhizomes obtained
from earlier plants are kept preserved in the soil and
constantly kept in moist.
After emergence the rhizomes are cut into small pieces
and are planted.
Sprouted rhizome pieces are planted at a spacing of
30*30 cm and depth of 4 cm inthe month of July- August.
The best time for planting is the second fortnight of June.
Around 1,11,000 plants can be planted per hectare.
8. • As the growth rate is very fast the
sprouts are visible on the second
day of planting.
• After 6-8 months, in December, the
lower leaves turn yellow and dry
indicating their maturity.
• The field should be partially dried
only leaving sufficient moisture for
uprooting the plant .
• In case of large scale cultivation
rhizomes may be removed by
passing the plough.
9. • Color - Rhizomes are brown in color
• Odor - Characteristic and aromatic
• Taste - Bitter, pungent and disagreeable
• Size - 5 to 15 cm in length and 1 to 2 cm in thickness.
• Shape - The rhizomes are cylindrical and branched. They
are somewhat shrunken and with deep longitudinal
wrinkles. The leaf scars more prominent on upper surface
and encircle the rhizomes. The under surface of rhizomes
bear very small, but raised circular root scars. The lateral
branching is occasional. The facture is short
10. Rhizome:
•A. calamus is a
perennial plant with
creeping and extensively
branched, aromatic
rhizome, cylindrical, up to
2.5 cm thick, purplish-
brown to light brown
externally and white
internally.
•At the rhizome forming,
perennial that can grow
to 2 meters resembling
an iris.
Fig: Rhizome of bojho
Source: www.google.com
11. Leaves:
The leaves are thick, erect and
are very similar in appearance to
the iris but edges are crimped.
It has a single prominent mid
vein and then on both sides
slightly raised secondary veins
and many, fine tertiary veins.
The leaves are between 0.7 and
1.7 cm wide. The leaves are free,
alternate, green and wavy.1-3 in
seeded having a thin testa which
is cylindrical in shape and green
in colour.
Fig: Leaves of bojho
Source: www.google.com
12. Flower:
The flower is very rarely grown in
this plant if grown than it is 3- 8cm
long, cylindrical in shape, greenish
brown in color and covered with
the multitude of rounded spikes.
The flowers are small, sessile and
densely packed and 5-10 cm of
spadix.
Flowering occurs from early to late
summer depending on the latitude,
grows wild in marshy places up to
2000 m altitude in the Himalayas.
Fig: Flower of bojho
Source: www.google.com
13. Root:
• It consists of long
creeping roots which
spread out just below the
surface of the soil.
Fruit:
•The fruits are small and
berry like c-diglucoside;
chemical constituents vary
in ecotypes and containing
few seeds.
•Flowering and Fruiting
occurs in July.
Fig: Root of bojho
Source: www.google.com
Ref: Shetty and Shruthi (2015)
14. Fig. Calamus Rhizome. Transverse section, x 280; A) fragment of primary cortex; B)
fragment of central cylinder; 1) Fibers, 2) crystals of calcium oxalate; 3) secretion
sacs containing volatile oil; 4) collateral fibrovascular bundle; 5) phloem, 6) xylem, 7)
intercellular-air-spaces; 8) concentric fibrovascular bundle of phlocentric type .
Microscopic characters
15. The transverse section of the unpeeled acorus rhizome
shows rarely cork followed by the cortex.
The large stele or centre cylinder is seperated by
endodermis.
The cells of the endodermis possess thin walls and
Casparyan spots.
The outer region of the cortex consists of collenchyma
cells while the inner region of the cortex and all of the
pith consist of chains of rounded parenchyma cells
surrounding large intercellular-air-spaces.
A number of concentric bundles with fibers occur
scattered in the cortex.
16. Most of the parenchyma cells contain small, spheroidal
starch grains, but within each chain of these cells
spheroidal secretion sacs with suberized walls and
yellowish-orange volatile oil content are present.
Phlocentric vascular bundles without fibers are
scattered throughout the stele and occur more
numerously just beneath the endodermis, where they
appear crowded.
Ref: http://pharmacognosy.org.ua/index.files/Page13419.htm
17. Activity Active
compound or
extract
References
ANTIFUNGAL
• Candida albicans, Cryptococcus
neoformans, Microsporum gypseum
• Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T.
rubrum
Essential oil,
β-asarone
Rajput and Karuppayil
(2013), Thirach et al. (2003)
• Aspergillus oryzae, A. nidulans, A.
fumigates, Penicillum aculactum,
Phomopsis Destuctum
Essential oil Chantawannakul et al.
(2005)
ANTIBACTERIAL
• Aeromonas hydrophila Essential oil, α-
asarone, β-
asarone
Bhuvaneswari and
Balasundaram (2006)
• Staphylococcus aureus,E. coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
Essential oil Chowdhury et al. (1993),
Parekh et al. (2006)
Rajendhran et al. (1998)
18. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY/
IMMUNOMODULATORY
• Anti-inflammatory activity in human
keratinocytes
Leaf extract Kim et al. (2009)
• Immunomodulatory activity in
human PBMCs
Ethanolic extract Mehrotra et al.(2010)
ANTIOXIDATIVE/ PROTECTIVE
EFFECT
• Antioxidant and nephroprotective
effect in male albino rats
Ethanolic extract Palani et al. (2010)
• Antioxidant activity in rats brain Α-asarone, ethyl acetate
and methanolic extract
Manikandan et al.
(2005)
• Neuroprotective effect in ischemic
rats
Ethyl acetate extract
Hydroalcholic extract,α and
β- asarone
Acuna et al. (2002)
Shukla et al. (2006)
HYPOLIPIDEMIC
• Decreased cholesterol and
triglyceride levels in rats
Saponins from
hydroalcholic extract
Parab and Mengi
(2002)
• Inhibited cholesterol synthesis in rat
liver
Rhizome extract D’Souza et al. (2003)
• Inhibited hepatic HMG-CoA α-asarone
19. ANTICONVULSANT/
ANTISPASMODIC
• Anticonvulsant action in amygdale
kindles rats
Ethanolic extract Harza et al. (2005)
• Anticonvulsant activity in mice models Methanolic
extract, α-
asarone
Jayaraman et al. (2010),
Sharma et al. (1961)
• Antispasmolytic activity in rabbit Crude extract Shoba and Thomas et al.
(2001)
ANTIDIABETIC
• Exhibited antidiabetic effect bg
enhancing differentiation in adipocytes
of mouse
Ethanolic extract Wu et al. (2009)
• Suppress blood glucose levels in
normal mice
Calamus extract Si et al. (2010)
CARDIAC DEPRESSANT/
ANTIASTHMATIC
• Airway relaxant activity Crude extract Jabbar and Hassan (2010),
Shaha anda Gilani (2010)
• Antiasthamatic activity Rhizome extract Rajasekhran and Srivastava
(1977), Chandra (1980)
20. CARDIOVASCULAR RELATED
ACTIVITY
• Lowers blood pressure in cats,
dogs and rabbits
Essential oil Shaha and Gilani
(2010), Dandiya and
Cullumbine (1959)
ANTICANCER
• Anti-carcinogenic activity in
human carcinoma cells
α-asarone Hu and Ji (1986)
• Anti-proliferitive activity in mice Rhizome extract Gaidhani et al.
(2009), Chaitali et
al. (2010)
• Anti-cancer activity against
human cancer cells
Epieudesmin and galgravin
from methanolic extract
Balakumbahan et al.
(2010)
• Anticancer activity in human
cancer cells
β-asarone from calamus oil Palani et al. (2010)
• Antimitogenic activity in mouse
an human cell lines
Lectins from rhizome Bains et al. (2005)
• Anticellular activity in human
cancer cells
Ethanolic extract Mehrotra et al.
(2003)
21. 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266372059
_Acorus_calamus_An_overview (accessed on June 7,
2018)
2. http://pharmacognosy.org.ua/index.files/Page13419.ht
m (accessed on June 26, 2018)
3. Shetty G Rand Shruthi A M A Review on Pharmacology
of Acorus calamus- an Endangered Medicinal Plant.
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
(2015). 605 - 621