22 juglans regia (okhar)

Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Shailendra shah
Department of pharmaceutical science,
Nobel college
Pokhara University
1
June 11, 2018

Pokhara University
Contents
• Introduction
• Scientific classification
• Habitat
• Cultivation and collection
• Maroscopical and
• Microscopical characteristics
June 11, 2018 2

Pokhara University
• Ethnobotanical uses
• Therapeutic effects
• Quality standards
• Formulary
• Commercial products
• References
July 24, 2018 3

Pokhara University
Introduction
 Juglans regia is a large, deciduous tree attaining heights of 25–
35 m (80 to 120 ft), and a trunk up to 2 m (6 ft) diameter,
commonly with a short trunk and broad crown, though taller
and narrower in dense forest competition. It is a light-
demanding species, requiring full sun to grow well.
 The bark is smooth, olive-brown when young and silvery-grey
on older branches, and features scattered broad fissures with a
rougher texture. Average life span of this tree is 300 years. This
plant has several pharmacological actions and other uses as
well so it is one of the valuable medicinal plants.
June 11, 2018 4

Pokhara University
Juglans regia
june 7, 2018 5

Pokhara University
Scientific Classification
 Kingdom: Plantae
 Division: Magnoliophyta
 Class: Magnoliopsida
 Order: Fagales
 Family: Juglandaceae
 Genus: Juglans
 Species: J. regia
 Common name; okhar
6

Pokhara University
Habitat
 Juglans regia is native to the mountain ranges of Central Asia,
extending from Xinjiang province of western China, parts
of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and from lower ranges of
mountains in Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, northern India, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka.
 The largest forests are in Kyrgyzstan, where trees occur in
extensive, nearly pure, walnut forests at 1,000–2,000 m (3000
to 7000 ft) altitude.
June 11, 2018 7

Pokhara University
Cultivation and collection
 It is found wildly and it can also be propagated by seeds,
budding or grafting. Recommended planting distance is 3-5 per
meter for a single row.
 It is cultivated extensively from 30° to 50° of latitude in the
Northern Hemisphere and from 30° to 40° in the Southern
Hemisphere. Its high-quality fruits are eaten both fresh or
pressed for their richly flavored oil, numerous cultivars have
been selected for larger nuts with thinner shell.
 It can be collected in september-november when fruits get fall
down on the grounds, this can be assisted by shaking tree.
June 11, 2018 8

Pokhara University
Macroscopical Characteristics
• Leaves
Stalked, odd-pinnate, leaflets 11-13, subsessile 10-25cm × 3-
10cm, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, those in a pair somewhat
unequal.
• Flowers and fruits
The male flowers are in drooping catkins 5–10 cm long, and the
female flowers are terminal, in clusters of two to five, ripening in
the autumn into a fruit with a green, semi-fleshy husk and a
brown. The whole fruit, including the husk, falls in autumn;
the seed is large, with a relatively thin shell, and edible, with a
rich flavor.
June 11, 2018 9

Pokhara University
• Root
The taproot from a seed goes downwards and the latent roots
grow parallel to the soil surface. In temperate region they can
extends 2 to 3 times beyond the branch.
• Organoleptic character
Odour: very slight pleasant
colour: light brown
Taste: sweet like taste
June 11, 2018 10

Pokhara University
Microscopical Characteristics
• Anatomical structure
Cross section of fruits is basically divided into 3 layers :
epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
• Epicarp is made up of 2-3 layers of cells with slightly
colenchimatized walls, and underneath there are numerous
tanniniferous cells, some of them are large and rapidly
elongated that are going inside the mesocarp.
• Mesocarp cells is well developed, it is made of large
spheroidal or ovoidal that contain numerous chloroplasts. In the
mesocarp there are many conductive wood-free fascicles that
are disorderly arranged and getting to the endocarp.
June 11, 2018 11

Pokhara University
• Endocarp is made of small parenchymatic cells that are
tangentially elongated. there is ni sclerification process in cells,
the seed has thin tegumented, made of 3-4 layers of small
parenchymatic cells that are slightly tangentially elongated.
June 11, 2018 12

Pokhara University
Transverse sections
August 7, 2011 13

Pokhara University
Ethnobotanical uses
 The leaves of J. regia are popular in complementary and
alternative therapy as antimicrobial, depurative, keratolytic,
antidiarrheal, carminative, anthelmintic, astringent, tonic,
hypoglycaemic and for the treatment of sinusitis, cold and
stomachache.
 In Turkish folk medicine, fresh leaves of J. regia are used on
the forehead and body to alleviate fever and on joints to reduce
pain from rheumatism.
 In Palestine, J. regia has been used to treat diabetes, cardiac
disease and inflammatory conditions as well as to improve
vascular and prostate health in elderly males.
July 24, 2018 14

Pokhara University
 In China, the bark from branches and exocarp from the
immature, green fruit have been used for the treatment of
gastric, liver and lung cancer.
 In Mexico, it is used by traditional healers for protection from
liver damage.
 In Nepal, the bark paste is used to treat arthritis, skin diseases,
toothache and to promote hair growth and the seed coat is used
for healing wounds.
 In Calabrian indigenous medicine, the shell of J. regia is used
to treat malaria.
July 24, 2018 15

Pokhara University
Compounds of juglans regia
July 24, 2018 16

Pokhara University
Chemical constituents
July 24, 2018 17

Pokhara University
Phenolic acids in juglans regia
July 24, 2018 18

Pokhara University
Sesquiterpenes in juglans regia
July 24, 2018 19
)

Pokhara University
Steroidal chemical constituents in
juglans regia
July 24, 2018 20

Pokhara University
Therapeutic effects
• Antioxidant
Several studies have demonstrated the antioxidant potential of
walnut products, particularly their fruits, leaves, and alcoholic
substances produced from green fruits. oxidative stress resulting
from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and antioxidant.
Green walnut husk extract shows a strong effect of lowering
oxidative stress. The reduction capability of a compound is based
on its potential antioxidant activity.
July 24, 2018 21

Pokhara University
 The walnuts are associated with antioxidant properties that are
useful in the treatment of chronic diabetic patients (Ahmad et
al). Some studies have shown that the fruits of walnut trees
contain Vitamin C and polyphenols, with antioxidant effects.
 The existence of antioxidant compounds in walnuts may lead to
the collection of free radicals and inactivation of them and
consequently, the protection of cell membranes and various
compounds of alive organism against harmful effects.
July 24, 2018 22

Pokhara University
Lipid lowering activity
 Researchers have reported that dose-dependent consumption of
the Persian walnut oil extract decreases the level of
triglyceride, cholesterol, and LDL-C cholesterol in nondiabetic
rats with high cholesterol.
 The results of the administration of alcoholic extract of walnut
leaves on the level of triglyceride and serum cholesterol
indicate that the active ingredient in walnut leaves somehow
has managed to reduce the level of triglyceride and total serum
cholesterol and increase the level of HDL.
July 24, 2018 23

Pokhara University
 It was also reported that a diet containing walnuts will lead to a
better distribution of fats among fat subgroups, even when the
amount of total fat has not changed.
 This effect of walnuts may be an additional process involved in
the prevention of vascular plaque formation. as an effective
factor in the walnut leaf extract, causes higher reduction of
blood glucose level by stimulating the insulin-producing
system.
July 24, 2018 24

Pokhara University
Antihypertensive
 In several study, it has been reported that the administration of
walnut leaf aqueous extract reduced systolic, diastolic, and
mean arterial pressure compared to the control group. The
effect of walnut leaf aqueous extract on aortic segments of rats
and reported that their blood pressure and noradrenaline-
induced contraction in isolated aorta were reduced.
 This reduction in blood pressure is attributed to the relaxant
effects of the extract on the muscles of arterial walls.
(Perusquia et al.) .
July 24, 2018 25

Pokhara University
 A diet rich in flavonoids, especially quercetin reduces blood
pressure. (Perez-Vizcaino et al). The ethanol extract of the thin
husk around the walnut fruit can inhibit the effect of
angiotensin converting enzyme ACE by 40%. .
 The flavonoids cause the relaxation of contractile activity
induced by noradrenaline and potassium chloride on isolated
aortic smooth muscle( Duarte et al.).
July 24, 2018 26

Pokhara University
Antimicrobial and antifungal
activity
 Studies have demonstrated that walnut products, particularly
husks, barks, leaves, fruits, and special compounds of juglone
are associated with antimicrobial activities.
 With its antioxidant activity, the Portuguese walnut extract
significantly inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, in
particular, Bacillus cereus. The antioxidant activities of
phenolic extracts, their antimicrobial activities have led the
researchers to consider them as an alternative to antibiotics and
chemical protection.
July 24, 2018 27

Pokhara University
• The walnut leaf extract is effective on Propionibacterium
acnes (Sharafati-chaleshtori et al). Methanolic components
derived from walnut leaves have demonstrated a strong
antifungal activity. The walnut leaves could be useful for
employment as an antimicrobial agent against bacteria
responsible for human gastrointestinal infections (Amaral et
al.).
• Thus, according to the results of a lot of studies, it can be said
that, due to having compounds such as juglone and phenolics,
walnut leaves are associated with antibacterial activities
July 24, 2018 28

Pokhara University
Protective of liver and kidney
 The hydro-alcoholic extract of walnut leaves can protect liver
against oxidative damages induced by carbon tetrachloride.
This liver protective effect is likely effective in meeting the
changes in detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes and sweeping
free radicals away. (eidi et al.)
 Another study showed that after subcutaneous injection of
mercuric chloride to rabbits and induction of experimental
acute renal failure, the administration of walnut extract had a
significant impact in the treatment of acute renal failure and
could be effective in nephron cell regeneration, in vivo or in
vitro.
July 24, 2018 29

Pokhara University
Laboratory studies have shown that the intraperitoneal injection
of walnut extract into rats reduced the amount of alanine
aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, and
plasma albumin, while there was no significant changes in the
levels of bilirubin, BUN, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase
enzyme activity.
July 24, 2018 30

Pokhara University
Memory
 There is a high concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in walnuts,
they’re important for brain health. Insufficient omega 3 intake
has been associated to depression and decline in cognitive
function. children with a lower concentration of omega-3 fatty
acids have a higher risk of hyperactivity, learning disorders,
and behavioral problems.(“Purdue University”).
 Consuming specific foods, being physically active, and
engaging in social activities may help maintain and increase
cognitive health. A British Journal of Nutrition animal study
found that walnuts may improve working memory, problem-
solving and motor function.
July 24, 2018 31

Pokhara University
 The combination of antioxidants and alpha linolenic acid in
walnuts may provide antiamyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory
and antioxidative effects, thereby protecting brain cells.
 An in vitro study using walnut extract found that it
counteracted oxidative stress and cell death caused by amyloid
beta-protein, a major component of amyloid deposits and senile
plaques in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease.
July 24, 2018 32

Pokhara University
Anticancer
Numerous substances in walnuts, such as gamma tocopherol,
polyphenols, and phytosterols, may offer protection against
cancer development. whether consumption of walnuts could
affect growth of human breast cancer tumors (MDA-MB 231)
implanted into mice. After 35 days, the breast cancer tumors of
the walnut fed mice were significantly less (Nutrition and
Cancer“). Scientists at the UT Health Science Center injected
immune-deficient mice with human prostate cancer cells. 3 of 16
mice eating the walnut-enriched diet developed prostate tumors,
compared with 14 of 32 mice on the non-walnut control diet,
there were so few and slow growth of tumors in animals
consuming the walnuts .
33

Pokhara University
Quality standards
 Loss on drying: Weight loss of up to 2% due to moisture
 Oil content: 50 – 65%
 Moisture content: 65%
 Relative humidity: 70%
 Water content: 2 - 8%
 Ash value:0.2-2.1%
 Lipocellulose:71-79%
July 24, 2018 34

Pokhara University
Formulary of English walnut
• Dosage:
Daily dosages used in clinical trials range from 20 (moderate intake) to
84 g/day (4 shelled walnuts equals approximately 20 g).
• Pregnancy/Lactation:
Generally recognized as safe when used as food. The possibility of in
uterus sensitization has been debated.
• Contraindication:
Contraindications have not been identified. Cross-hypersensitivity
between tree nuts is known to exist.
.
July 24, 2018 35

Pokhara University
• Adverse Reactions:
Allergy and fatal anaphylaxis to walnut have been reported.
• Toxicology:
Information is lacking. Juglone, a constituent of walnut is toxic in
animals.
• Interactions:
None well documented. Walnut interferes with the absorption of
the iron
July 24, 2018 36

Pokhara University
Ayurvedic medicines
July 24, 2018 37
Dose--For children above 5 years of age 10-20 ml
once or twice daily according to age or as directed
by the physician.
For children below 5 years of age – 1- 5 ml, once or
twice a day.

Pokhara University
July 24, 2018 38
It is used for the treatment of burning
sensation, fever, bleeding disorders,
cough, asthma, weakness and
gynecological diseases. medicine – quarter
to half teaspoon with water, usually before
food, once or twice a day, or as directed
by Ayurvedic doctor.

Pokhara University
Commercial products
July 24, 2018 39

Pokhara University
References
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5628521/A
(Review Study on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology
Applications of Juglans Regia Plant) (Accessed on July 21)
• https://easyayurveda.com/2017/05/24/walnut-juglans-regia-
akhrot(Accesssed on July 20)
• http://www.jcimjournal.com/en/FullText2.aspx?articleID=S209
5-4964(16)60274(Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine:
Volume 14 September, 2016 Number 5) (Access on July 18)
June 24, 2018 40

Pokhara University
Thank You
June 11, 2018 41

22 juglans regia (okhar)

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to 22 juglans regia (okhar)

Similar to 22 juglans regia (okhar) (20)

More from Shailendra Shah

More from Shailendra Shah (11)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

22 juglans regia (okhar)