The document discusses diversity and conservation strategies for banana and coconut. For banana, it describes important varieties grown in India like Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, and Rasthali. It also outlines conservation methods like field collections, in vitro collections, and cryopreservation. The National Research Centre on Banana maintains over 4500 accessions of banana germplasm. For coconut, it provides an overview of major coconut producing countries and describes coconut genetic resources and collections in India maintained by the Coconut Research Institute.
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...Arvind Yadav
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...Arvind Yadav
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
CONSERVATIONAL STUDIES ON CHLOROPHYTUM BORIVILIANUM (SAFED MUSLI) IN NANDUR...American Research Thoughts
An ethno-ecological and ethno-medicinal survey was conducted in various parts of
Nandurbar dist. of Maharashtra to find out the cause of loss of biodiversity and abundance of
Chlorophytum borivilianum. Investigation are proceeds to tracing and finding the alternative ways to
conservation of Chlorophytum borivilianumat their natural as well as to introductions as a crop in
agricultural sector due to huge ethno economic prospective.
THIS IS ALL ABOUT THE BANANA. THE BENEFITS OF BANANA IN MALAYSIA INDUSTRY. WHAT ARE THE PROCESS OF MAKING BANANA AND WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF BANANA THAT CAN BE FOUND IN MALAYSIA. WHAT IS THE PERCENTAGE OF BANANA IN MALAYSIA. HOW CAN BANANA IMPROVES MALAYSIA'S INDUSTRIAL AREA
Knowledge of Farmers about production technology of root and tuber cropsVedant Girawale
It is believable that to motivate farmers for adopting package of
practices of root & tuber crops for food security and nutritional security is very much essential. Final decision of farmers to adopt root & tuber crops cultivation is usually the result of their knowledge about package of practices of tuber crops. Therefore, it was felt necessary to study level of knowledge of the farmers about package of practices of root & tuber crops in Navsari distrist of south Gujarat, India.
varietal wealth in tropical and dry land fruit cropsfarheen
mango variety derived various type of
characters.
Among the Alphonso, Kesar, Safeda etc, are early season variety, Kishen bhog, Totapuri, Dashehari etc, are mid season variety and Chausa, Fernandin, Neelum etc, are late season variety.
Totapuri, sonpari, kesar also use for processing purpose.
Rajapuri variety of mango highly use for pickles industry in gujarat.
Fernandin variety of mango use for table purpose in Goa.
Neelum variety of mango is suitable for long distace market.
Chinnarasm variety is mostly use in juice purpose.
vanraj., Arka neelkiran, Pusa pratibha variety suitable for export and international market.
Amrapalli, Arka aruna, Pusa arunima suitable for high density planting.
Kesar, Totapuri, Sonpari, Chausa, Mundappa variety have ggod keeping qulity.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken’s feed during laying.
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As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
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As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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2. What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity, also called biological diversity, the
variety of life found in a place on Earth or, often, the
total variety of life on Earth. A common measure of this
variety, called species richness, is the count of species in
an area.
3. Biodiversity Conservation
Protection of natural habitats of organisms
through controlled exploitation.
Maintenance of rare species in protected
areas such as national parks, sanctuaries
etc.,
Establishment of specific biosphere reserves
for endangered plants and animals.
Protection of wild life through legislation such
as banning hunting etc.,
Imposing specific restrictions on export of
endangered plants and animals or their
products.
Educating the public about the need to
protect and preserve the environment as a
4. Threats to our Biodiversity
Degradation, fragmentation and loss
of habitat.
Spreading of invasive species.
Unsustainable use of natural
resources.
Change in climate.
Inappropriate fire regimes.
Change within aquatic environment
and water flows.
7. Banana
BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION
Scientific Name – Musa sp.
Family – Musaceae
Chromosome No. – 22,44,66,88
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Type of Fruit- Berry
Edible Part – Endocarp
Origin – S.E. Asia
8. Agro-Climatic Requirements
Banana a tropical crop, grows well in a
temperature ranges of 15°C - 35°C with
relative humidity of 75-85%
It require loamy soil with pH between 6.5-
7.5
Rich in organic material with high
nitrogen content, adequate phosphorus
and plenty of potash.
Average rainfall require is 650-750mm.
9. Top 10 Banana Producing Countries in
the World 2018
Serial
No.
Country Production (Million Tonnes)
1 India 29.82
2 China 11.64
3 Uganda 11.23
4 Philippines 9.45
5 Ecuador 8.24
6 Brazil 7.65
7 Indonesia 5.27
8 Colombia0 5.27
9 Cameroon 4.94
10 Tanzania 4.08
10. Banana-growing countries that produce 1 million metric tonnes or more.
Each country’s production is allocated to four categories: Cavendish
cultivars, other dessert cultivars, Plantain cultivars, and other cooking
cultivars. India is the largest producer with 29.82 million tonnes.
11. Banana Producing States in
India
Ra
nk
State Production- (000MT)
1 Tamil Nadu 5136.2
2 Gujarat 4523.49
3 Maharashtra 3600
4 Andhra Pradesh 3242.797
5 Karnataka 2529.6
6 Bihar 1702.412
7 Madhya Pradesh 1701
8 West Bengal 1077.8
9 Assam 837.021
10 Orissa 521.31
17. Important Cultivars of Banana
Sr. no. Banana Variety Features Grown Areas
1 Dwarf Cavendish The duration of the crop
is 11 months and
produces bunch with an
average weight of 20 kg,
compactly arranged with
140 to 160 fruit / bunch
Bihar, Tamil
Nadu,
Karnataka,
Maharashtra,
West Bengal,
Assam,
Nagaland and
Meghalaya
2 Robusta Plants bear potential
bunches weighing 25 to
30 Kgs each with good
sized, slightly curved fruit
Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka,
Bihar,
Jharkhand,
Kerala and
Maharashtra
3 Rasthali Plants are medium
statured and the crop
takes 13 to 15 months to
come to harvest with
bunch weighing 15-18 kg
Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, West
Bengal, Assam
and Mizoram
18. Sr.
No.
Banana
Variety
Features Grown Areas
4 Nendran Exported to Gulf Countries,
bunch weight varies from 8-15
kg having 30 – 50 fingers. Fruit
have a distinct neck with thick
and green peel which turns
yellow on ripening.
Kerala, Tamil
Nadu
5 Poovan Under optimum crop
management, it bears bunches
weighing 20-24 kg each having
150 – 300 fingers, it is
distinguished from other
cultivars by its pink pigmentation
on the ventral side of the
midri of young leaves.
Tripura,
Meghalaya,
Tamil
Nadu, Arunach
al Pradesh,
Mizoram,
Sikkim,
Jharkhand,
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands,
Kerala and
Karnataka
6 Ney
Poovan
First crop cycle in 12-13 months,
bunch orientation is
Kerala, Tamil
Nadu and
19. Sr. No Banana
Variety
Features Grown Areas
7 Grand Naine It is a medium to tall statured
variety and is a heavy yielder
with long cylindrical bunch. On
an average is produces a
bunch weighing 25-35 Kg and
goes up to 60-65 Kg in crop
duration of 11-12 months.
All over India
8 Red Banana Elite banana cultivar and grown
for red peeled delicious fruit of
unique taste. The plants are
tall, robust ranging from 2.5 m
to 3.0 m in height, produces
bunches to tune of 20 – 30 Kg
Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh,
Kerala, Karnata
ka and Tamil
Nadu
9 Monthan Fairly tall and robust, growing
to a height of 2.5 to 3.0 m
Tamil Nadu,
West
Bengal, Jharkha
nd, Odisha and
Kerala
20. Sr.
No
Banana
Variety
Features Grown Areas
10 Karpuraval
li
Tolerance to drought. Salt and Wind,
ease of cultivation and high
productivity has favoured its
commercial cultivation at larger scale
in marginal soil conditions in South
India. Takes about 16 months to
complete first crop cycle with
bunches of 25-35 Kg weight under
optimum crop management
conditions.
Assam, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu
11 Virupakshi Duration of crop is 14 months,
average bunch weight is 12 Kg and
6-8 hands with 80-90 fruit / bunch.
Himachal
Pradesh,
Andhra
Pradesh, Kerala
and Tamil Nadu
12 Udhayam The Plants are comparatively dwarf
in stature with a duration of 13 – 14
months
Tripura,
Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu and
Kerala
13 Pachanad
an
Duration of the crop is 11 – 12
months, tall statured with 2.6 to 3.1 m
Tamil Nadu
24. Methods of Banana
Conservation
The Surveyed Collections
Ex Situ conservation
1. Conservation of wild
species
2. Field Collection
In vitro Collection
1. Cryopreservation
Collection
2. Conservation of wild
species through seed.
25. Agency work on conserving
Musa sp. In India
National Research Centre on Banana
- NRCB
Field and in vitro collection, containing
4505 mats of 901accessions in the
field and 72 accessions in the lab,
supplying farmers, horticulturists and
breeders in India. Botanical potential
of the collection for breeding is
evident.
26. The Surveyed Collections
There is a gradual and continuous establishment of
ex situ collections from the late 1960s to recently,
with the following collections currently present in
the 4 regions
Eastern Africa: 10 collections
Western Africa: 7 collections
Asia and the Pacific: 27 collections
Latin America and the Caribbean: 9 collection
the institutes managing Musa genetic diversity ex situ and the total number of
accessions
27. Ex Situ conservation
Some wild germplasm accessions disappear from ex
situ collections because field collections do not always
provide the suitable ecology.
Wild species are sometimes better at seed propagation
than vegetative propagation.
It helps access to a wider selection of genes, rather
than one or two collected genotypes within the
population.
The idea of wild sub-collections in appropriate
environments is interesting but difficult to
implement. The best alternative is in situ
conservation of wild taxa , with geo-referenced
passport data.
Conservation of wild species
28. Field Collection
Field gene banks provide easy access to
plant genetic resources.
It helps for characterization, evaluation or
utilization, while the same material conserved
in vitro or in cryo must be regenerated and
grown before it can be evaluated.
Materials grown in the field are also important
for conserving vegetatively propagated
genotypes that commonly produce variants
(genetic variation), since these can be more
easily identified in the field than in vitro
29. Cont.
According to the survey the most damaging
biotic factors affecting the field collections are
the following:-
1. Fusarium wilt,
2. Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV)
3. Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV),
4. Banana streak virus(BSV),
5. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV),
6. Bacterial wilt,
7. Black leaf streak (BLS),
8. Mycosphaerella leaf spots,
9. Nematodes and weevils
30. In vitro Collection
In vitro collections are used mainly for the safety
duplication of the field collections and for rapid
multiplication and safe movement of disease-free
planting material.
Controlled growth conditions avoids infestation of
the germplasm by pests and diseases, as well as
climate shocks.
Production of robust, rooted in vitro plants of
31. Out of the 56 collections from the
Global Musa Survey, 32 institutes
maintain an in vitro collection varying
from a few accessions to the largest
collection at ITC of 1,479 accessions.
A total estimated 4,507 accessions are
conserved in vitro.
33. Cryopreservation Collection
Cryopreservation is used for the long-term conservation of
in vitro collections, with minimal probabilities of
deteriorating and losses of germplasm. The material is
generally not distributed in this form. Two
cryopreservation protocols are currently available for a
range of banana cultivar groups.
1. CRYOPRESERVATION OF APICAL BANANA
MERISTEMS
2. CRYOPRESERVATION OF BANANA MERISTEM
CLUSTERS
The following 3 institutes maintain germplasm in
cryopreservation:
1. ITC collection with 938 accessions (76% cultivars, 14
% wild taxa and 9% breeding lines)
2. India – NBPGR with 50 accessions
3. USDA - Puerto Rico with 10 accession
34. The following 3 institutes maintain germplasm in
cryopreservation:
1. ITC collection with 938 accessions (76%
cultivars, 14 % wild taxa and 9% breeding lines)
2. India – NBPGR with 50 accessions
3. USDA - Puerto Rico with 10 accession
36. Production of robust, rooted in vitro plants of
banana
Illustration of meristem isolation.
(Leaves are removed one by one until
the apical dome is visible but still
partially covered by 1 to 2 young leaf
Partly-covered apical
meristems of banana
38. Conservation of wild species
through seed
Conservation of the
wider Musa wild
diversity through seeds
and embryo.
Seed storage behavior
is studied as
germination of Musa
seeds in soil is still very
unpredictable.
The germination
process is slow and
takes long time.
39. Overview of Banana
Conservation
1. Vegetative methods are the best and more
widely used methods of banana conservation.
2. Germplasm can be maintained as vegetatively
maintained genotypes in fields or screenhouses
(field banks), in tissue culture or via
cryopreservation (in vitro).
3. When the objective is solely to conserve the
genes (but not specific combinations of genes),
true seeds can be used instead, as long as
seeds are produced.
4. Seeds can probably also be conserved with
cryo techniques.
5. Genes can also be maintained for further use in
the form of DNA (DNA banks or lyophilized
leaves) or cryopreserved pollen.
41. Introduction
The coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.)
belongs to the Arecaceae family (Order
Arecales) and is the only species of the
genus Cocos.
The coconut palm is diploid (2n=32). It is
woody and perennial with a stem that is
erect, unbranched and cylindrical and
grows from a single shoot meristem at
the apex of the plant.
It is anchored by numerous adventitious
roots which are produced from the
swollen basal part of the stem.
The top of the trunk consists of a
radiating compact crown with large, thick
cuticled pinnate leaves.
The fruit is a fibrous drupe with a smooth
outside skin (exocarp) which varies in
color.
42. Cont.
Coconut genetic diversity
Coconut is one of the few major crop species that has
no closely related wild relatives. Coconut belongs to
the palm family (Palmae or Arecaceae),which has
about 2800 species of 190 genera. The Cocoeae tribe
with 27 genera and nearly 600 species includes
several economically important plants such as
1. Cocos nucifera(coconut),
2. Elaeis guineensis(African oil palm),
3. Attalea cohune( babacu ),
4. Bactris gasipaes(peach palm).
Palm species most related to the coconut palm are found
in Colombia (Cook 1901).
53. Conservation method
Plant Genetic Research are commonly
conserved using ex situ or in situ
approaches.
Ex situ refers to their conservation outside
their natural habitat in facilities such as
1) Seed banks
2) Field genebanks
• In vitro collections
1) Botanic gardens
2) Germplasm conserved in the form of
1. plants,
2. seeds,
54. 1. Pollen
2. Tissues
3. cells or DNA.
Coconut bears very large size seeds
so seed conservation not possible.
55. 1) Field genebank:-
Advantages-
Easy access for characterization, evaluation
and use.
Simple infrastructure needs.
Does not require highly skilled manpower.
Disadvantages-
Space limitation compounded by need to
maintain safe isolation distance between
trees, especially for the Tall types that out
cross frequently .
Labour intensive; High risk in mislabelling.
Vulnerability to biotic and abiotic factors.
Exchange of germplasm.
Participation with end users difficult.
Legal issues as related to land ownership.
56. Research needed-
Minimum number of palms needed to maintain
representative genetic diversity
Filed plot techniques for proper characterization
and evaluation
Economics of coconut field genebank maintenance
Field genebank
57. 2) In vitro collecting and culture of
zygotic embryos-
Advantages-
Well established protocols.
Facilitates germplasm exchange.
Disadvantages-
Only short-term storage.
Relatively high infrastructure needs.
High maintenance cost.
Less accessible to users.
Research needed-
Testing of optimized in vitro culture
protocol.
59. 3) Cryopreservation-
Advantages-
Feasible for long term secure storage.
Easy to maintain, low costs.
Protocol for coconut embryos has been
developed.
Not labour intensive.
Disadvantages-
Requires skilled labour.
High initial investment cost for Infrastructure.
Research needed-
More work required to refine cryopreservation
protocol.
61. 4) Pollen
conservation-
Advantages-
Large number of samples
can be maintained in small
space.
Easy to handle.
Useful for crosses.
Can be cryopreserved
allowing long term
storage.
Disadvantages-
Not yet feasible for long
term.
Only conserve part of
diversity.
Cannot be used to
conserve specific
genotypes.
Research needed-
Refinement on
Coconut pollen in freezer
Drying of coconut pollen
62. 5) On-farm-
Advantages-
Dynamic conservation in relation to
environmental changes.
Participation of local communities and
stakeholders made easier.
Conserve a much larger genetic diversity overall.
Highly suitable for coconuts.
Difficult to exchange germplasm.
Disadvantages-
Vulnerable to natural and man-directed disasters,
e.g. fire, cyclones, vandalism, change in land
use, deforestation etc.
Materials not easily available for utilization.
Appropriate management regimes poorly
understood.
Require active supervision and monitoring
Genetic diversity scattered .
63. Research needed-
Little information on status of genetic diversity
across coconut stands.
Systematic documentation of farmers
knowledge is needed.
Several issues related to socioeconomics of
coconut farming, indigenous knowledge,
community participation in relation to on-farm
conservation.
On farm conservation methodologies need
further work .
Ways and means to enhance benefits for
promoting conservation on farm.
Piloting in situ methods for locating, measuring
and monitoring genetic diversity.
65. Comparison of conservation options for coconuts
In situ on
farm /natural
habitats
Botanic
Gardens
‘Convention
al’
Genebanks
(seed banks,
field
genebanks)
Slow growth
conditions
(short-term)
Cryopreserv
ation - liquid
N (long-
term)
Mature plant Coconuts
conserved on
farm widely
and in home
gardens and
natural stands
exist on small
isolated islands
and atolls.
Occurs in
botanic
gardens but
limited scope
for conserving
genetic
diversity.
Field genebank
most widely
used
conservation
method so far.
National and
international
coconut field
genebanks
exist.
Not applicable Not applicable
Seeds and
zygotic
embryos
Not feasible-
seeds are
recalcitrant, no
natural soil
seed banks
Not feasible Seeds are
recalcitrant and
too large; seed
conservation
not feasible
Field
collecting
protocol
established for
zygotic
embryos; In
vitro culture
functional
Cryopreservati
on protocol has
been
established for
zygotic
embryos;
suitable for
long term
conservation
Somatic
embryos
Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Mass
propagation
problematic;
Not applicable
66. Cont.
In situ on
farm
/natural
habitats
Botanic
Gardens
‘Conventional’
Genebanks
(seed banks,
field
genebanks)
Slow growth
conditions
(short-term)
Cryopreserva
tion - liquid N
(long-term)
Pollen Not
applicable
Not applicable Possible, for
short term
conservation
(2-6 months)
Not applicable Coconut pollen
can be
cryopreserved
and could be
suitable for
long term
conservation
Apices Not
applicable
Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable cryopreservati
on protocol
established;
relatively low
survival and
regeneration
of plants very
difficult
DNA Not
applicable
Not applicable Storage as
DNA libraries
exists – value
not known
Not applicable Long-term
storage
possible (LN
or –80°C
freezer). Use
of stored DNA
questionable.