This document provides information on the plant Oroxylum indicum, including its nomenclature, habitat, morphological characteristics, cultivation practices, traditional medical uses, pharmacological actions, major chemical constituents, and commercial applications. It describes O. indicum as a semi-deciduous tree found in tropical areas of South Asia and Southeast Asia. Various parts of the plant have been used ethnomedicinally to treat conditions like fever, digestive issues, wounds, and rheumatism. Extracts from O. indicum have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties in pharmacological studies. Major chemical constituents include compounds like oroxylin A, β-sitosterol, ursolic
medicinal properties of Terminallia chebula(harro) with its habit and habbitat,microscopic character, macroscopic character and plant have pharmacological properties like antioxidant,anticancer, cardioprotective activity,antidaibetic,antibactarial,antifungal,antiviral and anti-infammatrory properties.
Medicinal value of plant Crataeva nurvala including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
lab 1: introduction to flowers + clove, for second year pharmacy students, Al-Azhar University by Dr Mahmoud Sallam demonstrator at pharmacognosy department.
Medicinal value of plant Rheum australe including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Picrorhiza scrophulariflora including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
medicinal properties of Terminallia chebula(harro) with its habit and habbitat,microscopic character, macroscopic character and plant have pharmacological properties like antioxidant,anticancer, cardioprotective activity,antidaibetic,antibactarial,antifungal,antiviral and anti-infammatrory properties.
Medicinal value of plant Crataeva nurvala including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
lab 1: introduction to flowers + clove, for second year pharmacy students, Al-Azhar University by Dr Mahmoud Sallam demonstrator at pharmacognosy department.
Medicinal value of plant Rheum australe including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Picrorhiza scrophulariflora including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal properties of plant terminalia bellerica(barro) which have
contain different chemical constituent and having differnt biological activity like Analgesic activity,Anti diarrhoeal activity, Antioxidant activity, Antihypertensive effect, Anti salmonella activity, Anti- Spasmodic and, Bronchodilatory properties, Anti-micobial activity, Antimicrobial and Toxicity studies, Wound healing activity
Medicinal value of plant Dactylorhiza hatagiera including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Juglans regia including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of Urtica dioica
Contents
Nomenclature
Biological source
Habbitat
cultivation and collection
chemical constituent
Pharmacological action including antioxidant, Anti-helmintic, Anti-diabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial.
Pharmacognostical study of monocot medicinal herb kyllinga triceps rottbijtsrd
Kyllinga triceps in a small tufted herb upto 12in. high with a short rhizome and linear leaves, one half or nearly as long as the stem, found in forest of Gwalior-Chambal region. The plant is considered as diuretic, hepato protective, anti diabetic in Ayurvedic literatures plant is known as musta. It Cures kapha and pitta disorders in the present work detailed information related to pharmacognosy of kyllinga triceps rottb. (Cyperaceae) have been carried out, which would help investigators in identification of the plant. Amit Upadhyay | Dr. Suman Jain"Pharmacognostical study of monocot medicinal herb kyllinga triceps rottb" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2422.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/2422/pharmacognostical-study-of-monocot-medicinal-herb-kyllinga-triceps-rottb/amit-upadhyay
Medicinal properties of plant terminalia bellerica(barro) which have
contain different chemical constituent and having differnt biological activity like Analgesic activity,Anti diarrhoeal activity, Antioxidant activity, Antihypertensive effect, Anti salmonella activity, Anti- Spasmodic and, Bronchodilatory properties, Anti-micobial activity, Antimicrobial and Toxicity studies, Wound healing activity
Medicinal value of plant Dactylorhiza hatagiera including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Juglans regia including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of Urtica dioica
Contents
Nomenclature
Biological source
Habbitat
cultivation and collection
chemical constituent
Pharmacological action including antioxidant, Anti-helmintic, Anti-diabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial.
Pharmacognostical study of monocot medicinal herb kyllinga triceps rottbijtsrd
Kyllinga triceps in a small tufted herb upto 12in. high with a short rhizome and linear leaves, one half or nearly as long as the stem, found in forest of Gwalior-Chambal region. The plant is considered as diuretic, hepato protective, anti diabetic in Ayurvedic literatures plant is known as musta. It Cures kapha and pitta disorders in the present work detailed information related to pharmacognosy of kyllinga triceps rottb. (Cyperaceae) have been carried out, which would help investigators in identification of the plant. Amit Upadhyay | Dr. Suman Jain"Pharmacognostical study of monocot medicinal herb kyllinga triceps rottb" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2422.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/2422/pharmacognostical-study-of-monocot-medicinal-herb-kyllinga-triceps-rottb/amit-upadhyay
It is estimated that more than 80,000 of total plant species have been identified and used as medicinal plants around the world. Among these plants 600-900 species are considered by various experts to be medicinal plants in Bangladesh.
Among these Abroma augusta is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family stercluaceace, having a lot of pharmacological properties and are extensively used to treat various health ailments.
This slide gives brief information about medicinal, plant Cassia fistula (rajbriksha). It consist of information about Macroscopy, Chemical constituents and Medicinal uses of Cassia fistula plant................Hope, This will Help You........Have a Wonderful Day....
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on EpiglottitisIOSR Journals
The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly (P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity. Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
ABSTRACT
The traditional medicine involves the use of different plant extracts or the bioactive constituents. The study
such as ethno medicine keenly represents one of the best avenues in searching new economic plants for
medicine. This type of study provides the health application at affordable cost. The present study carried out to
find out the phytochemical constituents in the Ficusracemosa leaves. The materials were grained and extracted
with benzene, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol and petroleum ether. Photochemical analysis was carried
out according to standard procedures. Sugar, protein, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols and glycoside were found
to be present in the extracts.
KEY WORDS
Ficusracemosa (linn.)moraceae, Pharmacological and Phytochemical studies.
Cucurbits are edible crops, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. They are climbers with reserves in roots and are distributed mainly in tropical zones. They are mostly moist vines and are distributed in both the eastern and western hemispheres. The member of this family are excellent fruit crops having most of the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals required for the good health of humans. All parts of the Cucurbitaceae plants (leaf, stem, root or tuber, fruit and seeds) are used in the traditional system of medicine. Wide research is going on to search a new active compound and to analyze their medicinal properties. The present review of Cucurbitaceae family deals with the very large amount of updated information of scientific research and report in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology. In this study, we have documented some of the important plants viz., Mukia maderaspatana, Solena amplexicaulis, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus lanatus, Coccinia indica, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Corallocarpus epigaeus, Luffa cylindrica, Momordica charantia, Trichosanthes dioica and Kedrostis foetidissima.
Sources of crude drugs (natural)
Drugs obtained from Plants, Animals, Marine, Microorganism, Mineral and from Biotechnology (plant tissue culture) are covered in the presentation
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
Medicinal value of plant Momordica charatia including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Bauhinia variegata Linn including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
The presentation describe about communicable disease(Tuberculosis,Giardiasis, Ascariasis ,AIDS,Typhyoid) and uncommunicable disease(Cancer ,HTN, Coronary artery disease) with its mode of trasmission ,symptoms, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment
The presentation on topic Medicinal value of cordyceps sinensis give the idea about its clinical uses, chemical constituent, pharmacological activity and conservation status of cordyceps sinensis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. Contents
Nomenclature [1] [3]
Habit and Habitat [1] [3]
Macroscopic [1] [3] [4] and Microscopic Characters [2]
Cultivation and Collection [1]
Pharmacoepial Standards [3]
Ethno medical Uses [5] [6]
Pharmacological Actions [5] [6]
Major Chemical Constituents [3]
Commercial values and Formulations [6]
3. Oroxylum indicum (L). Vent.
Vernacular names: Tatelo, Karmakanda, Saune tatal,
Tarvare simi.
English names: Broken bones, Midnight horror,
Tree of ‘Damocles’.
Biological sources: Leaves, pod, bark, seeds, e t c …
Classification:
Kingdom: Plantae
Sub-kingdom: Angiosperms
Division: Magnoliophyta
Sub-division: Tracheophyta
Class: Magnolipsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Genus: Oroxylum
Species: O. indicum
4. Habit and Habitat
Habit: Semi deciduous, short lived, flowering plant,
tree belonging to family Bignoniaceae or Trumpet
creeper.
Habitat: Sub tropical or tropical areas in moist places
and tolerant to wide ranges of climatic variations.
Altitude: Mostly occur at elevations of 1000 meters.
It is widely distributed in Himalayan foothills of Nepal,
India, South China, Indo China, Bhutan.
It is also reported to be found in Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam and Malaysia.
In Nepal it is mostly distributed in edges of Himalayan
forest towards hilly region (1300 m).
5. Macroscopic and Microscopic Characters
Deciduous tree, height 10 m.
Soft light brown bark with corky lenticels.
Leaves stalked, opposite, bipinnate, leaflets stalked, 6-16
cm long, 4-7 cm wide, broadly ovate, acuminate and
glabrous. Leaflets display four orders of branching;
quadripinnate.
6. continued
Large leaf stalks wither and fall off in winter and collect
near the base of trunk appearing to look like a pile of
broken limbs of bones, so called as ‘Broken bones’.
Flowers lurid to reddish purple outside, fetid, erect and
racemes. The tree is night- bloomer and flowers are
adapted to nocturnal pollination by bats.
Fruit flat capsules, 1.5 m long enormous seedpods.
7.
8. continued
The long fruits hang down from
branches resembling swords and curve
downwards resembling the wings of
large bird or dangling sickles in the
night giving the name the “Tree of
Damocles”.
• The seeds round with papery wings.
9. continued
Under microscopic observation the powder of bark
showed fragments of cork cells polygonal or
hexagonal in shape, stone cells, fibers and
paranchymatous cells filled with black brown patches.
10. continued
T.S. of stem bark showed outer most 10-15 layered cork
cells (171-190μm thick).
Below cork 2-4 layered cork cambium (19.0-28.5µm thick).
Bellow it phelloderm (15-25 cells) and (285-380µm thick).
No. of stone cells and fibers were embedded in this region.
Outer phloem plenty of stone cells while inner phloem
plenty of fibers. In inner phloem parenchymatous cells
filled brownish-black contents were present.
Medullary rays are multiserriate and heterogeneous cells.
Acicular crystals were embedded in medullary rays.
11.
12.
13.
14. Cultivation and Collection
Plant prefers a fertile moisture-retentive soil in a sunny
position or light shade.
Tolerant to wide variety of soils and climatic conditions.
The flowers which open at night have a fetid smell which
attract bats for pollination. The tree is fairly short lived.
It is best to pre-soak the seeds in warm water before
sowing. Germination is 50% with the seeds sprouting in
19-25 days.
It has curious growth habit, that it grows rapidly to 5-10 m
height from seeds and flowers and further grows upward.
Lower buds then break to rise stiffly erect branches.
Flowering: May-August
Fruiting: October-November
Collection can be done in these periods.
16. Ethno medical Uses
In India; medicine of root bark, leaves and stem – snake bite.
Paste of sesame oil with powder of root bark – digestive tonic.
Leaves used externally for enlarged spleen, ulcers and
headaches.
Bark and seeds – fever, pneumonia, stomach disorders and
respiratory troubles.
In Nepal; root decoction – dysentery and diarrhea.
Seeds – digestive; seed paste – boils and wounds.
In Malaysia – to treat tooth ache, wound, splenomegaly,
gastritis, dysentery, cholera , loss of appetite and fever.
In Philippine Islands; bark of root – diaphoretic.
Alcoholic maceration of fresh bark – externally used as lacquer
to relieve allergic dermatitis.
17. continued
In Vietnam folk; decoction of seeds – cough, bronchitis and
gastritis.
In China; seeds – to cure liver and stomach problems, to heal
ulcers.
In Burma, Vietnam and Philippines; bark – to treat dysentery
and rheumatism.
Decoction of bark – gastric ulcer; paste – mouth cancer,
scabies and other skin diseases.
Paste of bark – applied to animal wounds to kill maggots;
decoction of bark – to animals for deworming.
Dried powder used by women to induce conception.
Seed oil non- drying oil – perfume industry.
Medicated oil of O. indicum in sesame oil base – instilled into
ears mitigates the pain in otitis.
18. continued
Decoction of any part – used externally in childbirth.
Roots are sweet astringent, acrid, refrigerant, aphrodisiac,
expectorant, carminative, digestive, anthelmintic, antidiabetic,
constipating, diuretic, ant arthritic and febrifuges.
Roots tonic – dropsy, cough, sprains, neuralgia, hiccough,
asthma, bronchitis, anorexia, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic,
diarrhea, gout, vomiting, leukoderma, wounds, rheumatic
arthritis, fever.
Root bark – stomatitis, nasopharyngeal cancer and tuberculosis.
Matured fruit – acrid, sweet, anthelmintic, liver problem,
stomachic, cardiac, pharyngitis, gastropathy, bronchitis,
haemorrhoids, cough, piles, jaundice, dyspepsia, small pox,
leukoderma, cholera.
19. Pharmacological Actions
1. Anti-inflammatory activity:
In in-vivo carrageenan induced rat paw edema model:
Aqueous extract of leaves of Oroxylum indicum;
At dose level of 150mg/kg body weight showed
significant anti-inflammatory activity.
At dose level of 300mg/kg body weight sowed maximum
activity.
Also aq. and alcoholic extracts of stem showed activity.
Paw volume was significantly reduced.
They predominantly inhibited the release of
prostaglandins like substances.
Though all were less effective than standard diclofenac
sodium.
20. continued
In in-vitro aq. and alcoholic extracts of stem bark reduced
myeloperoxidase.
The flavonoids present in various parts of this plants may be
responsible for producing anti-inflammatory activity.
All findings suggest Oroxylum indicum can be useful in
management of chronic inflammatory conditions like arthritis.
2. Hepatoprotective activity:
In in-vivo Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in
mice and rats;
Ethanolic (300mg/kg), Petroleum ether (300mg/kg) and n-butanol
(300mg/kg) extracts of root, leaves and stem bark showed
significant hepatoprotective activity.
This was indicated by reduced levels; of Serum Glutamic
Oxaloacetic acid Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamic Pyruvate
Transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Total
Bilirubin (TB); as compared to control (sylimarin) group.
21. continued
Free radical scavenging activity was also reported and
hepatoprotective action was likely to be due to its ability to
scavenge free radicals and induce microsomal enzymes thereby
inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by CCL4.
This action is also possible due to presence of flavonoids and this
plant can be potentially used in various liver disorders.
3. Anthelmintic activity:
This activity of O. indicum extract was evaluated against equine
strongyle eggs in-vitro and compared to ivermectin (one of the
most effective deworming agents).
At dose 2x10^(-5)g/ml and greater- Delayed egg hatching.
At dose 2x10^(-1)g/ml- 0% hatching.
At dose 2x10^(-4)g/ml- 0% viability of eggs and larvae.
Thus it can be appropriate anthelmintic against equine strongyles.
22. continued
4. Anticancer activity:
Baicalein the most abundant flavonoid present in the leaves of O.
indicum was isolated and tested on viability and induction of
apoptosis in the HL-60 cell line.
Pre-treatment with Baicalein for 24hrs. Caused 50% inhibition of
HL-60 cells at concentration of 25-30µM.
Exposure of HL-60 cell to 10-20µM Baicalein for 36-48hrs. Caused
the cells to accumulate at S or G2M phases. This result indicated
Baicalein had anti-tumor effect on human cancer cells.
Non-polar extracts of O. indicum (especially PHO, petroleum ether
hot extract) can effectively target estrogen negative breast cancer
cells to induce apoptosis without harming other cells at 0.05%
concentration showing cancer-specific cytotoxicity.
Thus O. indicum is potent as anti-tumor agent.
23. continued
5. Immunostimulating activity:
Root extract of O. indicum in n-butanol (100mg/kg body weight
OS, once a day for 22 consecutive days) were administered to
rats and immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC)
haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer and delayed-type
hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions were measured.
The n-butanol fraction caused significant rise in HA- indicating
potential humoral response.
Also the rise in paw edema formation indicated DTH reactions.
Additionally antioxidant property was exhibited which was
indicated by reduction in malondialdehyde content in blood, rise
in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalases (CAT) and
reduced glutathione.
Furthermore, histopathologic analysis of lymphoid tissues showed
and increased cellularity e g. T-lymphocytes and sinusoids, in
treatment group.
24. continued
Therefore, O. indicum attributed both humoral and cell-mediated
immune responses along with antioxidant activity.
This study justifies its use in immunomodulatory formulation of
Ayurveda like Chyavanprash.
6. Anti-microbial activity:
The anti-microbial activity of various extracts of O. indicum has
been screened against 14 pathogenic bacteria (5 gram +ve & 9
gram –ve) and 7 pathogenic fungi using disk diffusion method.
Crude ethyl acetate extract- mild to moderate activity against all
bacteria and fungi.
Methanolic extract- little against bacteria and moderate against
fungi.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of two isolated flavonoids
against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
and Shiegella dysenterine was found to be between 64-128µg/ml.
25. continued
7. Gastro protective activity:
Gastro protective activity of 50% alcoholic extract of root bark of
O. indicum and its different fractions viz. petroleum ether,
chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were tested in
ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. n-butanol was tested in
water immersion restraints stress (WIRS)-model also.
Alcoholic extract (300mg/kg) and its different fractions (at dose of
100-300mg/kg) showed significant reduction in gastric ulceration
against ethanol induced damage. Among which n-butanol had
maximum inhibition of gastric lesions.
In WIRS-model, n-butanol showed anti-ulcer and antioxidant
property in gastric mucosal homogenates, where it reversed
increase in ulcer index, lipid peroxidation and decrease in
superoxide dismutase, catalases and glutathione levels induced by
stress.
This study reveals gastro protective effect of n-butanol fraction
against ethanol and WIRS-induced gastric ulcers in rats.
26. continued
8. Antioxidant activity:
The production of different oxidative species and free radicals due
to stress leads to adverse effects on various vital organs and
tissues of body.
In in-vitro antioxidant activity of n-butanol extract of stem and root
bar was determined by 2,2`-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-
sulfonic acid)diammoniumsalt (ABTS) radical cation decolorization
assay and reveals very high antioxidant activity.
In-vitro antioxidant activity (IC50 22.7µg/ml) was highest in
methanolic extract of stem bark.
The ethanol extract of stem bark exhibited maximum antioxidant
activity due to its free radical scavenging action in b-carotene
bleaching assays.
Where as chloroform extract produced antioxidant activity due to
its reducing power.
27. continued
The ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of stem bark showed lowest IC50
(0.76 mg/ml) with highest inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).
In the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, the hexane
extract (HE) showed the highest ferric reducing ability whereas EAE
showed better antioxidant ability with the lowest IC50 (0.80 mg/ml).
Methanolic and aqueous extracts of stem bark had diverse
therapeutic potentials. Various properties including antioxidant,
cytotoxicity, protection against oxidative damage of DNA, FRAP, free
radical (DPPH and OH-) scavenging activity as well as inhibitory
effect on lipid peroxidation was also confirmed.
9. Anti-mutagenic activity:
Methanolic extract of O. indicum fruit strongly inhibited the
mutagenicity of Trp-P-1 in Ames test.
In-vitro anti-mutagenic activity was done by Ames Salmonella
mutagenicity test using histidine mutants of Salmonella
typhimerium tester strands, MTCC 98, MTCC 1251 and MTCC 125.
28. continued
The major anti-mutagenic constituent was identified as
Baicalein with an IC50 value of 2.78±0.15 µm.
The potent anti-mutagenicity of extract was correlated with
high content (3.95±0.43%, dry weight) of Baicalein. Baicalein
acted as desmutagen since it inhibited the N – hydroxylation
of Trp – P – 2.
Methanolic extracts of the fruits of Oroxylum indicum inhibited
the in – vitro proliferation of HL – 60 cells and flavonoid
Baicalein was found to be an active component in the extract.
33. Compound names References
1. Oroxylin A Rao et al., 2002 &
Vasanth et al.,1991.
2. Β – sitosterol Dinda et al., 2007.
3. Ursolic acid Suratwadea et al., 2002.
4. Adenosine Yan et al., 2011.
5. Scultelarein Dinda et al., 2007.
6. Dimethyl sulfone Yan et al., 2011.
7. Lupeol “
34.
35.
36.
37. Commercial values and Formulations
Oroxylum indicum has a number of medicinal properties and
various parts of this plant have been used in Ayurvedic
preparations.
The large pods of this plants are sold at market downtown,
Bangkok, Thailand.
The tree is often grown as an ornamental plant for its strange
appearance.
Materials used include woods, tannins and dyes stuffs.
Extracts of this plants are also used in herbal tea formulations
like vata and kapha.
It is also used in mentat ( mind care ) syrup preparations.
Important ingredient in ayurvedic formulations like
Chyawanprash, Dashmularisht, e t c …
38.
39. References
1. URL- https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroxylum_indicum
(accessed on June 16).
2. Bisht A, Zaman K, Singh M, Gupta R and Singh V (2011),
Pharmacognostical Studies on Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Vent.
Stem Bark Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources,
Vol. 2(4), Dec. 2011, pp. 472-478.
3. Deka DC, Kumar V, Prasad C, Kumar K, Gogoi BJ, Singh L and
Srivastava RB Oroxylum indicum-a medicinal plant of North
east India: An overview of its nutritional, remedial and
prophylactic properties Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical
Science 2013; Vol. 3 (Suppl. 1): 104-112.
4. Zaveri M and Jain S (2010), Phytopharmacognostical Studies
on Root Bark of Oroxylum indicum, VENT. International Journal
of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review & Research, Volume 4,
Issue 1, September-October 2010, Article 024. pp 132-133.
40. continued
5. Lawania R D, Mishra A, Gupta R (2010), Oroxylum
indicum: A Review Pharmacognosy Journal May 2010,
VOL.2, ISSUE 9, pp: 304-310.
6. Joshi N, Shukla A & Nailul TK (2014), Taxonomic &
Phytomedical Properties of Oroxylum indicum (L.) vent.:
A Wonderful Gift of Nature Journal of Medicinal Plant
Research, 10 October 2014, VOL. 8(38), pp. 1148-
1155.