iPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells, are adult cells that have been artificially reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state through the expression of specific genes. Nobel Prize winner Shinya Yamanaka conducted research demonstrating that mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed into iPS cells through the use of transcription factors. While iPS cells show promise for regenerative medicine applications, current research is focused on addressing issues such as variability in gene expression and DNA methylation between iPS cell lines as well as developing methods to create iPS cells without integrating vectors that could cause mutations.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
it gives detail or you can say brief introduction of iPS cells , what are they , how can be obtained , what are the future possibilities of iPS cells what promise it made to upcoming future technology to medical health
This presentation deals with stem cell therapy & new avenues in stem cell therapy. It also discusses latest advances such as treatment against baldness, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, spinal cord injury, demyelinating diseases, deafness, eye, Parkinson's disease. Also discusses about umbilical cord stem cells and finally clinical trials without patients (organs on chips).
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
This slide is about the potential uses of stem cells. It describes how they are useful and also puts froward the extraction process and the ares in which stem cells prove to be extremely useful. This slide also lists the various from of cells and the difference between stem cells and the normal differentiated cells. It is also richly supplied with photos and content which would altogether increase the quality of the slide. Hope you enjoy and learn. Please do like and follow. Share with your friends who might benefit from this.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
it gives detail or you can say brief introduction of iPS cells , what are they , how can be obtained , what are the future possibilities of iPS cells what promise it made to upcoming future technology to medical health
This presentation deals with stem cell therapy & new avenues in stem cell therapy. It also discusses latest advances such as treatment against baldness, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, spinal cord injury, demyelinating diseases, deafness, eye, Parkinson's disease. Also discusses about umbilical cord stem cells and finally clinical trials without patients (organs on chips).
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
This slide is about the potential uses of stem cells. It describes how they are useful and also puts froward the extraction process and the ares in which stem cells prove to be extremely useful. This slide also lists the various from of cells and the difference between stem cells and the normal differentiated cells. It is also richly supplied with photos and content which would altogether increase the quality of the slide. Hope you enjoy and learn. Please do like and follow. Share with your friends who might benefit from this.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell & Cell Dedifferentiation: The Breakthrough of S...Vincentsia Vienna
The phenomenon of cell dedifferentiation is yet one promising trend to explore. In future, the science fiction of regenerative medicine could be turned into reality.
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da69DB6dU58&lc=z13osnvyfnnryny2z22qh3y4rs2bd3h2d
Stem cells can be defined simply as cells which are not specialized in any specific tissue or organs.
In other words, stem cells have not differentiated into other cell types to form tissues and organs.
They are the base or foundational cells to develop into cells which specialized in certain functions.
Another distinguishing characteristics of stem cells is their ability to undergo division, giving rise to more stem cells.
The significance of stem cells in their application to the human body and human health boils down to the two important characteristics of differentiation and self-regeneration.
Imagine how powerful they can be if stems cells can be developed into heart cells, especially when someone’s heart is doomed to fail Or, for someone with damaged brain cells or nerve cells, wouldn’t it be extremely great news if stem cells can develop new brain cells or nerve cells for the person.
Indeed, the potential and possibilities of exploiting stem cells for medical science and health science are enormous.
Many untreatable diseases and ailments may in the near future become curable.
Stem cells are classified into various types based on their ability to undergo differentiation into different cell types.
In other words, their classification, and hence their name, is derived from their potential to develop into one, two or several other cell types.
In my presentation I’ll discuss the principals of formation the stem cell and its applications .
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
If the cell is able to form all cell types of the embryo & adult (Fertilized egg cell) Totipotent stem cell
Stem cell able to differentiate into all 3 germ layers Pluripotent stem cell (Embryonic stem cell)
Multipotent stem cell Differentiate to form cells of some but not all 3 germ layers (Bone, cartilage, connective tissue)
Unipotent stem cell Able to form just one other cell type (Spermatogonia)
Embryos created in vitro fertilization
Aborted embryos
Limited tissues (bone marrow, muscle, brain)
Discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury or disease
Placental cord
Baby teeth
Diabetes patients lose the function of their insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas
Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in cell cultures and stimulate to form insulin-producing cells , that can be transplanted into the patients
Pancreas is digested with collagenase that frees islets from surrounding cells
Centrifugation of isolates containing mainly alpha and beta cells, purified islets beta cells
Transplanted through a catheter into the liver where they become permanently established Caused when key brain cells that produce message carrying chemical/neurotransmitter (dopamine) die off.
Symptoms start with the patients trembling and can end up paralyzed
Harvesting of stem cells from patients bone marrow, foetus or any other source
Culturing of harvested stem cells in lab conditions - to get high concentrations of stem cells
Then purified and high concentration of stem cells are surgically injected in the brain of patient.
What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell & Cell Dedifferentiation: The Breakthrough of S...Vincentsia Vienna
The phenomenon of cell dedifferentiation is yet one promising trend to explore. In future, the science fiction of regenerative medicine could be turned into reality.
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da69DB6dU58&lc=z13osnvyfnnryny2z22qh3y4rs2bd3h2d
Stem cells can be defined simply as cells which are not specialized in any specific tissue or organs.
In other words, stem cells have not differentiated into other cell types to form tissues and organs.
They are the base or foundational cells to develop into cells which specialized in certain functions.
Another distinguishing characteristics of stem cells is their ability to undergo division, giving rise to more stem cells.
The significance of stem cells in their application to the human body and human health boils down to the two important characteristics of differentiation and self-regeneration.
Imagine how powerful they can be if stems cells can be developed into heart cells, especially when someone’s heart is doomed to fail Or, for someone with damaged brain cells or nerve cells, wouldn’t it be extremely great news if stem cells can develop new brain cells or nerve cells for the person.
Indeed, the potential and possibilities of exploiting stem cells for medical science and health science are enormous.
Many untreatable diseases and ailments may in the near future become curable.
Stem cells are classified into various types based on their ability to undergo differentiation into different cell types.
In other words, their classification, and hence their name, is derived from their potential to develop into one, two or several other cell types.
In my presentation I’ll discuss the principals of formation the stem cell and its applications .
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
If the cell is able to form all cell types of the embryo & adult (Fertilized egg cell) Totipotent stem cell
Stem cell able to differentiate into all 3 germ layers Pluripotent stem cell (Embryonic stem cell)
Multipotent stem cell Differentiate to form cells of some but not all 3 germ layers (Bone, cartilage, connective tissue)
Unipotent stem cell Able to form just one other cell type (Spermatogonia)
Embryos created in vitro fertilization
Aborted embryos
Limited tissues (bone marrow, muscle, brain)
Discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury or disease
Placental cord
Baby teeth
Diabetes patients lose the function of their insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas
Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in cell cultures and stimulate to form insulin-producing cells , that can be transplanted into the patients
Pancreas is digested with collagenase that frees islets from surrounding cells
Centrifugation of isolates containing mainly alpha and beta cells, purified islets beta cells
Transplanted through a catheter into the liver where they become permanently established Caused when key brain cells that produce message carrying chemical/neurotransmitter (dopamine) die off.
Symptoms start with the patients trembling and can end up paralyzed
Harvesting of stem cells from patients bone marrow, foetus or any other source
Culturing of harvested stem cells in lab conditions - to get high concentrations of stem cells
Then purified and high concentration of stem cells are surgically injected in the brain of patient.
What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
From Bench to Bedside: Research and Clinical Applications of Induced Pluripot...TheresaGold
Since the isolation of embryonic stem cells in 1998, stem cell research has been considered the most promising research platform for developmental studies, disease treatment, tissue repair engineering, and regenerative medicine. However, embryonic stem cell research has been widely regulated and restricted due to the ethical issues surrounding research using embryonic tissue. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are stems cells that are derived through the genetic reprogramming of a somatic cell. iPS cells are nearly identical to embryonic stem cells, possessing the potential to give rise to every cell type in an organism, with the exception of extraembryonic tissues. Consequently, induced pluripotent stem cells promise the same research and clinical benefits as embryonic stem cells, without the ethical concerns. This presentation explores the process of generating induced pluripotent stem cells and investigates potential applications of induced pluripotent stem cells in both a research and clinical setting.
A Brief History of Regenerative MedicineJohn Makohen
In the presentation ISREGEN outlines the history of regenerative medicine fro it's earliest days when Robert Briggs and Thomas King began cloning frogs to the present medicinal advancements in stem cell research and repair.
This presentation was developed by Martha Lopez Yrigoyen.
It is intended as a flexible tool for lectures and tutorials for first year students in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Diagrams are also encouraged to be used by scientists, science communicators and educators.
Not all slides will be useful for everyone or for every occasion. Slides can be adapted for the purpose needed.
There are two main activities intended for undergraduate students to engage and deepen their knowledge in the field of stem cells. The first activity is more general and its aim is to familiarize students with the core concepts in stem cell and regenerative medicine. The second activity is a novel and current example of how induced pluripotent stem cells are being used in cutting edge biomedical research. The two publications suggested for students to read can be swapped for other examples.
Presentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
2. iPS cell
‘Induced pluripotent stem
cell is a type of pluripotent
stem cell artificially derived
from a non-pluripotent cell -
typically an adult somatic
cell - by inducing a "forced"
expression of specific genes’.
Baker, Monya (2007-12-06). "Adult cells reprogrammed to pluripotency, without
tumors". Nature Reports Stem Cells. doi:10.1038/stemcells.2007.124
4. President of the International Society
for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).
MBBS
MD (1987)
Ph. D (1993)
Residency in Orthopedic surgery
Post doctoral fellowship in Cardiovascular disease
Professor of anatomy
University of California,
San Francisco, USA
5. Nobel prize awarded for
• Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from adult mouse
fibroblasts (2006)
• Closedly resembled embryonic stem cells (in vivo equivalent of
blastocyst)
• iPSC were pluripotent – could generate whole iPSC mice
• iPSC cells from human adult fibroblasts for the first time (2007)
• Initially used 24 transcription factors for inducing pluri-potency
• Successful in narrowing down the number of factors to just 4
Sox2, Oct4, Klf 4 and c-Myc
13. How was iPSC possible?
• Reprogramming by nuclear transfer
• Tadpoles from unfertilized eggs that
received nucleus from intestinal cells of
adult frogs (Gurdon J 1962)
• Cloning of Dolly (Wilmut W 1997)
• Adult somatic cells contain all genetic
information
• Oocyte contain factors that can
reprogram somatic cell nuclei, so do ESC
(Tada T 2001)
1Past
14. How was iPSC possible?
• Discovery of transcription factors
– Genes of drosophila coding for antenna could
form legs when ‘antennapeda’ was introduced
(Schneuwly 1987)
– Mammalian fibroblasts converted to myocyte
using MyoD (Davis 1987)
2
15. How was iPSC possible?
• Generation of ESC, mouse (Evans 1981),
human (Thomson 1988) and culture media
• Long term maintenance of pluripotency using
LIF (Smith 1988)
• Optimal cultural conditions with bFGF
3
16. • iPSC : simplicity and reproducibility
• Poor efficacy: success rate 1% (?)
• Integrated vectors used for introducing
transcription factors -> retroviruses, can cause
mutagenesis & other adverse effects
• Use of non-integrated vectors: plasmid, Sendai
virus, adenovirus, synthetic RNA and proteins
• Technology development -> applications
Present
17. Current works focused in
Regenerative medicine
–Parkinson's disease
–Platelet deficiency
–Spinal cord injury
–Macular degeneration
Future
18. Disease models
• Patient derived iPSC used for testing of drugs &
toxins
• Found useful for creating models of late onset
diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s,
Schizophrenia
• Analysis of disease mechanisms
19. Use in animals
• Genetic engineering
• Production of deficient proteins e.g.
enzymes
• Preservation or recreation of endangered
or extinct animals
20. Direct reprogramming
• In vivo conversion of exocrine pancreatic cells to
endocrine using 3 transcription factors (Zhou
2008)
• In vitro conversion of adult mature fibroblasts to
neural cells, hepatocyte, cardiomyocyte or
hematopoietic progenitor cells
• Problem: source of cells?
A step ahead
21. iPSC Vs ESC
• Similar and different Source of tissue
– Culture medium
– Source of clone e.g. labs
– Vectors used
– Both are basically artificial cells
22.
23. Dark side
• Variation in
– gene expression
– DNA methylation
– Pluripotent potential
– Somatic mutations
– Copy number variations
– Immunogenicity
24. So is it just another hoax?
DARK SIDE
UNDER ATTACK
FLAWED
TROUBLESOME
GROWING
PAINS
25. Not really
• Genetic defects preexisted
in source cells
• Cloning magnified the
defects
• Immunogenicity is very
weak - its effects nil in
animal experiments
• ESC not gold standard for
comparisons of iPSC
26. Conclusions
• iPSC technology ready for applications
• Necessity of establishment of in-advance
stocks of clones
• Source of tissue: healthy donors, cord blood,
HLA homozygous donors
In this journal club I intend to discuss a review article discussing iPSC, which will broaden our knowledge about contemporary research in anatomy and cell biology.At the end of session one should be able to write at least a short note in iPSC.
To start with…Before we proceed to the article of discussion itself.. A brief note on how how came across this article and why we should know about iPSC .Baker, Monya (2007-12-06). "Adult cells reprogrammed to pluripotency, without tumors". Nature Reports Stem Cells. doi:10.1038/stemcells.2007.124
Chinese? Nepalese? Naaa Japanese. He had a very interesting and unique career.
Born in 1962, Osaka , JapanHe was regarded as a lousy surgeon by his colleagues and was nicknamed "Jamanaka” a Japanese word for ‘obstacle’ after he took more than an hour to remove a benign tumor which usually takes not more than 10 minutes. Interestingly, one reason he was admitted into his first stem cell research because of his can do attitude.
Like anybody else, I was more curious than before and wanted to know more about iPSC. I turned to PubMed.
Within 4-5 years around 5 thousand articles were published on iPSC.
I came across what I was looking for..
A review article written by the master himselfBefore we discuss the article it would be a good idea to go through some terms that we need to understand.
Alexander Maksimov 1908 postulated hematopoetic stem cellsJoseph Altman and Gopal Das1960 Vs CajalTill and McCulloch 1963, hematopoeticSo there was this need for stem cells that were not antigenic and the best candidate for this was stem cell derived from the patient or subject himself.Another term is transcription factor.
These are inserted into cell and then into nucleus using vectors most common of which are retrovirus. Retroviruses remain in cell thereafter (Integrated)With this background, now lets proceed to the article.
First we will discuss the past? What made scientists to think that somatic or terminally differentiated cells could be reverted back to stem cells .There were 3 streams of researches which cumulated into scientists believe that iPSC were possible.
ESC: extra embryonic stem cellsDonar cell taken from mammary gland.Dolly Parton
iPSC are being generated and researched by labs throughout the world owing to its …..but has been criticized for ,,,,due to not very clearly known reasons.
What will the audience be able to do after this training is complete?Briefly describe each objective and how the audience will benefit from this presentation.
If somatic cells can be converted to stem cells why cant one somatic cell type converted to another somatic cell type e.g. hepatocyte to cardiomyocyte?
Use a section header for each of the topics, so there is a clear transition to the audience.