This document discusses cells and their structures. It describes the differences between plant and animal cells, including that plant cells contain chloroplasts, a cell wall, and a large central vacuole. The document also discusses specialized cell types like root hair cells, sperm cells, and red blood cells. It explains that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs make up systems, and systems combine to form complete organisms. The growth and reproduction of plant and animal cells is also summarized.

1. 09/23/15
CellsCells
Please note – some of the animation effects used here only work in PP XP

2. 09/23/15
Using a microscopeUsing a microscope
1. Eyepiece
3. Focus
adjustor
2. Arm
4. Base
5. Mirror
6. Stage
7. Lenses

3. 09/23/15
4)
1)
5)
6)
2)
3)
Plant cells vs. Animal cellsPlant cells vs. Animal cells
Both types of cell have these: Only plant cells
have these:
Cell wall – provides
support
Large Vacuole
– contains sap
Chloroplasts –
contain chlorophyll
Cell Membrane –
holds the cell
together
Cytoplasm -
this is where the
reactions happen
Nucleus –
The “brain” of
the cell

4. 09/23/15
Specialised cellsSpecialised cells
Consider the root hair cell:
It is “suited” to its job of taking in
water and nutrients in 2 ways:
1) It has a large surface area
2) It has a thin cell membrane
The sperm cell is another example of a
specialised cell:
Strong tail for
swimming
Vacuole containing
enzymes

5. 09/23/15
More specialised animal cellsMore specialised animal cells
Red Blood Cell
Carriesoxygen around thebody
No nucleusand largesurface
area
I.D:
Function:
Features:
White blood cell
Egg cell (ovum)
Ciliated
epithelial cell
Nerve cell
(neurone)

6. 09/23/15
Cells, tissues, organs and systemsCells, tissues, organs and systems
Basically, all living things are
made up of cells…
A group of CELLS makes up a
TISSUE
A group of TISSUES makes up
an ORGAN
A group of ORGANS makes up a
SYSTEM
A group of SYSTEMS make up an
ORGANISM

7. 09/23/15
Another exampleAnother example
Here’s another example in humans:
Muscle cells
Muscle tissue
Organ
System
Organism

8. 09/23/15
Cell growthCell growth
Animal cells:
Plant cells:

9. 09/23/15
Plant reproductionPlant reproduction
For a plant to reproduce two stages must happen:
Stage 1: Pollination – pollen from one plant is taken to another
by insects or the wind:

10. 09/23/15
Plant reproductionPlant reproduction
Stage 2: Fertilisation – a pollen tube grows down through the
style and the pollen grain (which contains the male sex cell)
travels down the tube to fertilise the female egg cell:
Ovaries