The document discusses cells and their structures. It describes the parts of a microscope used to view cells and compares plant and animal cells. Plant cells have cell walls, vacuoles, and chloroplasts while animal cells have cell membranes and cytoplasm. The document also discusses specialized cell types like root hair cells, sperm cells, red blood cells, white blood cells, egg cells, and nerve cells. It explains how cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs make up systems, and systems make up complete organisms. The document provides an example of muscle cells forming muscle tissue in the human body. It also summarizes the two-stage process of plant reproduction through pollination and fertilization.

1. Cells
Please note – some of the animation effects used here only work in PP XP
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2. Using a microscope
1. Eyepiece
3. Focus
adjustor
2. Arm
4. Base
5. Mirror
6. Stage
7. Lenses
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3. 4)
1)
5)
6)
2)
3)
Plant cells vs. Animal cells
Both types of cell have these: Only plant cells
have these:
Cell wall – provides
support
Large Vacuole
– contains sap
Chloroplasts –
contain chlorophyll
Cell Membrane –
holds the cell
together
Cytoplasm -
this is where the
reactions happen
Nucleus –
The “brain” of
the cell
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4. Specialised cells
Consider the root hair cell:
It is “suited” to its job of taking in
water and nutrients in 2 ways:
1) It has a large surface area
2) It has a thin cell membrane
The sperm cell is another example of a
specialised cell:
Strong tail for
swimming
Vacuole containing
enzymes
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5. More specialised animal cells
Red Blood Cell
Carries oxygen around the body
No nucleus and large surface area
I.D:
Function:
Features:
White blood cell
Egg cell (ovum)
Ciliated
epithelial cell
Nerve cell
(neurone)
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6. Cells, tissues, organs and systems
Basically, all living things are
made up of cells…
A group of CELLS makes up a
TISSUE
A group of TISSUES makes up
an ORGAN
A group of ORGANS makes up a
SYSTEM
A group of SYSTEMS make up an
ORGANISM
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7. Another example
Here’s another example in humans:
Muscle cells
Muscle tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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8. Cell growth
Animal cells:
Plant cells:
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9. Plant reproduction
For a plant to reproduce two stages must happen:
Stage 1: Pollination – pollen from one plant is taken to another
by insects or the wind:
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10. Plant reproduction
Stage 2: Fertilisation – a pollen tube grows down through the
style and the pollen grain (which contains the male sex cell)
travels down the tube to fertilise the female egg cell:
Ovaries
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