1. The document discusses the structure and function of plant and animal cells, including their organelles and differences between specialized cell types. 2. It explains how cells combine to form tissues, organs, and systems, giving the example of muscle cells forming muscle tissue and organs. 3. The document also covers plant reproduction, noting it requires pollination to transfer pollen between plants, followed by fertilization where the pollen tube delivers the male sex cell to the female egg cell.

1. Cells W Richards Worthing High School Please note – some of the animation effects used here only work in PP XP

2. Using a microscope 1. Eyepiece 3. Focus adjustor 2. Arm 4. Base 5. Mirror 6. Stage 7. Lenses

3. Plant cells vs. Animal cells Both types of cell have these: Only plant cells have these: Cell wall – provides support Large Vacuole – contains sap Chloroplasts – contain chlorophyll Cell Membrane – holds the cell together Cytoplasm - this is where the reactions happen Nucleus – The “brain” of the cell 4) 1) 5) 6) 2) 3)

4. Specialised cells Consider the root hair cell: It is “suited” to its job of taking in water and nutrients in 2 ways: It has a large surface area It has a thin cell membrane The sperm cell is another example of a specialised cell: Strong tail for swimming Vacuole containing enzymes

5. More specialised animal cells Red Blood Cell Carries oxygen around the body No nucleus and large surface area I.D: Function: Features: White blood cell Egg cell (ovum) Ciliated epithelial cell Nerve cell (neurone)

6. Cells, tissues, organs and systems Basically, all living things are made up of cells… A group of CELLS makes up a TISSUE A group of TISSUES makes up an ORGAN A group of ORGANS makes up a SYSTEM A group of SYSTEMS make up an ORGANISM

7. Another example Here’s another example in humans: Muscle cells Muscle tissue Organ System Organism

8. Cell growth Animal cells: Plant cells:

9. Plant reproduction For a plant to reproduce two stages must happen: Stage 1: Pollination – pollen from one plant is taken to another by insects or the wind:

10. Plant reproduction Stage 2: Fertilisation – a pollen tube grows down through the style and the pollen grain (which contains the male sex cell) travels down the tube to fertilise the female egg cell: Ovaries