Contraceptives are methods that prevent or reduce the chances of pregnancy during sex. Barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps block sperm from entering the uterus. Hormonal methods include contraceptive pills and vaginal rings, which use hormones to stop ovulation. The contraceptive pill contains estrogen and progesterone to prevent fertilization. In vitro fertilization involves extracting eggs from a woman and fertilizing them with sperm in a lab before transferring the embryo to the uterus.