This document provides information about family planning and contraception. It discusses key topics like the definitions of family planning and contraception. It describes various contraceptive methods including temporary methods like barrier methods, natural family planning, IUCDs and hormonal contraceptives. It also covers permanent contraceptive methods and discusses the objectives, importance and modern concepts of family planning. The document provides details about different contraceptive devices and their use, effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages.
Contraception
Contraception is defined as the intentional prevention of conception through the use of various devices, sexual practices, chemicals, drugs or surgical procedures.
The preventive methods to help women avoid unwanted pregnancies are called contraceptive methods.
Need for contraception
• To avoid unwanted pregnancies.
• To regulate the timing of pregnancy.
• To regulate the interval between pregnancy.
Ideal Contraceptive
• Safe
• Effective
• Acceptable
• Reversible
• Inexpensive
• Long lasting
• Requires little or no medical supervision
Contraceptive methods
Spacing methods
Natural
Barrier
IUDs
Emergency contraception
Terminal methods
Male fertilisation
Female fertilisation
Natural Methods
Coitus inteyrruptus / withdrawal
Rhythm Method
Lactational Amenorrhoea
Barrier Methods
Mechanical
Male : Condom
Female : Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap
Chemical
Creams - Deleen
Jelly – Koromex, Volpar paste
Foam tablets – Aerosol foams, Chlorimin T or Contab
Combination
Combined use of Chemical and Mechanical methods.
Male condom
• Most commonly known and used contraceptive.
• Better known in India as NIRODH.
Female condom
Femidom
Diaphragm
Spermicides
Spermicides are surface active agents which attach
themselves to spermatozoa and kill them.
Available in various forms like
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices
Cu T200
T shaped device Polyethylene frame.
215 mm2 surface area of Cu wire.
Contains 124 mg of copper
Cu is lost at the rate of 50 µg/day.
Polyethylene monofilament tied at vertical stem.
Cu is radio opaque so additionally barium is
incorporated in the device.
Supplied in a sterilised sealed packet.
Lifetime 4 years.
Cu T 380A
380 mm square surface area of copper wire.
Replacement 10 years.
Multiload Cu 250
60-100 ug/day
Replacement 3 years
Multiload - 375
Mode of action
Biochemical and histological changes in endometrium.
Increased tubal motility.
Endometrial inflammatory response.
Prevents implantation.
Contraindication for insertion of IUCD
Presence of pelvic infection
Genital tract bleeding (undiagnosed)
Suspected pregnancy
Uterine fibroid
Severe dysmenorrhoea
Ectopic pregnancy history
Caesarean section
Cu allergy
Time of insertion
Interval
2-3 days after menstrual phase.
During lactational amenorrhoea.
Postabortal
Done immediately following termination of pregnancy.
Postpartum
After 6 weeks of delivery.
Postplacental delivery
Post delivery of placenta.
Method of Insertion
Preliminary steps:
History taking and examination
Patient is informed and consent is obtained.
Insertion is done in OPD aseptic conditions.
Placement of device in inserter.
Steps of operation
The patient is asked to remain empty bladder.
The patient is placed in lithotomy position.
Local antiseptic cleaning is done.
Posterior vaginal speculum is introduced.
Anterior lip of cervix is grasped with Allis tissue forcep.
The device is placed in the inserter and introduced through cervical
Uterine prolapse is the downward displacement of the uterus into the vaginal canal. It is usually rated by degree depending on how far the uterus has descended. Risk factors include pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, chronic coughing, and menopause. Symptoms include pressure or heaviness in the pelvis, urinary problems, and painful sex. Treatment options include the use of a vaginal pessary or various surgical procedures to repair tissues. Nursing care focuses on preventive measures like Kegel exercises and helping patients before and after surgery.
This topic includes difference between female and male pelvis, various pelvis types, general description of pelvis bones, division of pelvis, landmarks of pelvis, plane, axis, sacral angle, diameters of inlet, cavity and outlet.
This document discusses endometriosis, which is a condition where cells similar to the endometrium grow outside the uterus, most often on the ovaries and surrounding tissues. It affects 6-10% of women and can cause pain, infertility, and other issues. The cause is unknown but theories include retrograde menstruation and genetic factors. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, ultrasound, and laparoscopy. Treatment options include pain medications, hormonal therapy to suppress menstruation, and surgery to remove lesions and restore anatomy. Left untreated, it can progress in severity over time.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum - Disorder of PregnancyJaice Mary Joy
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is a severe form of vomiting during pregnancy that can negatively impact a mother's health. It affects 0.3-3% of pregnancies and is the most common cause of hospitalization in the first trimester. Risk factors include young or older age, prior history, and multiple pregnancies. Complications can include dehydration, nutritional deficiencies, and problems for the fetus like growth restriction. Treatment involves hospitalization, IV fluids, electrolyte monitoring, antiemetics, and nutritional supplementation. Nursing care focuses on resolving complications through rehydration and nutrition while addressing emotional concerns.
Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous tumors that develop from the uterus. The most common type, interstitial fibroids, form within the uterine wall. Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure. Treatment options include expectant management for asymptomatic fibroids, medication to reduce bleeding, and surgery such as myomectomy or hysterectomy to remove the fibroids. Ovarian cysts can also be functional or non-functional tumors of the ovaries. Functional cysts are normal occurrences during ovulation while non-functional cysts like dermoid or mucinous cysts may require surgery if symptomatic.
This document provides information about family planning and contraception. It discusses key topics like the definitions of family planning and contraception. It describes various contraceptive methods including temporary methods like barrier methods, natural family planning, IUCDs and hormonal contraceptives. It also covers permanent contraceptive methods and discusses the objectives, importance and modern concepts of family planning. The document provides details about different contraceptive devices and their use, effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages.
Contraception
Contraception is defined as the intentional prevention of conception through the use of various devices, sexual practices, chemicals, drugs or surgical procedures.
The preventive methods to help women avoid unwanted pregnancies are called contraceptive methods.
Need for contraception
• To avoid unwanted pregnancies.
• To regulate the timing of pregnancy.
• To regulate the interval between pregnancy.
Ideal Contraceptive
• Safe
• Effective
• Acceptable
• Reversible
• Inexpensive
• Long lasting
• Requires little or no medical supervision
Contraceptive methods
Spacing methods
Natural
Barrier
IUDs
Emergency contraception
Terminal methods
Male fertilisation
Female fertilisation
Natural Methods
Coitus inteyrruptus / withdrawal
Rhythm Method
Lactational Amenorrhoea
Barrier Methods
Mechanical
Male : Condom
Female : Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap
Chemical
Creams - Deleen
Jelly – Koromex, Volpar paste
Foam tablets – Aerosol foams, Chlorimin T or Contab
Combination
Combined use of Chemical and Mechanical methods.
Male condom
• Most commonly known and used contraceptive.
• Better known in India as NIRODH.
Female condom
Femidom
Diaphragm
Spermicides
Spermicides are surface active agents which attach
themselves to spermatozoa and kill them.
Available in various forms like
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices
Cu T200
T shaped device Polyethylene frame.
215 mm2 surface area of Cu wire.
Contains 124 mg of copper
Cu is lost at the rate of 50 µg/day.
Polyethylene monofilament tied at vertical stem.
Cu is radio opaque so additionally barium is
incorporated in the device.
Supplied in a sterilised sealed packet.
Lifetime 4 years.
Cu T 380A
380 mm square surface area of copper wire.
Replacement 10 years.
Multiload Cu 250
60-100 ug/day
Replacement 3 years
Multiload - 375
Mode of action
Biochemical and histological changes in endometrium.
Increased tubal motility.
Endometrial inflammatory response.
Prevents implantation.
Contraindication for insertion of IUCD
Presence of pelvic infection
Genital tract bleeding (undiagnosed)
Suspected pregnancy
Uterine fibroid
Severe dysmenorrhoea
Ectopic pregnancy history
Caesarean section
Cu allergy
Time of insertion
Interval
2-3 days after menstrual phase.
During lactational amenorrhoea.
Postabortal
Done immediately following termination of pregnancy.
Postpartum
After 6 weeks of delivery.
Postplacental delivery
Post delivery of placenta.
Method of Insertion
Preliminary steps:
History taking and examination
Patient is informed and consent is obtained.
Insertion is done in OPD aseptic conditions.
Placement of device in inserter.
Steps of operation
The patient is asked to remain empty bladder.
The patient is placed in lithotomy position.
Local antiseptic cleaning is done.
Posterior vaginal speculum is introduced.
Anterior lip of cervix is grasped with Allis tissue forcep.
The device is placed in the inserter and introduced through cervical
Uterine prolapse is the downward displacement of the uterus into the vaginal canal. It is usually rated by degree depending on how far the uterus has descended. Risk factors include pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, chronic coughing, and menopause. Symptoms include pressure or heaviness in the pelvis, urinary problems, and painful sex. Treatment options include the use of a vaginal pessary or various surgical procedures to repair tissues. Nursing care focuses on preventive measures like Kegel exercises and helping patients before and after surgery.
This topic includes difference between female and male pelvis, various pelvis types, general description of pelvis bones, division of pelvis, landmarks of pelvis, plane, axis, sacral angle, diameters of inlet, cavity and outlet.
This document discusses endometriosis, which is a condition where cells similar to the endometrium grow outside the uterus, most often on the ovaries and surrounding tissues. It affects 6-10% of women and can cause pain, infertility, and other issues. The cause is unknown but theories include retrograde menstruation and genetic factors. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, ultrasound, and laparoscopy. Treatment options include pain medications, hormonal therapy to suppress menstruation, and surgery to remove lesions and restore anatomy. Left untreated, it can progress in severity over time.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum - Disorder of PregnancyJaice Mary Joy
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is a severe form of vomiting during pregnancy that can negatively impact a mother's health. It affects 0.3-3% of pregnancies and is the most common cause of hospitalization in the first trimester. Risk factors include young or older age, prior history, and multiple pregnancies. Complications can include dehydration, nutritional deficiencies, and problems for the fetus like growth restriction. Treatment involves hospitalization, IV fluids, electrolyte monitoring, antiemetics, and nutritional supplementation. Nursing care focuses on resolving complications through rehydration and nutrition while addressing emotional concerns.
Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous tumors that develop from the uterus. The most common type, interstitial fibroids, form within the uterine wall. Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure. Treatment options include expectant management for asymptomatic fibroids, medication to reduce bleeding, and surgery such as myomectomy or hysterectomy to remove the fibroids. Ovarian cysts can also be functional or non-functional tumors of the ovaries. Functional cysts are normal occurrences during ovulation while non-functional cysts like dermoid or mucinous cysts may require surgery if symptomatic.
Metrorrhagia, also known as intermenstrual bleeding, is irregular vaginal bleeding that occurs between normal menstrual periods. Potential causes include hormonal imbalances, stress, birth control medications, infections, endometriosis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Diagnostic tests may include blood tests, ultrasounds, and biopsies to determine the underlying cause. Treatment options depend on the cause but can include lifestyle changes, hormonal therapies like birth control pills, dilation and curettage procedures, or in some cases surgery.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammatory condition of the pelvic cavity that is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microbes. It commonly affects sexually active young women and can cause long-term complications like infertility or ectopic pregnancy if left untreated. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics, bed rest, and care of any sexual partners. Nursing care focuses on monitoring, education, and supporting patients through treatment.
Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility, occurring naturally around age 45-55. It marks the end of the reproductive phase of a woman's life. There are typically four phases - pre-menopause, peri-menopause, menopausal, and post-menopausal. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, sleep issues, urinary problems, and mood changes. Hormone therapy can help treat symptoms but comes with some health risks, so lifestyle changes and non-hormonal options are usually recommended first.
Antepartum haemorrhage (APH), or bleeding during pregnancy, can be caused by placenta praevia or abruption. Placenta praevia occurs when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, potentially causing bleeding as the cervix dilates. Abruption occurs when the placenta prematurely separates from the uterine wall, and bleeding severity is classified from mild to severe. APH is considered an obstetric emergency treated initially with IV fluids and monitoring, with management depending on gestational age and bleeding severity, and potentially involving delivery.
This document discusses abnormal uterine action during labor, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. The main types discussed are uterine inertia, ineffective contractions, abnormal polarity, incoordinate contractions including spastic lower segment and constriction ring, cervical dystocia, precipitate labor, tonic contractions, and retraction ring. The importance of assessing uterine tone, frequency and strength of contractions is emphasized for diagnosis. Management depends on the specific abnormality but may include oxytocin augmentation, amniotomy, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section.
This document provides an overview of different temporary contraceptive methods, including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, hormonal methods like oral contraceptives and injectables, and intrauterine devices. It describes the effectiveness, side effects, and proper use of each method. The ideal contraceptive is described as highly effective, safe, simple to use, and reversible. The conclusion emphasizes that providing a variety of contraceptive options can help couples plan their families by avoiding unwanted pregnancies.
Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) is vaginal bleeding occurring between 24 weeks of pregnancy and birth. It affects 3-5% of pregnancies and can range from light spotting to heavy bleeding with signs of shock. The main causes are placenta previa, placental abruption, and unknown origins. APH poses risks to both mother and fetus, including anemia, infection, shock, and fetal hypoxia. Diagnosis involves examination, ultrasound, and tests. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, and may involve admission, monitoring, resuscitation, corticosteroids, tocolysis, and delivery.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an inflammatory condition of the female upper genital tract that is usually caused by sexually transmitted pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. PID is commonly seen in sexually active young women and presents with symptoms like lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal discharge. Treatment involves hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics, and sometimes surgery for complications like tubo-ovarian abscesses. Prevention focuses on sexual health education and barrier methods to reduce sexually transmitted infections that can lead to PID.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy include preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Symptoms include headache, visual changes, and edema. Timely delivery is the only cure. Complications for the mother include liver or kidney failure and for the baby include intrauterine growth restriction and stillbirth.
Lecture on Lochia and deep vein thrombosissadashiv dawre
The document discusses lochia, which is the discharge from the vagina after childbirth. It describes the stages of lochia, including lochia rubra which occurs in the first few days and contains blood, lochia serosa which turns brownish/pink, and lochia alba which lasts 2-6 weeks and turns whitish/yellow. Continued lochia beyond a few weeks could indicate an infection. The document also discusses complications like retained lochia and excessive lochia flow.
Uterine inversion occurs when the uterus turns inside out, most commonly during the third stage of labor due to excessive traction on the umbilical cord or fundal pressure. It can be incomplete, with just the fundus inverted, or complete, with the entire uterus emerging from the vagina or outside the body. Symptoms include hemorrhage, abdominal pain, and shock. Treatment involves immediate manual repositioning of the uterus if diagnosed early, or the O'Sullivan hydrostatic method using saline if delayed. Prevention relies on avoiding excessive fundal pressure or cord traction during delivery of the placenta.
This document provides information on fibroids including their incidence, etiology, risk factors, symptoms, natural history, degenerative changes, diagnosis, effects on fertility and pregnancy, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that fibroids are benign tumors of the uterus that affect 5-20% of women during their reproductive years and discusses genetic, hormonal, and growth factors that contribute to their development. Common symptoms include abnormal uterine bleeding and pain. Treatment options include watchful waiting, medical therapy such as NSAIDs and GnRH agonists, and surgical options like myomectomy and uterine artery embolization.
Cervical incompetence, also called cervical insufficiency, is a condition where the cervix begins to dilate and efface before pregnancy has reached term, often resulting in miscarriage. Risk factors include a history of preterm birth, multiple abortions, cervical procedures, or congenital uterine abnormalities. Diagnosis involves a history of second trimester losses and physical exam findings of cervical shortening or dilatation. Treatment options during pregnancy include bed rest, progesterone supplementation, cerclage procedures to reinforce the cervix, and sometimes pessary devices. The goal is to prevent premature dilation and maintain the pregnancy until full term.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include pelvic inflammatory disease, previous ectopic pregnancy, infertility treatments, and IUD use. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and a positive pregnancy test. Diagnosis is often made using transvaginal ultrasound and beta-hCG levels. Treatment depends on whether the ectopic pregnancy has ruptured but may include medication with methotrexate or laparoscopic or open surgery to remove the ectopic pregnancy. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is rising but maternal mortality is falling due to earlier diagnosis and treatment.
This document discusses gestational diabetes, including its definition, risk factors, screening and diagnostic tests, complications, management, and delivery considerations. Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy due to insufficient insulin production or action. It is characterized by high blood glucose and poses risks to both mother and baby if not properly managed through careful monitoring, medical nutrition therapy, exercise, and possibly insulin treatment. The goal of management is to maintain normal blood glucose levels and reduce complications.
Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus descends from its normal position in the pelvis due to weakening of the pelvic muscles and ligaments that support it. It is a common condition seen primarily in post-menopausal women with a history of one or more vaginal deliveries. Symptoms include a feeling of pressure or fullness in the pelvis, back pain, difficulty emptying the bladder or bowels fully, and the visible protrusion of the uterus from the vagina. Management involves pelvic floor exercises, pessary devices, and surgery depending on the severity of the prolapse. Surgery such as vaginal hysterectomy is often used to correct uterine prolapse.
This document discusses various contraceptive methods including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, intrauterine devices (IUDs), hormonal methods like pills and implants, and terminal methods like sterilization. It provides details on the different types of each method, how they work, effectiveness, side effects, and appropriate use. The document also discusses India's family planning program, initiatives to increase access and uptake of contraception, and service providers for different methods.
This document discusses polyhydramnios, or excess amniotic fluid during pregnancy. It defines polyhydramnios as more than 1500-2000 mL of amniotic fluid. Causes may include fetal anomalies, placental chorioangiomas, multiple pregnancies, and maternal conditions like diabetes. Polyhydramnios can be chronic or acute based on onset. Complications include preterm labor, malpresentation, and pregnancy-induced high blood pressure. Ultrasound is used to diagnose and assess fetal well-being. Management depends on gestational age, response to treatment, and other complications, and may involve amniocentesis, induction of labor, or termination of pregnancy.
This document discusses various contraceptive methods including hormonal contraception, intrauterine devices, barrier methods, natural family planning, and sterilization. It provides details on the mechanisms of different hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives, progestin-only pills, patches, injections, and vaginal rings. Benefits and risks of long-acting reversible contraceptives like implants and intrauterine devices are also outlined. Emergency contraception and natural family planning methods are briefly described. Contraindications and effectiveness of various contraceptive options are covered.
This document summarizes various contraceptive methods including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills and injectables, intrauterine devices, and permanent sterilization methods. It describes how each method works to prevent pregnancy and lists the advantages and disadvantages of each. Reversible long-acting methods like IUDs and implants are highly effective but have potential side effects while barrier methods are less effective but have fewer health risks. Permanent sterilization via tubal ligation or vasectomy is intended to be very effective but cannot be reversed.
Metrorrhagia, also known as intermenstrual bleeding, is irregular vaginal bleeding that occurs between normal menstrual periods. Potential causes include hormonal imbalances, stress, birth control medications, infections, endometriosis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Diagnostic tests may include blood tests, ultrasounds, and biopsies to determine the underlying cause. Treatment options depend on the cause but can include lifestyle changes, hormonal therapies like birth control pills, dilation and curettage procedures, or in some cases surgery.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammatory condition of the pelvic cavity that is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microbes. It commonly affects sexually active young women and can cause long-term complications like infertility or ectopic pregnancy if left untreated. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics, bed rest, and care of any sexual partners. Nursing care focuses on monitoring, education, and supporting patients through treatment.
Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility, occurring naturally around age 45-55. It marks the end of the reproductive phase of a woman's life. There are typically four phases - pre-menopause, peri-menopause, menopausal, and post-menopausal. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, sleep issues, urinary problems, and mood changes. Hormone therapy can help treat symptoms but comes with some health risks, so lifestyle changes and non-hormonal options are usually recommended first.
Antepartum haemorrhage (APH), or bleeding during pregnancy, can be caused by placenta praevia or abruption. Placenta praevia occurs when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, potentially causing bleeding as the cervix dilates. Abruption occurs when the placenta prematurely separates from the uterine wall, and bleeding severity is classified from mild to severe. APH is considered an obstetric emergency treated initially with IV fluids and monitoring, with management depending on gestational age and bleeding severity, and potentially involving delivery.
This document discusses abnormal uterine action during labor, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. The main types discussed are uterine inertia, ineffective contractions, abnormal polarity, incoordinate contractions including spastic lower segment and constriction ring, cervical dystocia, precipitate labor, tonic contractions, and retraction ring. The importance of assessing uterine tone, frequency and strength of contractions is emphasized for diagnosis. Management depends on the specific abnormality but may include oxytocin augmentation, amniotomy, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section.
This document provides an overview of different temporary contraceptive methods, including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, hormonal methods like oral contraceptives and injectables, and intrauterine devices. It describes the effectiveness, side effects, and proper use of each method. The ideal contraceptive is described as highly effective, safe, simple to use, and reversible. The conclusion emphasizes that providing a variety of contraceptive options can help couples plan their families by avoiding unwanted pregnancies.
Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) is vaginal bleeding occurring between 24 weeks of pregnancy and birth. It affects 3-5% of pregnancies and can range from light spotting to heavy bleeding with signs of shock. The main causes are placenta previa, placental abruption, and unknown origins. APH poses risks to both mother and fetus, including anemia, infection, shock, and fetal hypoxia. Diagnosis involves examination, ultrasound, and tests. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, and may involve admission, monitoring, resuscitation, corticosteroids, tocolysis, and delivery.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an inflammatory condition of the female upper genital tract that is usually caused by sexually transmitted pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. PID is commonly seen in sexually active young women and presents with symptoms like lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal discharge. Treatment involves hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics, and sometimes surgery for complications like tubo-ovarian abscesses. Prevention focuses on sexual health education and barrier methods to reduce sexually transmitted infections that can lead to PID.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy include preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Symptoms include headache, visual changes, and edema. Timely delivery is the only cure. Complications for the mother include liver or kidney failure and for the baby include intrauterine growth restriction and stillbirth.
Lecture on Lochia and deep vein thrombosissadashiv dawre
The document discusses lochia, which is the discharge from the vagina after childbirth. It describes the stages of lochia, including lochia rubra which occurs in the first few days and contains blood, lochia serosa which turns brownish/pink, and lochia alba which lasts 2-6 weeks and turns whitish/yellow. Continued lochia beyond a few weeks could indicate an infection. The document also discusses complications like retained lochia and excessive lochia flow.
Uterine inversion occurs when the uterus turns inside out, most commonly during the third stage of labor due to excessive traction on the umbilical cord or fundal pressure. It can be incomplete, with just the fundus inverted, or complete, with the entire uterus emerging from the vagina or outside the body. Symptoms include hemorrhage, abdominal pain, and shock. Treatment involves immediate manual repositioning of the uterus if diagnosed early, or the O'Sullivan hydrostatic method using saline if delayed. Prevention relies on avoiding excessive fundal pressure or cord traction during delivery of the placenta.
This document provides information on fibroids including their incidence, etiology, risk factors, symptoms, natural history, degenerative changes, diagnosis, effects on fertility and pregnancy, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that fibroids are benign tumors of the uterus that affect 5-20% of women during their reproductive years and discusses genetic, hormonal, and growth factors that contribute to their development. Common symptoms include abnormal uterine bleeding and pain. Treatment options include watchful waiting, medical therapy such as NSAIDs and GnRH agonists, and surgical options like myomectomy and uterine artery embolization.
Cervical incompetence, also called cervical insufficiency, is a condition where the cervix begins to dilate and efface before pregnancy has reached term, often resulting in miscarriage. Risk factors include a history of preterm birth, multiple abortions, cervical procedures, or congenital uterine abnormalities. Diagnosis involves a history of second trimester losses and physical exam findings of cervical shortening or dilatation. Treatment options during pregnancy include bed rest, progesterone supplementation, cerclage procedures to reinforce the cervix, and sometimes pessary devices. The goal is to prevent premature dilation and maintain the pregnancy until full term.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include pelvic inflammatory disease, previous ectopic pregnancy, infertility treatments, and IUD use. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and a positive pregnancy test. Diagnosis is often made using transvaginal ultrasound and beta-hCG levels. Treatment depends on whether the ectopic pregnancy has ruptured but may include medication with methotrexate or laparoscopic or open surgery to remove the ectopic pregnancy. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is rising but maternal mortality is falling due to earlier diagnosis and treatment.
This document discusses gestational diabetes, including its definition, risk factors, screening and diagnostic tests, complications, management, and delivery considerations. Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy due to insufficient insulin production or action. It is characterized by high blood glucose and poses risks to both mother and baby if not properly managed through careful monitoring, medical nutrition therapy, exercise, and possibly insulin treatment. The goal of management is to maintain normal blood glucose levels and reduce complications.
Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus descends from its normal position in the pelvis due to weakening of the pelvic muscles and ligaments that support it. It is a common condition seen primarily in post-menopausal women with a history of one or more vaginal deliveries. Symptoms include a feeling of pressure or fullness in the pelvis, back pain, difficulty emptying the bladder or bowels fully, and the visible protrusion of the uterus from the vagina. Management involves pelvic floor exercises, pessary devices, and surgery depending on the severity of the prolapse. Surgery such as vaginal hysterectomy is often used to correct uterine prolapse.
This document discusses various contraceptive methods including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, intrauterine devices (IUDs), hormonal methods like pills and implants, and terminal methods like sterilization. It provides details on the different types of each method, how they work, effectiveness, side effects, and appropriate use. The document also discusses India's family planning program, initiatives to increase access and uptake of contraception, and service providers for different methods.
This document discusses polyhydramnios, or excess amniotic fluid during pregnancy. It defines polyhydramnios as more than 1500-2000 mL of amniotic fluid. Causes may include fetal anomalies, placental chorioangiomas, multiple pregnancies, and maternal conditions like diabetes. Polyhydramnios can be chronic or acute based on onset. Complications include preterm labor, malpresentation, and pregnancy-induced high blood pressure. Ultrasound is used to diagnose and assess fetal well-being. Management depends on gestational age, response to treatment, and other complications, and may involve amniocentesis, induction of labor, or termination of pregnancy.
This document discusses various contraceptive methods including hormonal contraception, intrauterine devices, barrier methods, natural family planning, and sterilization. It provides details on the mechanisms of different hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives, progestin-only pills, patches, injections, and vaginal rings. Benefits and risks of long-acting reversible contraceptives like implants and intrauterine devices are also outlined. Emergency contraception and natural family planning methods are briefly described. Contraindications and effectiveness of various contraceptive options are covered.
This document summarizes various contraceptive methods including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills and injectables, intrauterine devices, and permanent sterilization methods. It describes how each method works to prevent pregnancy and lists the advantages and disadvantages of each. Reversible long-acting methods like IUDs and implants are highly effective but have potential side effects while barrier methods are less effective but have fewer health risks. Permanent sterilization via tubal ligation or vasectomy is intended to be very effective but cannot be reversed.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including their mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes temporary contraceptive methods like barrier methods (condoms), hormonal methods (oral contraceptive pill, injectables, implants), intrauterine devices, and emergency contraception. It also discusses permanent sterilization methods like vasectomy and tubal ligation. The ideal contraceptive is described as widely acceptable, inexpensive, simple to use, safe, highly effective, and requiring minimal effort. Failure rates for different contraceptive methods during the first year of use are also provided for comparison.
The document discusses various methods of contraception including spacing methods like barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms), chemical methods (spermicides, IUCD), and hormonal methods (OCPs, injections, implants, patches, rings). It also discusses terminal methods like male and female sterilization. It provides details on mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects for different contraceptive methods.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on family planning methods. It defines family planning and discusses the benefits, such as preventing unintended pregnancies and empowering women. It then describes several contraceptive methods, including hormonal methods like pills, injections, implants and IUDs; barrier methods like condoms; and surgical sterilization methods like tubal ligation and vasectomy. For each method, it explains how the method works, proper use, effectiveness, benefits and disadvantages. It provides information on who should not use certain methods due to health risks. The goal is to educate about contraception options and their effects.
This document provides information on various modern and traditional contraceptive methods including short-term methods like condoms and oral contraceptives, and long-term methods like IUDs, implants, tubectomy, and vasectomy. It discusses effectiveness, how each method works, advantages and disadvantages. It also covers emergency contraception, postpartum contraception, and information resources on contraceptives available in Bangladesh.
Contraceptive and birth control presentationJasim Salman
This document summarizes different types of contraceptive methods including behavioral methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, sterilization, and emergency contraception. Behavioral methods include withdrawal and fertility awareness. Barrier methods discussed are male/female condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and spermicides. Hormonal methods covered combined oral contraceptives, patches/rings, progesterone only pills and injections, implants, and IUDs. Sterilization involves tubal ligation for females and vasectomy for males. Emergency contraception uses high doses of hormones to prevent ovulation.
The document describes various methods of contraception, including temporary and permanent options. Temporary methods discussed include barrier methods like condoms, vaginal methods like spermicides and diaphragms, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills and injectables. Permanent methods discussed are male and female sterilization. The advantages, disadvantages, effectiveness, and other details are provided for many of the discussed contraception methods.
This document provides an overview of different contraceptive methods for teens aged 12-18. It discusses hormonal methods like birth control pills, implants, patches, shots, IUDs and rings. Barrier methods such as condoms, diaphragms and spermicide are also covered. More permanent forms of contraception include vasectomies, tubal ligation and emergency contraception. Each method is explained in terms of how it works, benefits, effectiveness and potential side effects to help teens choose options. In conclusion, contraceptives effectively prevent pregnancy when used correctly but do not fully protect against STDs.
This document provides an overview of different contraceptive methods classified as natural methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, and sterilization. It describes the ideal properties of a contraceptive and discusses various contraceptive options in detail, including their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects, advantages, and disadvantages. Hormonal contraceptives discussed include oral contraceptive pills, injections, implants, patches, and vaginal rings. Long-acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs are also covered. The document aims to inform about family planning and contraception.
This document summarizes various contraceptive methods. It discusses periodic abstinence methods like coitus interruptus and lactational amenorrhea. It also describes mechanical barriers like condoms, diaphragms and caps. The document outlines several hormonal contraceptives including implants, injectables, pills and patches. It provides details on effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages of each method. The ideal characteristics of contraception are also stated in the beginning.
This document provides an overview of contraceptives, including:
1. It defines contraception and describes the menstrual cycle.
2. It outlines the desired outcomes of contraceptive use such as pregnancy prevention and STI protection.
3. It describes various contraceptive methods including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, and hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, patches, and IUDs.
4. It stresses the importance of evaluating contraceptive outcomes through regular screening and monitoring of potential side effects.
This document provides an overview of various contraception methods. It discusses periodic abstinence methods like coitus interruptus and lactational amenorrhea. Mechanical barriers like condoms and diaphragms are covered. Hormonal contraceptives such as implants, injections, pills and IUDs are summarized. The effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages of each method are highlighted. Intrauterine devices, sterilization procedures, and emergency contraception are also summarized. The document aims to inform about the different types of contraception, their characteristics and appropriate usage.
This document provides an overview of various contraceptive methods. It discusses temporary contraceptive methods including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills and emergency contraception, and intrauterine devices. It also covers permanent sterilization methods like vasectomy and tubectomy. For each method, it describes the mechanism of action, effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages.
This document summarizes various contraceptive methods. It discusses hormonal contraceptives like combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestogen-only pills, injectables, implants, and IUDs. It covers their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, benefits, side effects, proper use, and contraindications. Non-hormonal methods like condoms are also briefly mentioned. The document emphasizes the importance of counseling patients to help them choose the most appropriate contraceptive method based on their individual needs, risks, and preferences.
This document discusses various contraceptive methods including oral contraceptives, implants, injectables, IUDs, barriers, fertility awareness, sterilization, and emergency contraception. It describes how each method works, effectiveness, side effects, advantages, disadvantages, proper usage, and contraindications. Common contraceptives discussed in detail are combined and progestin-only oral contraceptives, transdermal patch, implants such as Norplant, injectables like Depo-Provera, copper and hormonal IUDs, and emergency contraception pills.
This document provides an overview of contraception including hormonal and non-hormonal methods. It discusses the embryology of the reproductive system and the effects of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Various contraceptive methods are described such as oral contraceptive pills containing estrogen and progesterone, progestogen-only pills, injections, implants, IUDs, barriers, fertility awareness methods, and sterilization. Emergency contraception options like the emergency contraceptive pill and copper IUD are also summarized. Traditional natural family planning techniques and their limitations are reviewed.
NEXPLANON is a long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) implant that is inserted under the skin of the upper arm and prevents pregnancy for up to 3 years. It works primarily by stopping ovulation and thickening cervical mucus to prevent fertilization. The implant is highly effective, easy to use, and can be removed at any time by a healthcare provider. Common side effects include changes in menstrual bleeding patterns and mood changes. Serious risks are rare. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends LARCs like NEXPLANON as first-line contraceptive options for most women.
Pleural effusion occurs when there is an imbalance between the formation and absorption of fluid in the pleural space. This document outlines the classification, pathogenesis, etiologies, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of pleural effusions. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on the composition of the pleural fluid and the mechanism causing it. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, ultrasound or CT scan followed by diagnostic thoracentesis of the pleural fluid. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include supportive care, antibiotics, diuretics, chest tube placement, or chemical pleurodesis.
Defined as an irreversible loss of renal function for at least three months. Also as kidney damage 3 months or more based on finding of abnormal structure OR GFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2 for 3months or more with or without evidence of kidney damage
POLYTRAUMA AND DAMAGE CONTROL ORTHOPAEDICSDr Slayer
polytrauma is Injury to 2 or more organ systems leading potentially to a life threatening condition
Damage control orthopaedics is an approach to contain and stabilize an orthopaedic injury to improve patient’s physiology which are designed to avoid worsening pt’s condition due to “second hit” phenomenon
MANAGEMENT OF SUBSTANCE RELATED PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERSEDATIVE, HYPNOTIC AND A...Dr Slayer
SEDATIVE, HYPNOTIC AND ANXIOLYTIC - 3 groups of drugs associated with this class of substance-related disorders
Associated with physical and psychological dependence also withdrawal symptoms
Chronic critical limb ischemia is manifested by pain at rest, nonhealing wounds and gangrene. Ischemic rest pain is typically described as a burning pain in the arch or distal foot that occurs while the patient is recumbent but is relieved when the patient returns to a position in which the feet are dependent
Pervasive developmental disorder are characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development: reciprocal social interaction skills, communication skills, or the presence of stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities.
Disruptive behavioral disorder & Anxiety disorder in childDr Slayer
-Is characterized by enduring pattern of NEGATIVISTIC, DISOBEDIENT and HOSTILE behavior toward authority figures as well as inability to take responsibility for mistakes, leading to placing blame on others.
-AGGRESSIONS and VIOLATIONS of the rights of the others
Violations include cruelty to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft and serious violation of rules
-Increased and INAPPROPRIATE ANXIETY around separation from attachment figures or home, which is developmentally abnormal and results in impaired normal functioning
Septic abortion is caused by infection of the uterus and retained products of conception from an incomplete or therapeutic abortion. The infection can spread from the endometrium to the myometrium, parametrium, and peritoneum, potentially causing sepsis and septic shock. Septic abortion is a major cause of maternal mortality, especially in developing countries where unsafe abortions are common. Signs include fever, vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, and tachycardia. Treatment involves administering IV fluids and antibiotics, with surgical options like dilation and curettage, posterior colpotomy, laparotomy, or hysterectomy depending on the severity and spread of infection.
An acute fibrile illness syndrome caused by arboviruses that characterized by biphasic fever, myalgia, arthralgia, leukopenia, rash & lymphadenopathy.A.k.a dengue / breakbone fever
Only 1/3 of DHF patient develop shock and circulatory failure ( outpatient Tx is enough , bring back when there are alarming signs) .Early plasma, fluid & electrolyte replacement proved to have favourable outcome( maintain circulation). In DHF/DSS case, great care taken to reduce invasive procedures while managing shock
Precocious puberty is defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age 8 in girls and 9 in boys. It can be classified as central (gonadotropin-dependent) or peripheral (gonadotropin-independent) puberty. Central puberty is treated with GnRH agonists to slow progression, while peripheral causes like tumors require treatment of the underlying condition. Evaluation involves assessing pubertal development, growth, bone age, and hormone levels to distinguish central from peripheral puberty and identify any lesions.
This document provides guidelines for screening and managing hypertension in children and adolescents. It defines hypertension as blood pressure above the 95th percentile for age, gender and height on 3 occasions. Secondary causes are more common in children and include conditions like renal disease, coarctation of aorta, and endocrine disorders. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications, with the goal of reducing blood pressure below the 90th percentile. For hypertensive emergencies, the aim is to lower blood pressure more gradually to prevent end-organ damage.
A group of motor impairment syndromes resulting from disorders of early brain development and often associated with epilepsy and abnormalities of speech, vision and intellect
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
2. Contraception is designed to prevent pregnancy due to
coital act by means with these measures
a)TEMPORARY
- Barrier methods
- Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs)
- Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs)
- Injectable and emergency contraception
b) PERMENANT
- Female sterilization----tubal ligation
- Male sterilization ----vasectomy
3. Barrier Methods
• Prevents sperm deposition in vagina / prevent
sperm penetration through the cervical canal.
• Eg:
– Male condom
– Female condom
– Diaphragm
– Cervical cap
4. ADVANTAGES
-reduce incidence of tubal infertility
and ectopic pregnancy
-cheaper
no contraindications and side effect
-easy to carry, simple and disposable.
-protection against STI and PID
DISADVANTAGES
-accidentally break or slip during coitus
-inadequate sexual pleasure
-allergic reactions
-need to discard after use
Condom
a thin rubber sheath made of polyurethane
5. Diaphragm
An intravaginal device made from latex with flexible metal or spring ring at
the margin
ADVANTAGES
-cheap
-can be use repeatedly for a long time
-reduces PID and STI for some extent
-protects against cervical cancer and
pre-cancer
DISADVANTAGES
-risk of UTI and vaginal irritations
-not suitable for women with uterine
prolapse.
6. cervical cap
- smaller than diaphragm
- can be used longer than diaphragm
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- washable (used many times)
- can be used in longer hours than
diaphragm
- smaller than diaphragm and easy to
manage and store
- cannot be used during menstruation
-difficult for some women to insert
-pushed out by some penis sizes,
heavy thrusting, certain sexual
positions
-different sizes for every women
-risk of discharge or any infections.
8. Has a capsule containing
levonogestrel around its
stem
Releases a daily dose of
20microgram of
hormone
Copper IUCD Mirena
MOA Releases free copper and copper salts
-causing a toxic effect to sperm and the
egg
- Produces alterations in cervical mucus
and endometrial secretions
- Endometrium becomes decidualised and
with atrophy of glands
- Inhibition of sperm capacitation and
survival
Thickening of cervical mucus
- Creating a barrier to sperm penetration
- In some woman, ovulation is inhibited
effectiveness Duration of use : 3-5 years
Failure rate : 0.8% after 1 year of use
Duration of use : 5 years
Failure rate : 0.1% after 1 year of use
: 0.7% after 5 years of use
9. Copper IUCD Mirena
advantages • Good for those with:-
- contraindication to take oestrogen
- Useful for patients who are not
compliant to taking medicines
•Does not alter normal hormonal
physiological system of the body
•Could be used as an emergency
contraception up to 5days (pregnancy
rate 0.09%)
•Can be used while breastfeeding
•No proven effect on weight
•Fertility returns quickly after removal
•Fewer menstrual cramps
•Lighter periods and less blood
•Less likely to interact with other
medications
•Lower risk of ectopic pregnancy (<1%).
disadvantages •Higher risk of pelvic infection
•Occasionally can have problem of
missing strings, lost IUCD that may
require investigation or surgical
exploration/ removal
•No STD protection
•Menses may be heavier and painful
•Irregular periods and spotting between
menses often occurs after insertion
•Cramping or backache
•Mild or moderate discomfort
•Ovarian cyst (usually benign)
•Transient risk of PID
Therapeutic
benefits
- - treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding
- Part of hormone replacement therapy
(HRT) regimen
Risk of ectopic
pregnancy
3-5% <1%
10. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
• Introduced in early 1960s
• Most widely used form
of reversible birth control
• Have contraceptive and
noncontraceptive benefits
• 2 types
– Estrogen + progestin
combination
– progestin alone
11. Monophasic
•Same amount of estrogen and
progestin in each active pill (21 days of
injjesting active pills)
Biphasic
•Same amount of estrogen but
halfway through the cycle,
progestin is increased.
•Triphasic
•3 different doses of hormones.
•Depending on brand, estrogen
may increase.
VARIETY OF COMBINATION PILLS:
12. Estrogen:
• Prevention of estrogen surge, which prevents LH surge
→ no ovulation
• Suppression of gonadotropin secretion during follicular
phase, preventing follicular maturation and preventing
ovarian hormone production
Progesterone:
• Creates thick cervical mucus to hinder sperm penetration
• Impairs normal tubal motility and peristalsis
• Also block the LH surge and thus inhibit ovulation
MECHANISMOF ACTIONS
13. CONTRAINDICATIONS
•Pregnant or breastfeeding
•History of pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction
•Stroke
•Liver disease
•Smoker
•Estrogen dependent tumor –breast, endometrium
•Uncontrolled HTN, unexplained vaginal bleeding
14. Common SIDE EFFECTS
Weight gain, Mood swings, Breast tenderness, nausea,
Headaches, Acne, facial hair growth
Potential adverse EFFECTS
•Myocardial infarction
•Venous thromboembolism
•Breakthrough bleeding – most common reason for
discontinuation
15. PROGESTINE ONLY CONTRACEPTIVE
MECHANISM OF ACTION
•Thickens cervical mucous, thins endometrium, inconsistent
ovulation suppression
• Alter frequency of GnRH pulsing and decrease anterior pituitary
gland responsiveness to GnRH.
• Secondary mechanisms of pregnancy prevention include
alterations in tubal peristalsis, endometrial receptivity, and cervical
mucus secretions, which together prevent the proper transport of
both egg and sperm.
16. advantage
•Alternative to combined pill for some women
whom oestrogen is contraindicated.
•Suitable for woman whose blood pressure
increase during treatment with oestrogen.
•28 days of active pills.
•The pill is taken daily without interruption
17. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
• A back-up method that is used after intercourse
has taken place and before implantation has
occurred.
• Indications :
a) Unprotected intercourse
b) Condom ruptured
c) Missed pill or delay in taking POP for >3 hours
d) Sexual assault or rape
20. Long Acting Reversible
Contraceptives(LARCs)
• Depo-Provera and Nexplanon
• Slowly released
• Protect against functional ovarian cyst and
ectopic pregnancy
• Not user dependent and high efficacy rates
• Cost-effective than COCP of 12 months use
21. Depo-Provera
contains 150 mg medroxyprogesterone
acetate(MDPA), IM injection, every 3 months
-Very effective, failure rate <1 per 100 woman
years
• MOA:
a) Inhibition of ovulation,by suppressing the LH
peak
b) Cervical mucus is thicken, thus penetration of
sperm is prevented
c) Endometrium is atrophied to prevent
blastocyst implantation
22. • Advantages:
a) Not secreted in breast milk.It also
promotes lactogenesis. Very useful to
breast-feeding mother.
b) No estrogen. No increased risk of
DVT,stroke or myocardial infarction.
c) Improve PMS and can be used to treat
menstrual problems – painful / heavy
periods
d) Protective against endometrial cancer and
reduction in PID, endometriosis,ectopic
pregnancy and ovarian cancer
23. • Disadvantages:
a) Weight gain
b) Menstrual irregularities,abdominal
pain,discomfort and amenorrhea
c) Duration to return to fertility after
discontinuation is usually delayed for
several months (10-12months)
d) It causes low estrogen levels -> loss of
bone mineral density ->
OSTEOPOROSIS!
24.
25. Norethisterone enanthate
• Alternative depot, similar efficacy
• Only lasts for 8 weeks and not widely used
• Given at two-monthly intervals
• recommended as a short term interim
contraception (eg, while waiting vasectomy to
become effective)
• The return of fertility is quicker
26. IMPLANON
Nexplanon(Progestagon-only subdermal implant)
- Single 40mm rod
- consists of levonogestrel or etonogestrel that is
constantly released in small amounts inside the
bloodstream.
- Inserted at upper arm subdermally with local
anaesthetic
- Last for 3 years, radio opaque
- Highly effective, failure rate <0.1 per 100 woman
years
- No drop in bone density
- Removal usually easy and rapid resumption of
fertility.
- Side effects- menstrual disturbance, amenorrhea,
irregular bleeding in the first year
27.
28.
29. Vaginal Ring
• a.k.a Nuvaring
• has to be inserted in vagina
• contraindication: person with blood clotting disorders and
women weights over 90kg as it may be less clinically effective
• efficacy: similar to OCP use
Like most birth control pills, the ring contains the hormones estrogen
and progestin, which are similar to hormones our bodies make
naturally. The vaginal lining absorbs the hormones.
- Stops ovulation and thickens cervical mucus
30. • How does it acts?
A.Delivers 15mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 120mcg of etonogestrel per day
• Side Effects;
1. Vaginitis
2. Leukorrhea
3. Weight Gain
4. Nausea
5. Headache
6. Breakthrough bleeding
33. Male Sterilization
VASECTOMY
• The tubes that carry sperm from a man’s testicles to the penis
are cut, blocked or sealed during a minor operation
• This prevents sperm from reaching the seminal fluid (semen),
which is ejaculated from the penis during sex. There will be no
sperm in the semen, so a woman's egg can't be fertilised.
2 types of vasectomy :
• Conventional vasectomy- making 2 incisions in scrotum using
scalpel
• Non-scalpel vasectomy- making a tiny puncture hole into the
skin of the scrotum
34. Advantages :
• Minimal failure rate (0.15%)
• there are rarely long-term effects
• vasectomy does not affect hormone levels or sex drive
• it will not affect the spontaneity of intercourse or
interfere with intercourse
• simpler, safer and more reliable alternative to female
sterilisation
Disadvantages :
• vasectomy doesn’t protect against sexually transmitted
infections
• Additional contraceptive protection is needed for about
2-3months until aspermia is achieved
35.
36. Complications
Haematoma
• A haematoma is when blood collects and clots in the tissue
surrounding a broken blood vessel.
• They are mostly small (pea-sized), but can occasionally be
large (filling the scrotum) . This can cause scrotum to
become very swollen and painful.
Sperm Granulomas
• When the tubes that carry sperm from testicles are cut,
sperm can sometimes leak from them. In rare cases, sperm
can collect in the surrounding tissue, forming hard lumps
that are known as sperm granulomas.
• This can be treated by giving anti-inflammatory medication.
37.
38. FEMALE STERILIZATION
TUBAL LIGATION
• A laparoscopy is the most common method of accessing the
fallopian tubes.
• After the surgeon can access to see the fallopian tube, then
they can start to block the tube.
Blocking the tubes
• applying clips – plastic or titanium clamps are closed over
the fallopian tubes (Filshie clip)
• applying rings – a small loop of the fallopian tube is pulled
through a silicone ring, then clamped shut
• tying and cutting the tube – this destroys 3-4cm of the tube
39.
40. • Common ligation method used is Pomeroy Tubal
Ligation.
• In this procedure, a segment of the tube from
midportion is elevated and an absorbable
ligature is placed across the base, forming a
loop, or knuckle of tube. This knuckle is then
excised.
41.
42. HYSTEROSCOPIC STERILISATION
(transcervical sterilization)
• A hysteroscope, is passed through vagina and cervix. A
guidewire is used to insert a tiny piece of titanium metal
(called a microinsert) into the hysteroscope, then into each
of fallopian tubes.
• The implant causes the fallopian tube to form scar tissue
around it, which eventually blocks the tube.
43. • An imaging test should be done to confirm that the fallopian
tubes are blocked. The tests are :
- hysterosalpingogram (HSG)
- hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography (HyCoSy) – a type of
ultrasound scan involving injecting dye into the fallopian
tubes.
44.
45. Advantages
• there are rarely any long-term effects on sexual health
• it will not affect person sex drive
• it will not affect the spontaneity of sexual intercourse or
interfere with sex
• it will not affect person hormone levels
Disadvantages
• female sterilisation does not protect against sexually
transmitted infections so a person should still use a condom if
feels unsure about their partner's sexual health
• it is very difficult to reverse a tubal occlusion – this involves
removing the blocked part of the fallopian tube and rejoining
the ends
46. Complications
• with tubal occlusion there is a very small
risk of complications, including internal
bleeding and infection or damage to
other organs
• it is possible for sterilisation to fail – the
fallopian tubes can rejoin and make a
women fertilise.
• If a women get pregnant after sterilize
then, it is possible that the women is in
a high risks of ectopic pregnancy.
48. Case 1
30 years old Para 2, day 1 post SVD with
underlying
1) obese with BMI of 36kg / m2.
2) Hypertension under KK follow up. Not
compliant to medication
Wishes to space out for another three to four
years.
50. Case 2
26 years old para 2, day 2 post LSCS for fetal
distress.
Patient had poor spacing, first child less than 2
years old.
During counseling, she wished to space out for
another 5 years.
Her desirable family size is 3 children.
54. Case 4
35 years old Para 3, day 1 post SVD with
underlying
1) obesity with BMI of 36kg / m2.
2) Underlying haemophilia
Wishes to space out for another three to four
years.