4 binary compounds
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Binary compounds are composed of two elements, represented by their chemical symbols. To write the formula, write the symbol of the positively charged element first, then the negatively charged element. Add subscripts to balance the total oxidation state to zero. To name binary compounds, write the name of the first element and add "-ide" to the root of the second element's name. Examples of common binary compounds and their formulas and names are provided.
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The document provides information on naming ionic compounds, cations, anions, and polyatomic ions. It discusses how to name monatomic and transition metal cations by adding "-ion" or the charge in Roman numerals after the element name. Anions are named by adding "-ide" after the element root. Ionic compounds are formed by writing the cation first followed by the anion. Polyatomic ions are also included.
Naming_compounds.ppt
This document provides information on naming and writing formulas for different types of chemical compounds. It discusses binary ionic compounds composed of a metal and nonmetal, where the metal takes a Roman numeral charge and the nonmetal suffix is changed to "-ide". Ternary ionic compounds containing a polyatomic ion are also described. Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that behave as a unit with a charge. The document outlines steps for writing formulas and uses examples like calcium phosphate and aluminum nitrate to illustrate the process. Finally, it defines binary molecular compounds as those containing two nonmetals covalently bonded, requiring the use of numerical prefixes in the naming.
Chapter 7.1 : Chemical Names and Formulas
Chemical formulas indicate the relative number and type of atoms in a chemical compound or molecule. A chemical formula for an ionic compound represents one formula unit and uses the simplest whole number ratio of ions present. Binary ionic compounds are composed of two elements and the total positive charges must equal the total negative charges. Molecular compounds use a prefix system to indicate the number of atoms of the less electronegative element present. Polyatomic ions are named as units within chemical formulas.
Vi nomenclature of inorganic compounds
The document discusses the nomenclature of inorganic compounds according to IUPAC rules. It covers naming conventions for binary ionic compounds such as metal oxides, salts, metal hydrides, non-metal halides, and binary acids. It also discusses determining oxidation states and writing chemical formulas. Key points include naming metal oxides as "stock name of metal cation" + "oxide", salts as "stock name of metal cation" + "root name of non-metal anion" + "-ide", and distinguishing between ionic and molecular compounds in nomenclature.
Applied Chapter 5.3 : Names and Formulas of Compounds
This document discusses naming and writing formulas for ionic compounds and compounds containing polyatomic ions. It explains that ionic compounds are made up of positive and negative ions in the simplest ratio to achieve neutral charge. Formulas show the types and numbers of ions present. Names specify the cation first followed by the anion. Polyatomic ions are named and treated as a single unit. Examples are provided to illustrate naming and writing formulas for various ionic compounds and those containing common polyatomic ions.
Chemical Formula
The document discusses chemical formulas and how they are derived. It explains that chemical formulas show the number and type of atoms in a molecule using element symbols. It then provides examples of how to determine formulas using valency, including transition metals that can have multiple valencies indicated by Roman numerals. Prefixes in compound names can also indicate the number of atoms present.
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This document provides a diagram labeling various anatomical features of an animal's internal organs and systems, including the location of the vomerine teeth, gullet, internal nares, glottis, maxillary teeth, vocal sacs, eye sockets, tympanic membrane, nictitating membrane, external naris, liver, fat bodies, small intestine, heart, gall bladder, lungs, kidneys, spleen, cloaca, mesentery, stomach, testis, urinary bladder, ovaries, oviduct, and their relative positions.
Chpt.3.1
1) Arthropods undergo either complete or incomplete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis involves four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Incomplete metamorphosis involves hatching from eggs as nymphs and molting into winged adults after several molts.
2) Animals exhibit one of three types of symmetry: asymmetry, radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry. Radial and bilateral symmetry involve dividing the animal into mirror halves, while asymmetry does not.
3) Succession describes the process of ecological community change over time. There are two types: primary succession colonizes new bare rock and soilless sites, while secondary succession occurs on existing soil after a disturbance like
Chpt.2.3
This document summarizes the cycling of important materials like water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through ecosystems. It explains that while energy is lost at each trophic level, the sun replenishes it, and matter is recycled as nutrients move through organisms. The atoms that make up living things today have been on Earth since life began. It then provides more detailed explanations of the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
Chpt.2.2
The flow of energy in an ecosystem begins with autotrophs, such as plants, which use energy from the sun to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Heterotrophs, including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers then obtain energy by consuming autotrophs and other organisms. This energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain and food web, with less energy being available at higher trophic levels due to energy being lost as heat at each transfer.
Chpt.2.1
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. It reveals the interrelationships between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the world. Key concepts in ecology include the biosphere, biotic factors, abiotic factors, levels of organization (organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere), habitats, niches, and symbiosis (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism). Ecology combines information from various sciences to understand these relationships.
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The document discusses different systems for classifying life into kingdoms and domains. It describes the three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. It also outlines the six kingdom system of Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. Finally, it mentions the traditional five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. It provides details about the defining characteristics of each domain and kingdom.
Chpt. 17.2 Modern Classification
Cladograms are branching diagrams that represent the proposed evolutionary history of a species or group, with closer branches indicating that organisms have more traits in common. They are a modern method of classification that shows evolutionary relationships rather than just taxonomic rankings.
Chpt. 17.1-History of Classification
Aristotle first classified organisms as either animals or plants, with plants grouped by size and animals by whether they had blood. Linnaeus broadened Aristotle's system and created the first formal taxonomy, grouping organisms into a binominal nomenclature with a genus and species name. The taxonomic categories from most specific to broad are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
Chpt.15.2-Evidence of Change
There are several ways that scientists provide evidence of evolution, including comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and fossils. Comparative anatomy looks at homologous and analogous structures between species, while comparative embryology examines similarities in development. Fossils provide direct evidence of extinct species and how they changed over time. Scientists use both relative dating of fossils layers and radioactive dating to determine the age of fossils and track changes in species. Adaptations like camouflage and mimicry help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully.
Chpt. 15.1
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. While visiting the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that related but distinct animal species inhabited different islands. He later concluded that populations on the mainland evolved over generations as they adapted to their local environments, with better adapted traits being passed down. Darwin's theory proposed that natural selection drives evolution, as organisms better suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits.
Chapter 11.3 notes
A karyotype is a micrograph that arranges homologous chromosome pairs in decreasing size order. It is used to study chromosomes stained during cell metaphase. Nondisjunction is a cell division error where sister chromatids do not separate properly, which can cause conditions like Down syndrome.
Chpt. 11.2 complex inheritance leftovers
Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive trait common in those with African and Mediterranean ancestry. It causes abnormally shaped red blood cells, impaired blood flow, tissue damage, and health issues. Sex is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes - females have XX and males have XY. The X chromosome carries many genes needed for development in both sexes. To compensate for having two X chromosomes, females inactivate one randomly. Sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome and are always expressed if recessive in females. Muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disease. Polygenic traits like skin and eye color are influenced by two or more genes and result in a range of intermediate phenotypes.
Chapter 11.1 notes
This document summarizes several human genetic disorders including their inheritance patterns, symptoms, prevalence, and treatment options. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder with onset between 30-50 years of age that is always fatal. Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disorder among white Americans, affecting the lungs and digestive system due to thick mucus production, with current treatments improving life expectancy. Tay-Sachs disease causes neurological deterioration and death by age 5 due to fatty acid accumulation in the brain.
Incomplete codominance multiple_alleles
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominance:
1) Incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes. Examples include snapdragons and carnations.
2) Codominance, where both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote rather than blending. Examples include checkered chickens, roan horses, and variegated clover.
3) Multiple alleles, where more than two alleles control a trait. Examples include human blood types and coat colors in rabbits.
10.2 mendelian genetics
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Chapter 12.4 gene regulation & mutation
This document summarizes gene regulation and mutation. It explains that gene regulation allows organisms to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment, using operons in prokaryotes. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can cause changes in proteins. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations which substitute a single nucleotide, and frameshift mutations which insert or delete nucleotides, affecting all subsequent amino acids. Mutations can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or chemicals and may be passed to offspring.
Chapter 12.3 dna,rna and protein
DNA contains the genetic code that is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated into proteins. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps join mRNA to transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis. TRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the mRNA codon sequence.
Chapter 12.2 dna replication
DNA replication is a semiconservative process where the parental DNA strands separate and each serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. It occurs in three stages: unwinding, base pairing, and joining. During unwinding, enzymes separate the double helix and add RNA primers. Then, DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to each new strand by matching A-T and C-G. The lagging strand replicates in fragments that are later joined.
Chapter 12.1 molecular genetics
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