Chpt.2.3
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This document summarizes the cycling of important materials like water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through ecosystems. It explains that while energy is lost at each trophic level, the sun replenishes it, and matter is recycled as nutrients move through organisms. The atoms that make up living things today have been on Earth since life began. It then provides more detailed explanations of the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
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The document summarizes energy flow through ecosystems. It states that nearly all energy originates from the sun and is absorbed by producers through photosynthesis, converting it to chemical energy stored in sugars. Consumers obtain this stored chemical energy by eating producers and breaking down sugars through cellular respiration. Producers and consumers both perform cellular respiration to release energy for functions, with producers uniquely using photosynthesis to capture solar energy.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon is one of the most important elements and is the main building block of organisms. It can be found in many everyday items and is readily available on Earth. Carbon dioxide in the air is used by plants through photosynthesis and enters animals when they eat food, then it is released back into the air through respiration. Fossil fuels are formed from decayed plants and animals over millions of years and release carbon dioxide when burned.
4.2 energy flow
Energy flows through ecosystems from sunlight through photosynthesis by producers to consumers in a food chain. Only about 10-20% of energy is transferred between trophic levels, with the rest lost as heat through respiration. This loss of energy at each trophic level restricts food chain length and biomass of higher levels. Ecosystems rely on the continuous input of solar energy to replace energy lost as heat and sustain life processes.
Cycles of matter
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Carban cycle
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles and focuses on the carbon cycle. It explains that the carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon among the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Carbon is critical and cycles through reservoirs like CO2 in the atmosphere, as well as being stored long-term in fossil fuels and limestone. The cycling of carbon is important as it transfers energy and forms new carbon compounds while releasing oxygen. However, human burning of fossil fuels has unbalanced the carbon cycle by releasing stored carbon too quickly, increasing CO2 in the atmosphere and global warming.
Energy flow in ecosystems
- Sunlight provides energy for most life on Earth through the process of photosynthesis, where plants, algae, and some bacteria use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce sugar and oxygen.
- Producers are organisms that convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Consumers eat other organisms for energy and include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Decomposers and detritivores break down dead organic matter.
- Cellular respiration is the process where cells use sugar and oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Energy transfers between organisms as they eat each other in food chains and food webs.
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An ecosystem is composed of communities of organisms and their physical environments. Producers (autotrophs) can produce their own food, while consumers (heterotrophs) obtain energy by eating producers or other consumers. Primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and decomposers break down dead organisms into detritus. A food chain represents a single pathway of energy transfer starting with a producer, while a food web depicts overlapping food chains within an ecosystem.
2.3 ecology notes
- Ecosystems transfer energy from the sun to autotrophs (producers), then to organisms that eat producers, and then to organisms that eat those organisms. The amount of energy transferred decreases at each trophic level.
- Energy and matter flow through food chains and food webs in ecosystems. Food chains represent single pathways of energy transfer, while food webs illustrate the complex, interconnected feeding relationships.
- Pyramids model the distribution and amount of energy and biomass at different trophic levels in an ecosystem, with lower levels containing more than higher levels due to energy lost between levels. Other cycles like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles are also crucial to ecosystem structure and function.
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The document summarizes the carbon cycle, which is the movement of carbon between different reservoirs on Earth and in its atmosphere. Carbon continually cycles between living organisms, oceans, atmosphere, and rocks through various processes over timescales ranging from years to millions of years. Key parts of the cycle include photosynthesis fixing carbon from the atmosphere into organisms, respiration and decomposition releasing carbon back to the air, and geological processes like weathering sequestering carbon in rocks over millions of years.
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This document discusses the abiotic cycles that recycle matter on Earth to sustain life, including the nitrogen cycle, water cycle, and carbon dioxide/oxygen cycle. These cycles move matter like nitrogen, water, carbon, and oxygen through ecosystems as plants, animals, and microbes break down waste and each other, and as atmospheric gases dissolve and circulate through environments. The recycling of matter through these natural cycles is essential to maintaining life on our planet.
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more sciencebitz resources on iTunesU and iBooks https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ
https://itun.es/gb/ymzI6.n
Topic 4.2. Energy flow
Most ecosystems rely on energy from sunlight that is harvested through photosynthesis by producer organisms. This chemical energy is then passed on to consumers through food chains and webs. There are losses of energy at each trophic level due to the inefficiencies of energy transfer between organisms and the conversion of useful energy to heat. These energy losses restrict the length and complexity of food chains and limit the biomass that can be supported at higher trophic levels.
4.2 energy flow notes
Most ecosystems rely on energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. This chemical energy is then passed between organisms through food chains via feeding. At each trophic level, some energy is lost as heat. Energy losses limit the length and biomass of higher trophic levels in food chains. Pyramids of energy show the decrease in available energy at higher trophic levels due to these energy losses between levels.
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This document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by explaining that sunlight is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems and is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis. Producers convert the light energy into chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. This chemical energy then flows through food chains as consumers eat producers or other consumers, though around 10% of the energy is lost at each trophic level. The chemical energy in organisms is released as heat through respiration. Heat is then lost from ecosystems, and the energy losses at each trophic level restrict how long food chains can become and the biomass at higher levels.
Carbon Oxygen Cycle
The carbon-oxygen cycle involves photosynthesis and respiration. During photosynthesis, plants and algae take in carbon dioxide from the air or water and release oxygen. Animals and decomposers then take in the oxygen to respire and release carbon dioxide, which is taken up again by plants. Carbon is stored in organisms as organic compounds and remains stored in dead matter until decomposition releases it back as carbon dioxide, with some carbon becoming trapped in fossil fuels over millions of years.
Cycling of materials in the ecosystem
The document describes several natural cycles in ecosystems, including the carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle, water cycle, and nitrogen cycle. It then discusses how human activities can negatively impact ecosystems. Specifically, it notes that human trash can kill people, monoculture farming reduces biodiversity, and overuse of herbicides, insecticides, and chemical fertilizers can harm the environment.
Energy Flow In Ecosystems
The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems and food webs. It provides several field notes describing relationships between different organisms, such as plants being eaten by herbivores or smaller organisms being eaten by larger predators. It then explains that as energy moves through food chains and webs, the vast majority (around 90%) is lost as heat, so there is only about 10% of the original energy available at each trophic level. This pattern can be represented through an energy pyramid diagram.
Oxygen cycle
All living things rely on oxygen, which is produced through photosynthesis by plants and algae. During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and glucose. Animals and other organisms use oxygen to break down glucose through cellular respiration, releasing energy, water, and carbon dioxide. This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between photosynthesizing organisms and respiring organisms makes up the oxygen cycle that is essential for life.
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Energy comes in many forms and is essential for life. ATP is the principal compound that cells use to obtain and release energy through chemical reactions. During photosynthesis in plants, energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through two stages - the light-dependent reactions in the thylakoid membrane that produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that uses these products to produce sugars.
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
The document summarizes energy flow through ecosystems. It states that nearly all energy originates from the sun and is absorbed by producers through photosynthesis, converting it to chemical energy stored in sugars. Consumers obtain this stored chemical energy by eating producers and breaking down sugars through cellular respiration. Producers and consumers both perform cellular respiration to release energy for functions, with producers uniquely using photosynthesis to capture solar energy.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon is one of the most important elements and is the main building block of organisms. It can be found in many everyday items and is readily available on Earth. Carbon dioxide in the air is used by plants through photosynthesis and enters animals when they eat food, then it is released back into the air through respiration. Fossil fuels are formed from decayed plants and animals over millions of years and release carbon dioxide when burned.
4.2 energy flow
Energy flows through ecosystems from sunlight through photosynthesis by producers to consumers in a food chain. Only about 10-20% of energy is transferred between trophic levels, with the rest lost as heat through respiration. This loss of energy at each trophic level restricts food chain length and biomass of higher levels. Ecosystems rely on the continuous input of solar energy to replace energy lost as heat and sustain life processes.
Cycles of matter
The document discusses several important cycles in nature. It begins by explaining the energy cycle in an ecosystem, with the sun providing energy to plants, which are then consumed by animals higher up the food chain. It then describes the water cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water into the air as vapor, condenses into clouds, and falls as precipitation, collecting and evaporating again. It also summarizes the carbon cycle, where carbon is absorbed by plants and released when plants and animals respire or decay, and the nitrogen cycle, where nitrogen in the air is absorbed by plants and recycled through the ecosystem. These cycles are essential for recycling scarce resources and sustaining life.
Carban cycle
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles and focuses on the carbon cycle. It explains that the carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon among the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Carbon is critical and cycles through reservoirs like CO2 in the atmosphere, as well as being stored long-term in fossil fuels and limestone. The cycling of carbon is important as it transfers energy and forms new carbon compounds while releasing oxygen. However, human burning of fossil fuels has unbalanced the carbon cycle by releasing stored carbon too quickly, increasing CO2 in the atmosphere and global warming.
Energy flow in ecosystems
- Sunlight provides energy for most life on Earth through the process of photosynthesis, where plants, algae, and some bacteria use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce sugar and oxygen.
- Producers are organisms that convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Consumers eat other organisms for energy and include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Decomposers and detritivores break down dead organic matter.
- Cellular respiration is the process where cells use sugar and oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Energy transfers between organisms as they eat each other in food chains and food webs.
Section15
An ecosystem is composed of communities of organisms and their physical environments. Producers (autotrophs) can produce their own food, while consumers (heterotrophs) obtain energy by eating producers or other consumers. Primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and decomposers break down dead organisms into detritus. A food chain represents a single pathway of energy transfer starting with a producer, while a food web depicts overlapping food chains within an ecosystem.
2.3 ecology notes
- Ecosystems transfer energy from the sun to autotrophs (producers), then to organisms that eat producers, and then to organisms that eat those organisms. The amount of energy transferred decreases at each trophic level.
- Energy and matter flow through food chains and food webs in ecosystems. Food chains represent single pathways of energy transfer, while food webs illustrate the complex, interconnected feeding relationships.
- Pyramids model the distribution and amount of energy and biomass at different trophic levels in an ecosystem, with lower levels containing more than higher levels due to energy lost between levels. Other cycles like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles are also crucial to ecosystem structure and function.
Carbon Cycle
The document summarizes the carbon cycle, which is the movement of carbon between different reservoirs on Earth and in its atmosphere. Carbon continually cycles between living organisms, oceans, atmosphere, and rocks through various processes over timescales ranging from years to millions of years. Key parts of the cycle include photosynthesis fixing carbon from the atmosphere into organisms, respiration and decomposition releasing carbon back to the air, and geological processes like weathering sequestering carbon in rocks over millions of years.
Unit 5, Lesson 5.6- Nutrient Cycles
Unit 5, Lesson 5.6- Nutrient Cycles
Lesson Outline:
1. Recycling Nutrients
2. Carbon Cycle (Oxygen to Carbon Dioxide Cycle)
3. Nitrogen Cycle
4. Water Cycle
Abiotic cycles
This document discusses the abiotic cycles that recycle matter on Earth to sustain life, including the nitrogen cycle, water cycle, and carbon dioxide/oxygen cycle. These cycles move matter like nitrogen, water, carbon, and oxygen through ecosystems as plants, animals, and microbes break down waste and each other, and as atmospheric gases dissolve and circulate through environments. The recycling of matter through these natural cycles is essential to maintaining life on our planet.
Photosynthesis and respiration in ecosystems
more sciencebitz resources on iTunesU and iBooks https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ
https://itun.es/gb/ymzI6.n
Topic 4.2. Energy flow
Most ecosystems rely on energy from sunlight that is harvested through photosynthesis by producer organisms. This chemical energy is then passed on to consumers through food chains and webs. There are losses of energy at each trophic level due to the inefficiencies of energy transfer between organisms and the conversion of useful energy to heat. These energy losses restrict the length and complexity of food chains and limit the biomass that can be supported at higher trophic levels.
4.2 energy flow notes
Most ecosystems rely on energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. This chemical energy is then passed between organisms through food chains via feeding. At each trophic level, some energy is lost as heat. Energy losses limit the length and biomass of higher trophic levels in food chains. Pyramids of energy show the decrease in available energy at higher trophic levels due to these energy losses between levels.
DP Bio Topic 4-2 Energy Flow
This document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by explaining that sunlight is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems and is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis. Producers convert the light energy into chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. This chemical energy then flows through food chains as consumers eat producers or other consumers, though around 10% of the energy is lost at each trophic level. The chemical energy in organisms is released as heat through respiration. Heat is then lost from ecosystems, and the energy losses at each trophic level restrict how long food chains can become and the biomass at higher levels.
Carbon Oxygen Cycle
The carbon-oxygen cycle involves photosynthesis and respiration. During photosynthesis, plants and algae take in carbon dioxide from the air or water and release oxygen. Animals and decomposers then take in the oxygen to respire and release carbon dioxide, which is taken up again by plants. Carbon is stored in organisms as organic compounds and remains stored in dead matter until decomposition releases it back as carbon dioxide, with some carbon becoming trapped in fossil fuels over millions of years.
Cycling of materials in the ecosystem
The document describes several natural cycles in ecosystems, including the carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle, water cycle, and nitrogen cycle. It then discusses how human activities can negatively impact ecosystems. Specifically, it notes that human trash can kill people, monoculture farming reduces biodiversity, and overuse of herbicides, insecticides, and chemical fertilizers can harm the environment.
Energy Flow In Ecosystems
The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems and food webs. It provides several field notes describing relationships between different organisms, such as plants being eaten by herbivores or smaller organisms being eaten by larger predators. It then explains that as energy moves through food chains and webs, the vast majority (around 90%) is lost as heat, so there is only about 10% of the original energy available at each trophic level. This pattern can be represented through an energy pyramid diagram.
Oxygen cycle
All living things rely on oxygen, which is produced through photosynthesis by plants and algae. During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and glucose. Animals and other organisms use oxygen to break down glucose through cellular respiration, releasing energy, water, and carbon dioxide. This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between photosynthesizing organisms and respiring organisms makes up the oxygen cycle that is essential for life.
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Chapter 12.2 dna replication
DNA replication is a semiconservative process where the parental DNA strands separate and each serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. It occurs in three stages: unwinding, base pairing, and joining. During unwinding, enzymes separate the double helix and add RNA primers. Then, DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to each new strand by matching A-T and C-G. The lagging strand replicates in fragments that are later joined.
2.2 Cycles Of Matter
The three important cycles of matter are the water cycle, carbon and oxygen cycles, and nitrogen cycle. The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, and precipitation in a continuous process where water moves from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back. Evaporation changes liquid water to a gas, condensation changes a gas to a liquid forming clouds, and precipitation causes liquid drops to fall back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet or hail. The carbon and oxygen cycles involve producers using carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis. Nitrogen fixation by bacteria changes nitrogen gas into a usable form, occurring in nodules on plant roots to make nitrogen available to organisms.
Cycling of materials in ecosystem
1) Carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle through ecosystems, with organisms using these elements and releasing them back into the nonliving environment through processes like respiration, decomposition, and erosion.
2) The water cycle involves water evaporating from plants and surfaces, condensing in the atmosphere, and falling as precipitation before infiltrating the ground and flowing into rivers and oceans.
3) In the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and enters animals when they eat plants or each other, and it is released back through respiration and decomposition.
The components of an ecosystem
The structural components of an ecosystem consist of nonliving arena and the living organisms.
They are terms as Abiotic compounds and Biotic compounds.
Components of ecosystem
The document summarizes the key components of an ecosystem. It describes abiotic components as non-living physical and chemical factors like air, water, soil, and basic elements. Biotic components are the living parts, including populations of animals, plants, and microbes. It outlines the relationships between these groups, with autotrophs (producers) converting inorganic materials to organic materials through photosynthesis, heterotrophs (consumers) feeding on autotrophs or other organisms, and saprotrophs (decomposers) breaking down dead organic matter and recycling nutrients.
Ecosystem Concepts
The document defines ecology as the scientific study of the interaction between living organisms and their environment. It discusses key concepts in ecology like ecosystems, biotic and abiotic components, energy flow, nutrient cycling, and trophic structure. Some key types of ecosystems mentioned are forests, grasslands, deserts, aquatic, urban, and agricultural ecosystems.
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This document provides an overview of matter cycles in ecosystems. It explains that matter is recycled through cycles like the carbon and water cycles. In the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is used by plants and released by animals, with decomposers recycling carbon back into the environment. The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation and precipitation recycling water. While these cycles have traditionally kept ecosystems sustainable, human carbon emissions from fossil fuels are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and contributing to global warming, disrupting the natural carbon cycle balance.
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Matter cycles between living and nonliving components in ecosystems through biogeochemical cycles. Key cycles discussed include water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Matter is recycled through producers, consumers, and decomposers. Toxins can accumulate and concentrate in organisms at higher trophic levels since they are not biodegradable and biomass decreases at each level. This was seen with DDT accumulation in birds, interfering with egg shell formation and reproduction.
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The carbon cycle describes how carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, organisms, oceans, and the Earth's crust. Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through volcanic emissions and respiration. Plants and algae absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and incorporate carbon into organic molecules. Animals consume these organic molecules and release carbon dioxide during respiration. Decomposers break down dead organic matter, releasing carbon back into the atmosphere and oceans. Human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, altering the natural carbon cycle.
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More advanced treatise of the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Could be useful for teachers who have limited science background or for students in upper middle or high school.
Energy flow in ecosystems
The document summarizes energy flow through ecosystems. It explains that all energy on Earth comes from the sun and is absorbed by producers like plants through photosynthesis. Producers are then eaten by primary consumers like herbivores and secondary consumers like carnivores. Decomposers break down waste and dead organisms, releasing energy and returning nutrients to the system. This flow of energy is depicted through food chains and food webs. Only 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels, causing energy pyramids to narrow at higher levels. Key matter cycles like water, carbon, and oxygen are driven by the ecosystem and also flow in loops through producers, consumers, and decomposers.
biogeochemical_cycles_chapter_5_1.ppt
Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements and molecules through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Key cycles include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. In these cycles, matter is transferred between living organisms, non-living matter like soil and water, and long-term stores like fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks. The recycling of nutrients through biogeochemical cycles is essential for sustaining life on Earth.
BiochemicalCycles.pptx
The document discusses three nutrient cycles - carbon, nitrogen, and water. The carbon cycle involves carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere through respiration and combustion, being absorbed by plants through photosynthesis, and passed along the food chain before eventually being released again as carbon dioxide through respiration and decomposition. The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen in the air being converted to usable forms for plants by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and lightning, and being recycled between the atmosphere, soil, plants and animals. The water cycle involves water evaporating from surfaces, condensing in the atmosphere, falling as precipitation, running across or infiltrating into the soil, and transpiring from plants before evaporating again.
Biogeochemical cycles
The document summarizes several important biogeochemical cycles. It discusses the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur cycles. For each cycle it describes the key reservoirs, assimilation, and release processes involved in recycling nutrients and moving elements through ecosystems. Maintaining these biogeochemical cycles is essential for sustaining life on Earth.
Environmental Science - Biogeochemical Cycle
Biogeochemical cycles help explain how elements are recycled through ecosystems. The most common cycles include water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Biogeochemical cycles consist of chemical, geological, and biological processes that circulate elements between living organisms and their inorganic environment. They maintain the flow of energy and matter through ecosystems and allow for the transformation and storage of elements. Examples provided include the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle.
Biogeochemical cycles chapter_5
Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements and molecules through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Major cycles include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, which circulate crucial nutrients through the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. These recycling processes are essential to sustaining life as they maintain the chemical conditions necessary for organisms to survive.
Oxygen cycle
Oxygen cycles through the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis, using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce sugars and release oxygen into the atmosphere. Animals and other organisms use oxygen for respiration, breaking down sugars and food and releasing carbon dioxide and water. The carbon dioxide is then used by plants in photosynthesis, continuing the cycle.
KRISHNA GAUR 2003048 AFR101 PPT.pptx
The document defines an ecosystem as a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. It discusses various components of an ecosystem like types of ecosystems, energy flow through food chains and food webs, and nutrient cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements. Succession and how communities change over time is also covered. Pyramids of numbers, energy and biomass are explained as ways to represent trophic levels in an ecosystem.
BiochemicalCycles.pptx
This document discusses nutrient cycles including carbon, nitrogen, and water. The carbon cycle involves carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere through respiration and combustion, being absorbed by plants in photosynthesis, and passed through food chains before being returned to the atmosphere through respiration or decomposition. Nitrogen is converted between unusable nitrogen gas and usable nitrate compounds through nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification. Water cycles through evaporation from surfaces, condensation into clouds, precipitation, runoff, infiltration into soil, and transpiration from plants.
Nutrient Cycling
I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not see any clear questions or statements that can be summarized in 3 sentences or less. The document appears to be providing information about various nutrient cycles but does not contain a conclusion or main point that can be briefly summarized.
Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle)
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles, specifically the carbon and nitrogen cycles. It explains that in the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants through photosynthesis and enters the food chain as plants are eaten. Carbon returns to the atmosphere through respiration and decomposition by organisms or from burning fossil fuels. In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is fixed from the atmosphere by bacteria, taken up by plants, and converted between forms like ammonium, nitrites and nitrates by bacteria and fungi as organic matter decays.
Similar to Chpt.2.3 (20)
More from Valerie Evans
Frog review
This document provides a diagram labeling various anatomical features of an animal's internal organs and systems, including the location of the vomerine teeth, gullet, internal nares, glottis, maxillary teeth, vocal sacs, eye sockets, tympanic membrane, nictitating membrane, external naris, liver, fat bodies, small intestine, heart, gall bladder, lungs, kidneys, spleen, cloaca, mesentery, stomach, testis, urinary bladder, ovaries, oviduct, and their relative positions.
Chpt.3.1
1) Arthropods undergo either complete or incomplete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis involves four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Incomplete metamorphosis involves hatching from eggs as nymphs and molting into winged adults after several molts.
2) Animals exhibit one of three types of symmetry: asymmetry, radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry. Radial and bilateral symmetry involve dividing the animal into mirror halves, while asymmetry does not.
3) Succession describes the process of ecological community change over time. There are two types: primary succession colonizes new bare rock and soilless sites, while secondary succession occurs on existing soil after a disturbance like
Chpt.2.2
The flow of energy in an ecosystem begins with autotrophs, such as plants, which use energy from the sun to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Heterotrophs, including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers then obtain energy by consuming autotrophs and other organisms. This energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain and food web, with less energy being available at higher trophic levels due to energy being lost as heat at each transfer.
Chpt.2.1
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. It reveals the interrelationships between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the world. Key concepts in ecology include the biosphere, biotic factors, abiotic factors, levels of organization (organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere), habitats, niches, and symbiosis (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism). Ecology combines information from various sciences to understand these relationships.
Chpt. 17.3- Domains and Kingdoms
The document discusses different systems for classifying life into kingdoms and domains. It describes the three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. It also outlines the six kingdom system of Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. Finally, it mentions the traditional five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. It provides details about the defining characteristics of each domain and kingdom.
Chpt. 17.2 Modern Classification
Cladograms are branching diagrams that represent the proposed evolutionary history of a species or group, with closer branches indicating that organisms have more traits in common. They are a modern method of classification that shows evolutionary relationships rather than just taxonomic rankings.
Chpt. 17.1-History of Classification
Aristotle first classified organisms as either animals or plants, with plants grouped by size and animals by whether they had blood. Linnaeus broadened Aristotle's system and created the first formal taxonomy, grouping organisms into a binominal nomenclature with a genus and species name. The taxonomic categories from most specific to broad are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
Chpt.15.2-Evidence of Change
There are several ways that scientists provide evidence of evolution, including comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and fossils. Comparative anatomy looks at homologous and analogous structures between species, while comparative embryology examines similarities in development. Fossils provide direct evidence of extinct species and how they changed over time. Scientists use both relative dating of fossils layers and radioactive dating to determine the age of fossils and track changes in species. Adaptations like camouflage and mimicry help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully.
Chpt. 15.1
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. While visiting the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that related but distinct animal species inhabited different islands. He later concluded that populations on the mainland evolved over generations as they adapted to their local environments, with better adapted traits being passed down. Darwin's theory proposed that natural selection drives evolution, as organisms better suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits.
Chapter 11.3 notes
A karyotype is a micrograph that arranges homologous chromosome pairs in decreasing size order. It is used to study chromosomes stained during cell metaphase. Nondisjunction is a cell division error where sister chromatids do not separate properly, which can cause conditions like Down syndrome.
Chpt. 11.2 complex inheritance leftovers
Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive trait common in those with African and Mediterranean ancestry. It causes abnormally shaped red blood cells, impaired blood flow, tissue damage, and health issues. Sex is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes - females have XX and males have XY. The X chromosome carries many genes needed for development in both sexes. To compensate for having two X chromosomes, females inactivate one randomly. Sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome and are always expressed if recessive in females. Muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disease. Polygenic traits like skin and eye color are influenced by two or more genes and result in a range of intermediate phenotypes.
Chapter 11.1 notes
This document summarizes several human genetic disorders including their inheritance patterns, symptoms, prevalence, and treatment options. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder with onset between 30-50 years of age that is always fatal. Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disorder among white Americans, affecting the lungs and digestive system due to thick mucus production, with current treatments improving life expectancy. Tay-Sachs disease causes neurological deterioration and death by age 5 due to fatty acid accumulation in the brain.
Incomplete codominance multiple_alleles
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominance:
1) Incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes. Examples include snapdragons and carnations.
2) Codominance, where both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote rather than blending. Examples include checkered chickens, roan horses, and variegated clover.
3) Multiple alleles, where more than two alleles control a trait. Examples include human blood types and coat colors in rabbits.
10.2 mendelian genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted the first scientific studies of heredity by breeding pea plants. He found that traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through discrete units called alleles. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel established the laws of segregation, dominance, and independent assortment. These laws describe the basic principles of genetic inheritance and provided the foundation for the modern science of genetics.
Chapter 12.4 gene regulation & mutation
This document summarizes gene regulation and mutation. It explains that gene regulation allows organisms to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment, using operons in prokaryotes. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can cause changes in proteins. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations which substitute a single nucleotide, and frameshift mutations which insert or delete nucleotides, affecting all subsequent amino acids. Mutations can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or chemicals and may be passed to offspring.
Chapter 12.3 dna,rna and protein
DNA contains the genetic code that is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated into proteins. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps join mRNA to transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis. TRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the mRNA codon sequence.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation and allows for sexual reproduction where gametes from two individuals combine to form a diploid zygote.
Chpt9.3 cell cycle regulation
The document summarizes key aspects of cell cycle regulation and cancer. It discusses that cells have regulatory checkpoints to monitor the cell cycle. Cancer occurs when there is a failure of regulation, resulting in uncontrolled growth and division that can crowd out normal cells. Cancer cells also demonstrate a lack of contact inhibition and continue dividing even when touching other cells. Cancer is caused by mutations in DNA that control the cell cycle and proteins regulating division.
Chpt9.1 cellular growth
The document discusses cell size and growth. It notes that as cell size increases, volume increases much faster than surface area. This causes issues because diffusion of nutrients and waste becomes inefficient over large distances. The surface area to volume ratio decreases as cell size doubles, so the plasma membrane cannot absorb enough oxygen and nutrients. To prevent starvation or toxicity from waste buildup, cells divide when their size limits efficient diffusion. The document also provides examples of chromosome numbers in different organisms.
Chpt9.2 mitosis
The document summarizes the stages of the cell cycle including interphase and mitosis. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and replicates its DNA. Mitosis is then described in five stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. During these stages, the chromosomes condense and separate with nuclear and cell division occurring to form two daughter cells each with a full set of chromosomes.
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Chpt.2.3
- 1. 2.3 Cycling of Matter
- 2. 3 Important Materials That Cycle Through Ecosystems Water Carbon Nitrogen As well as sulfur, calcium, and phosphorus among others
- 3. Energy is lost: at each transition from one trophic level to the next But the sun replenishes the energy Matter is recycled!
- 4. Matter in the form of nutrients also moves through the organisms at each trophic level The atoms of elements that make up the bodies of organisms alive today are the same atoms that have been on Earth since life began
- 5. Water cycle plants absorb water through roots animals drink water or get it from food water is lost through respiration, excretion and decomposition of dead organisms Animated water cycle 6
- 7. The Carbon Cycle carbon is found as CO2 in the atmosphere & ocean producers (terrestrial & aquatic) use CO2 in photosynthesis to make sugar photosynthesis = CO2 + H2O -> carbs. respiration & decay return CO2 to the atmosphere burning returns CO2 to atmosphere
- 11. The Nitrogen Cycle makes up 78% of the atmosphere living things cannot use nitrogen in atmospheric form lightening and bacteria “fix’ into usable compounds called nitrates plants convert nitrates into molecules containing nitrogen
- 12. The Nitrogen Cycle (cont.) animals change these molecules into animal proteins during digestion, humans convert plant & animal proteins into human proteins decay returns nitrogen to the atmosphere
- 13. The nitrogen cycle (cont.)
- 16. The Phosphorus Cycle short term cycle - plants use phosphorus from the soil into body tissues animals get phosphorus by eating plants decay returns phosphorus to the soil
- 17. The Phosphorus Cycle long term cycle - phosphorus washed into the sea becomes incorporated into rock years later rock containing phosphorus is exposed - phosphorus is released
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