The document discusses reforms and industrialization in Russia and Japan between 1861-1914. It covers Alexander II's reforms in Russia in the 1860s-1870s that began industrialization but faced resistance. This led to revolution in 1905. Japan transformed from isolation to an industrial power under the Meiji Restoration after 1853 without revolution. The shogunate was defeated in 1868 and a new oligarchy guided modernization through state-directed industrial and political changes.