11. The Americas on the Eve of Invasion
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The document summarizes Postclassic Mesoamerica between 1000-1500 CE, including the rise and society of the Aztec Empire and its religion and economy. It also describes the Inca Empire in South America, how it expanded across the Andes region, its techniques of rule, cultural achievements, and comparisons to the Aztec Empire. Finally, it discusses the diversity of indigenous peoples in the Americas outside these main empires.
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The Aztec civilization originated in Mexico and built the great city of Tenochtitlan in the Valley of Mexico. By the early 1500s, Tenochtitlan had grown to a large urban center and capital city of the powerful Aztec Empire, which controlled most of modern-day Mexico. However, the Aztec Empire began to decline due to factors such as disease, warfare and the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the early 16th century.
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The Aztec Empire originated in Mexico in the 15th century, establishing their first capital of Tenochtitlan. The Inca Empire began in Peru around the same time, establishing Cuzco as their capital. Both empires grew powerful through conquest, with the Aztec Empire reaching its height under Moctezuma and the Inca Empire under Pachacuti. However, both empires fell in the 16th century with the arrival of Spanish conquistadors like Cortes and Pizarro, who took the leaders hostage and exploited divisions to conquer the much larger empires.
History, Introduction, Relationship with India of Mexico
Mexico has a long and rich history dating back over 10,000 years to advanced ancient civilizations like the Olmecs, Toltecs, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztecs. In 1521, Spain conquered the Aztec Empire and colonized Mexico for over 300 years. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 but then faced internal conflicts and wars with the United States that ceded Mexican territory. The Mexican Revolution in 1910 led to a new constitution in 1917 and established Mexico's current political system. Today, Mexico has a large economy and is a regional power in Latin America.
Inca And Aztec Empires Similarities
The Aztec and Inca empires shared some similarities in their religions and use of religion to unify and control their societies, but they also had some key differences. Both practiced polytheism and emphasized the worship of sun gods, with the Aztecs worshipping Huitzilopochtli and the Incas worshipping Inti. However, the Aztec religion involved more widespread human sacrifice, while the Inca religion had a stronger moral dimension. The empires also had differences in their forms of government - the Aztecs had a looser tribute system while the Incas had stricter central control through practices like the mita labor system. Overall, the document discusses some high-level religious, political
The Government System of Mexico
1. Mexico has a long history dating back over 12,000 years. It was home to many ancient civilizations like the Olmecs, Mayans, and Aztecs.
2. Spain conquered Mexico in the early 1500s and ruled it as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for over 300 years, introducing Catholicism and a racial caste system.
3. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 after over a decade of war, becoming the United Mexican States. However, it then faced over a century of political instability, civil wars, and the loss of large amounts of territory to the United States.
Mesoamerican civilizations
The document summarizes the origins and cultures of indigenous peoples in the Americas, including the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations. It describes how Native Americans migrated to the Americas over a land bridge connecting Asia to Alaska around 13,000 years ago. It provides details about the complex societies and achievements of these civilizations, such as their advanced agricultural practices, construction of major cities and temples, and calendars. It also outlines their religious practices and how European diseases and conquest by the Spanish led to the collapse of the Aztec and Inca Empires in the 16th century.
The Inca Empire
The Aztec Empire controlled an area with over 22 million people through conquest and tribute. Unlike European empires, the Aztecs did not have a formal bureaucracy and instead let regional kings remain in power as long as they continued paying tribute. Aztec kings held both political and religious power as representatives of the gods. Religion played a key role in controlling conquered peoples, especially through human sacrifice.
In the eighth unit, you learned about the major civilizations of t.docx
The document summarizes the key topics covered in Unit 8 of a course on world civilizations, which focused on the major pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas, including the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. It provides an overview of these civilizations, their histories, and their eventual declines following the arrival of Europeans. The document concludes by congratulating students on completing the course and encouraging them to apply what they learned by writing a final paper comparing civilizations from antiquity to the 15th century.
Teotihuacan Essay
Teotihuacan was an ancient Mesoamerican city located in present-day Mexico. At its peak around 150-600 CE, it was one of the largest cities in the world, with over 150,000 inhabitants. The city contained some of the largest pyramid structures in the ancient world, including the Pyramid of the Sun. While the original inhabitants and founders remain unknown, the city flourished as a major religious and economic center due to its location and abundant resources before mysteriously being abandoned around 700 CE.
Mesoamerican civilizations lined
The document summarizes the major Mesoamerican civilizations - Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Aztec, and Inca. It describes their origins, locations, political and social structures, economies, religions, and achievements. It also discusses their eventual declines, including the conquest by the Spanish for the Aztec and Inca. The Olmec, Teotihuacan, and Maya flourished in Mesoamerica before the rise of the powerful Aztec Empire in central Mexico and the Inca Empire in the Andes Mountains of South America.
Cultures Of The Americas (Part #2)
The document provides an overview of several pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas, including the Maya, Aztec, and Inca empires, as well as the Iroquois Confederacy. It describes the rise and fall of the classical Maya civilization between 250-900 CE and various theories for its collapse. It also outlines the origins and practices of the Aztec empire, including human sacrifice and its conquest by Spain in 1521. Additionally, it summarizes the history and architecture of the Inca empire and its conquest by Spain in 1533. Finally, it notes that the Iroquois Confederacy was made up of five nations based in what is now upstate New York and had beliefs centered around a Great Spirit.
Aztec, Inca, Maya- Civilizations
The document provides background information on three major civilizations in Central and South America from 2000 BC to the 16th century: the Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas. It discusses their empires, important cities, architecture, economies based on agriculture, and religious practices including human sacrifices. Key achievements included the Mayas' accurate calendar, the Aztecs' large empire and city of Tenochtitlan built on a lake, and the Incas' extensive road network and mountainside agriculture. All three civilizations introduced new crops to Europe and had social hierarchies and tax systems led by religious and wealthy elites.
Similar to 11. The Americas on the Eve of Invasion (18)
World, Education, And Characteristics Of The Aztecs
World, Education, And Characteristics Of The Aztecs
History, Introduction, Relationship with India of Mexico
History, Introduction, Relationship with India of Mexico
In the eighth unit, you learned about the major civilizations of t.docx
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The document provides an overview of Greek and Hellenistic history and culture from 550 BCE to the 4th century BCE. It summarizes the rise of the Persian Empire and the political development of the Greek city-states. It then discusses the conquests of Philip II and Alexander the Great that spread Greek rule and culture across the Mediterranean world and Near East, forming the Hellenistic period. The document also outlines creativity in religion, philosophy, science, literature and the arts during these eras as well as social and economic patterns, including the roles of aristocracy, merchants, slaves, and gender divisions.
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This document provides an overview of early civilizations along major river systems, including:
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The People of the Americas
I. The document discusses the origins and spread of civilizations in ancient Mesoamerica and South America. Early hunter-gatherer societies emerged around 20,000 BCE and began cultivating crops like maize and potatoes by 5000 BCE, leading to more sedentary agricultural villages. The first complex chiefdoms and city-states emerged around 1200 BCE, most notably the Olmec civilization.
II. Between 150-900 CE, major civilizations developed across Mesoamerica, including the large city of Teotihuacan in central Mexico and the Classic Maya civilization across southern Mexico and Central America, with dozens of city-states having thousands of inhabitants each. However, these declined between 700-900 CE likely
The Classical Period
I. The document discusses the spread of civilization in Africa, including the Bantu dispersal beginning around 3000 BCE which spread agriculture and ironworking throughout the continent by 1200 CE.
II. It examines Africa's interactions with the wider world, including the Christian kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia and the trading state of Ghana which controlled trans-Saharan trade routes.
III. Nomadic societies like the Celts, Germans, and Slavs are discussed, noting their migrations and cultural influences beginning in the 2nd millennium BCE.
End of the Classical Era
I. The document discusses upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia including the decline of the Han dynasty in China and the Gupta dynasty in India.
II. It also covers the decline and fall of the Roman Empire from the 2nd century CE due to challenges such as declining population and tax revenues.
III. The development and spread of major world religions such as Christianity and Buddhism are examined. Christianity gained prominence in the Roman Empire after Constantine's conversion in the 4th century CE.
6. The First Global Civilization
The document provides an overview of the history of the Arabian Peninsula before and during the rise of Islam in four sections: 1) Pre-Islamic Arabian society was tribal and nomadic or urban, centered around Mecca. 2) Muhammad received revelations in 610 CE and established Islam, fleeing to Medina in 622. 3) The Umayyad caliphate expanded the Islamic empire across North Africa and Spain but faced internal disputes. 4) The Abbasids defeated the Umayyads in 750 and established Baghdad as the new capital, promoting Islamic learning while repressing Shi'a influence.
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The document outlines the spread of Islam in several regions from the 9th to 16th centuries. It discusses the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate due to civil unrest and invasions starting in the 9th century. It then covers the flourishing of art, literature, and science during this period before the Mongol invasion in 1258 destroyed Baghdad. The document also summarizes the introduction and growth of Islam in South and Southeast Asia through trade and conquest, and the interaction with local cultures and religions.
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9. Civilization in Eastern Europe
The document discusses the history and spread of civilization in Eastern Europe from the Byzantine Empire through the emergence of Kievan Rus. It details the origins and achievements of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian, including reconquests in Italy, building projects like Hagia Sophia, and legal codification. It then covers the influence of the Byzantine Empire and spread of Orthodox Christianity among Slavic peoples through missionaries like Cyril and Methodius. Finally, it summarizes the rise of Kievan Rus centered around Kiev, its conversion to Orthodox Christianity under Vladimir I, and cultural influences from Byzantium before its decline due to succession struggles and invasion by Asian conquerors like the Mongols.
10. A New Civilization Emerges
The document outlines the major developments in Western Europe during the postclassical period from the 6th to 15th centuries. It discusses the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growing power of the Catholic Church, and the political advances and expansion under rulers like Charlemagne and William the Conqueror. It also examines changes like the growth of towns, trade, and universities, as well as increasing tensions in rural areas and signs of strain by the end of the medieval period.
14. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges
I. The document outlines the rise and empire of Chinggis Khan and the Mongols from the 12th-13th centuries. It details how Chinggis Khan united the Mongol tribes and rapidly expanded their empire across Asia through military conquest. By the time of his death in 1227, the Mongol Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan.
II. After Chinggis Khan's death, the empire was divided among his sons and grandchildren. Several Mongol armies then drove westward, invading parts of Eastern Europe and the Middle East. They established the Golden Horde in Russia and the Ilkhanate in the Middle East.
III. Another branch of the Mongols, led
15. The West and the Changing World Balance
I. The document outlines major global changes from the 14th-15th centuries, including the decline of old empires in the Middle East and China and the rise of powers in Western Europe. II. Western Europe experienced population decline after the Black Death but also growing centralization of monarchies and pursuit of trade routes to address gold shortages. III. Explorations expanded out of Europe to the Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, and along the west African coast, establishing colonial plantation economies. IV. The Americas and Polynesia were largely isolated from this global trade network, but experienced their own political issues, expansions, and isolated cultural achievements.
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