Latin America Midterm
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Latin American countries gained independence from Spain and Portugal between 1807-1824 after the Napoleonic Wars weakened colonial control. While newly independent, the countries were unprepared for self-government. Reforms occurred throughout the 1820s-1840s as the countries sought to establish order and question religious and economic policies. Britain established trade relationships with many Latin American countries by the 1820s and its economic influence peaked in the late 1800s before declining in the early 1900s as U.S. investment grew.
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Latin America
- Latin American nations gained independence from Spain and Portugal between 1807-1824, creating new independent countries in Mexico, Central America, South America, and Brazil.
- In the early 19th century, most Latin American economies grew through international trade but domestic politics were unstable as countries experimented with different political philosophies.
- Britain strongly influenced Latin American economies in the 1800s through trade and investment, but this influence declined after World War I as Latin American countries struggled with vast economic inequality and unstable governments.
Latin America19thcentury
The document provides background on Latin America in the 19th century. It discusses that independence movements led to the end of Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule over Latin America. While the colonies gained independence, the new nations were ill-prepared and faced divisions, military dictatorships, and conflicts between regions vying for power. It also discusses Argentina specifically, covering its early civil wars and the rise of Juan Manuel de Rosas as a dictator who established a five-year term as president in the 1830s.
Latin America In The 19th Century
Latin America gained independence from Spain and Portugal in the early 19th century through a series of independence movements and wars. The period from 1810-1824 saw most Latin American countries declare independence, including Mexico in 1821, Brazil in 1822, and Peru in 1824. After achieving independence, the new nations worked to establish stable political and economic systems during a turbulent period of the 1820s and 1830s, with many experiencing political instability and conflict.
Latin america and mexico after independence
After gaining independence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the nations and regions of Latin America experienced both political and economic changes and continuities. Politically, new nations like Bolivia and Peru emerged from Gran Colombia and the United Provinces of Central America separated, while military leaders continued to rise to power as caudillos and often became dictators. Economically, export-focused plantation and estate agriculture remained the base of Latin American economies and dependency on Western markets. However, mining, oil, and infrastructure industries began developing. The Great Depression and World Wars further disrupted Latin American economies and led to more import substitution industrialization as well as increased nationalism, socialism, and distrust of the West.
Latin America In The 19th Century
The document summarizes the history of independence movements and the establishment of independent nations in Latin America between 1807-1824. It discusses how Spanish and Portuguese rule ended over Mexico, Central America, South America, creating independent nations. It also describes the Argentine War of Independence from 1810-1818 which resulted in Argentina gaining independence from Spain.
Latin America In The 19th Century
Latin America gained independence from Spain and Portugal in the early 19th century through a series of independence movements and wars. By the 1820s, most Latin American countries had declared independence, though Spain held out in some areas until the 1820s. In the post-independence period, the new nations experienced political instability as they established new governments and struggled with internal conflicts. By the 1850s, many Latin American economies were growing due to increased international trade, particularly with Britain and the United States. However, some countries like Ecuador and Argentina continued to experience political turmoil and civil wars into the late 19th century as they developed their national identities independent of European colonial powers.
Latin america final
a detailed Power Point on various historical topics regarding Latin America showing the significance and growth of all nations involved
Latin America
The document summarizes Latin American independence movements from 1807-1824 as Spain and Portugal's colonies gained independence. It discusses the colonial empires of Spain and Portugal in Mexico, Central America, South America, and Brazil. While the empires functioned well for three centuries, grievances among colonists regarding economic restrictions and taxes imposed by imperial powers grew in the mid-1700s. The first decades of independence saw increased political participation but fundamental social and economic structures changed little.
Recommended
Latin America
- Latin American nations gained independence from Spain and Portugal between 1807-1824, creating new independent countries in Mexico, Central America, South America, and Brazil.
- In the early 19th century, most Latin American economies grew through international trade but domestic politics were unstable as countries experimented with different political philosophies.
- Britain strongly influenced Latin American economies in the 1800s through trade and investment, but this influence declined after World War I as Latin American countries struggled with vast economic inequality and unstable governments.
Latin America19thcentury
The document provides background on Latin America in the 19th century. It discusses that independence movements led to the end of Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule over Latin America. While the colonies gained independence, the new nations were ill-prepared and faced divisions, military dictatorships, and conflicts between regions vying for power. It also discusses Argentina specifically, covering its early civil wars and the rise of Juan Manuel de Rosas as a dictator who established a five-year term as president in the 1830s.
Latin America In The 19th Century
Latin America gained independence from Spain and Portugal in the early 19th century through a series of independence movements and wars. The period from 1810-1824 saw most Latin American countries declare independence, including Mexico in 1821, Brazil in 1822, and Peru in 1824. After achieving independence, the new nations worked to establish stable political and economic systems during a turbulent period of the 1820s and 1830s, with many experiencing political instability and conflict.
Latin america and mexico after independence
After gaining independence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the nations and regions of Latin America experienced both political and economic changes and continuities. Politically, new nations like Bolivia and Peru emerged from Gran Colombia and the United Provinces of Central America separated, while military leaders continued to rise to power as caudillos and often became dictators. Economically, export-focused plantation and estate agriculture remained the base of Latin American economies and dependency on Western markets. However, mining, oil, and infrastructure industries began developing. The Great Depression and World Wars further disrupted Latin American economies and led to more import substitution industrialization as well as increased nationalism, socialism, and distrust of the West.
Latin America In The 19th Century
The document summarizes the history of independence movements and the establishment of independent nations in Latin America between 1807-1824. It discusses how Spanish and Portuguese rule ended over Mexico, Central America, South America, creating independent nations. It also describes the Argentine War of Independence from 1810-1818 which resulted in Argentina gaining independence from Spain.
Latin America In The 19th Century
Latin America gained independence from Spain and Portugal in the early 19th century through a series of independence movements and wars. By the 1820s, most Latin American countries had declared independence, though Spain held out in some areas until the 1820s. In the post-independence period, the new nations experienced political instability as they established new governments and struggled with internal conflicts. By the 1850s, many Latin American economies were growing due to increased international trade, particularly with Britain and the United States. However, some countries like Ecuador and Argentina continued to experience political turmoil and civil wars into the late 19th century as they developed their national identities independent of European colonial powers.
Latin america final
a detailed Power Point on various historical topics regarding Latin America showing the significance and growth of all nations involved
Latin America
The document summarizes Latin American independence movements from 1807-1824 as Spain and Portugal's colonies gained independence. It discusses the colonial empires of Spain and Portugal in Mexico, Central America, South America, and Brazil. While the empires functioned well for three centuries, grievances among colonists regarding economic restrictions and taxes imposed by imperial powers grew in the mid-1700s. The first decades of independence saw increased political participation but fundamental social and economic structures changed little.
28-3 Powerpoint: US Economic Imperialism in Latin America
1. After gaining independence in the early 1800s, many Latin American countries struggled with poverty, political instability, and dependence on foreign nations for economic investments.
2. The U.S. came to dominate affairs in Latin America through policies like the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary, which allowed them to intervene militarily.
3. Under foreign influence, Latin American economies grew through increased exports but industrial development was limited and debt to wealthy nations drained their economies. The U.S. built the Panama Canal to further their economic and strategic interests in the region.
Latin america
The independence movements in Latin America started in the early 19th century against the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires, which stretched from modern-day United States to Argentina. Key leaders of independence included Simon Bolivar, who fought for independence in northern South America, and Jose de San Martin, a major leader in the southern cone. Independence was a long process that involved many wars and conflicts throughout the 1810s and 1820s.
Latin American Revolutions for Independence
The document discusses Latin American independence movements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It describes how enslaved peoples in Haiti, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, revolted and eventually declared independence in 1804. In Mexico, Father Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos led popular revolts against Spanish rule, paving the way for Mexico's independence. Simón Bolívar led independence movements that freed many South American nations from Spanish control. While independence was achieved, the newly independent countries struggled with political instability and dependence on foreign powers.
Latin America Slides
This document summarizes the independence movements and subsequent developments in Latin America during the 19th century. It discusses how independence movements led to new nations that struggled due to a lack of political foundations and internal conflicts. Economic improvements from new technologies helped boost trade. Enlightenment ideas spread new social and political concepts. British trade played a major role until being replaced by the United States in the early 20th century. Independence wars occurred across Latin America, led by figures like Bolivar and San Martin. Mexico had its own revolution and Central America formed a federation.
The long 19th century
Canada gradually gained independence from Britain in the late 19th century through agreements that gave Canadians more autonomy. The War of 1812 helped foster a sense of Canadian national identity by uniting French and British Canadians against a common American enemy. Despite their small population and greater American resources, Canadian forces were able to repel multiple US invasions. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the size of the US, acquiring territory containing 15 current states from France for $15 million. This expanded US control of the key Mississippi River trade route and prevented European powers from blocking access.
First Half Of Course
This document provides a summary of Latin American independence movements from 1807-1824. It discusses how Spain and Portugal's colonial empires in Latin America led to grievances among colonists regarding economic restrictions and taxation by the imperial powers. The American and French Revolutions inspired some colonists to seek more political and economic control. When Spain and Portugal faced difficulties due to war with France, it weakened their control over colonies and independence movements arose. By 1824, both the Spanish and Portuguese empires in Latin America had collapsed and new independent nations were formed, but they struggled with division and establishing effective governments and economies.
Independence
Latin American countries sought independence from European rule, drawing encouragement from the American and French Revolutions. Haiti was the first to gain independence led by Toussaint L'Ouverture in a successful slave rebellion. Mexico declared independence in 1821 led by Miguel Hidalgo and Agustin de Iturbide after 10 years of struggle. Brazil gained independence in 1822 led by Dom Pedro without fighting a war. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama united as Gran Colombia and gained independence by 1822 led by Simon Bolivar.
Latin America In 19 Sentury
The document summarizes key events in Latin America in the 19th century, including independence movements led by figures like Simon Bolivar that aimed for democracy and equality. It discusses the expansion of trade and economies in Latin America in the 1840s-1870s, as well as Britain's strong economic influence through investments and trade agreements. It also outlines the many political, economic, and social causes of wars across Latin America during this period, including disputes over ideology, territory, and resources. Specific examples highlight Mexico's path to independence led by figures like Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos in the 1810s.
The independence of mexico
The independence of Mexico was the result of a political and social process that ended in armed conflict and Spanish rule in New Spain. The Mexican War for Independence lasted from 1810 to 1821, beginning with Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's Grito de Dolores call to arms and ending with the entry of the Trigarante Army into Mexico City. The movement was influenced by Enlightenment liberal revolutions of the late 18th century and fueled by economic and political tensions under Spanish rule. After early leaders were defeated, the movement transitioned to guerrilla warfare until Agustin de Iturbide united rebel and royalist factions under the Plan de Iguala to finally declare independence from Spain on September 27, 18
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The document provides a summary of the Latin American independence movements between the late 18th century and early 20th century. It describes how independence movements in Latin American countries like Mexico, Brazil, and nations in Central and South America led to revolutions against Spanish rule and the establishment of new republics in the early 1800s, though political instability and dictatorships remained common issues in the early consolidation period.
Chapter 8.1.and 8.2
The document discusses the revolutions that occurred across Europe in 1830 and 1848. In 1830, a revolution in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere that mostly failed except in Belgium, which gained independence. The 1848 revolutions saw further unrest as liberals and nationalists challenged the conservative order, with revolts in places like France, Germany, Austria and Italy, though most were ultimately suppressed by military force.
Chapter 23
This document provides an overview of nation-building efforts in the Americas between the late 18th century and mid-19th century. It describes how Latin American countries gained independence from European rule, through leaders like Bolivar and San Martin, leading to the end of European dominance by 1824. It also outlines the expansion and strengthening of the United States through territorial growth, wars, and political and economic developments, until tensions over slavery erupted into the American Civil War in 1861.
Latin America II
After 1840, Britain established free trade with Latin America, importing goods and providing credit, transportation, and marketing support. This increased economic activity allowed Latin America to pay off debts from its independence era. However, strong centralized governments took longer to form than expected. Liberal policies like free markets and reduced Church power had mixed results, strengthening some nations while civil wars erupted in others. Financial ties to Europe enabled infrastructure development but living standards in rural areas declined as European immigrants dominated certain jobs.
Nation building in the americas
This document provides an outline and summary of key events and figures in the independence and nation-building of Latin American countries. It discusses reasons for seeking independence from European colonizers, important revolutionaries like Bolivar and San Martin, and factors that hampered unity, such as geographical barriers, social inequalities, and political disagreements. It also provides a short quiz to assess understanding.
Modern Latin America
The document discusses Britain's historical influence and economic interests in Latin America from the mid-1800s to the 20th century. It held dominant roles in the trade of countries like Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Chile and Uruguay. However, its influence greatly declined after World War II as it fell into debt with Latin American countries and the United States. The document also examines the wars of independence in Latin America and their various causes like ideology, boundaries disputes and class struggles. It provides brief biographies of influential figures in Latin America's independence like Miguel Hidalgo.
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1) Several independence revolutions around the world in the late 18th century helped inspire independence movements in Spanish colonies, including the United States in 1776, France in 1789, and Haiti in 1804.
2) In New Granada (now Colombia), unrest grew due to taxes and lack of representation, leading to protests like the Revolution of the Comuneros in 1780 and the Cry of Independence on July 20, 1810.
3) Independence was solidified on August 7, 1819 with Simón Bolívar's victory at the Battle of Boyacá, which ended Spanish rule and established an
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The document discusses key events in Colombia's independence movement from Spanish rule, including:
1) The Revolution of the Comuneros in 1780, where indigenous people in Socorro revolted against new taxes imposed by the Spanish viceroy.
2) The Cry of Independence on July 20, 1810, when patriots in Bogota protested Spanish rule and took the first steps towards independence.
3) The decisive Battle of Boyacá on August 7, 1819, where Simón Bolívar's independence forces defeated the Spanish, securing independence for Colombia.
Nation building in latin america
Between 1807-1825, most of Latin America gained independence from Spain and Portugal through nationalist revolts led by Creoles influenced by North American and French revolutions. In Haiti, slaves revolted in 1804 and established the first independent Latin American state. In Mexico, Miguel Hidalgo led an uprising that ultimately failed but helped spark Mexico's independence. Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led revolutions across South America that liberated Central and South America from Spain. The Monroe Doctrine declared that European powers could no longer colonize the Americas.
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28-3 Powerpoint: US Economic Imperialism in Latin America
1. After gaining independence in the early 1800s, many Latin American countries struggled with poverty, political instability, and dependence on foreign nations for economic investments.
2. The U.S. came to dominate affairs in Latin America through policies like the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary, which allowed them to intervene militarily.
3. Under foreign influence, Latin American economies grew through increased exports but industrial development was limited and debt to wealthy nations drained their economies. The U.S. built the Panama Canal to further their economic and strategic interests in the region.
Latin america
The independence movements in Latin America started in the early 19th century against the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires, which stretched from modern-day United States to Argentina. Key leaders of independence included Simon Bolivar, who fought for independence in northern South America, and Jose de San Martin, a major leader in the southern cone. Independence was a long process that involved many wars and conflicts throughout the 1810s and 1820s.
Latin American Revolutions for Independence
The document discusses Latin American independence movements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It describes how enslaved peoples in Haiti, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, revolted and eventually declared independence in 1804. In Mexico, Father Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos led popular revolts against Spanish rule, paving the way for Mexico's independence. Simón Bolívar led independence movements that freed many South American nations from Spanish control. While independence was achieved, the newly independent countries struggled with political instability and dependence on foreign powers.
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This document summarizes the independence movements and subsequent developments in Latin America during the 19th century. It discusses how independence movements led to new nations that struggled due to a lack of political foundations and internal conflicts. Economic improvements from new technologies helped boost trade. Enlightenment ideas spread new social and political concepts. British trade played a major role until being replaced by the United States in the early 20th century. Independence wars occurred across Latin America, led by figures like Bolivar and San Martin. Mexico had its own revolution and Central America formed a federation.
The long 19th century
Canada gradually gained independence from Britain in the late 19th century through agreements that gave Canadians more autonomy. The War of 1812 helped foster a sense of Canadian national identity by uniting French and British Canadians against a common American enemy. Despite their small population and greater American resources, Canadian forces were able to repel multiple US invasions. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the size of the US, acquiring territory containing 15 current states from France for $15 million. This expanded US control of the key Mississippi River trade route and prevented European powers from blocking access.
First Half Of Course
This document provides a summary of Latin American independence movements from 1807-1824. It discusses how Spain and Portugal's colonial empires in Latin America led to grievances among colonists regarding economic restrictions and taxation by the imperial powers. The American and French Revolutions inspired some colonists to seek more political and economic control. When Spain and Portugal faced difficulties due to war with France, it weakened their control over colonies and independence movements arose. By 1824, both the Spanish and Portuguese empires in Latin America had collapsed and new independent nations were formed, but they struggled with division and establishing effective governments and economies.
Independence
Latin American countries sought independence from European rule, drawing encouragement from the American and French Revolutions. Haiti was the first to gain independence led by Toussaint L'Ouverture in a successful slave rebellion. Mexico declared independence in 1821 led by Miguel Hidalgo and Agustin de Iturbide after 10 years of struggle. Brazil gained independence in 1822 led by Dom Pedro without fighting a war. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama united as Gran Colombia and gained independence by 1822 led by Simon Bolivar.
Latin America In 19 Sentury
The document summarizes key events in Latin America in the 19th century, including independence movements led by figures like Simon Bolivar that aimed for democracy and equality. It discusses the expansion of trade and economies in Latin America in the 1840s-1870s, as well as Britain's strong economic influence through investments and trade agreements. It also outlines the many political, economic, and social causes of wars across Latin America during this period, including disputes over ideology, territory, and resources. Specific examples highlight Mexico's path to independence led by figures like Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos in the 1810s.
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The independence of Mexico was the result of a political and social process that ended in armed conflict and Spanish rule in New Spain. The Mexican War for Independence lasted from 1810 to 1821, beginning with Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's Grito de Dolores call to arms and ending with the entry of the Trigarante Army into Mexico City. The movement was influenced by Enlightenment liberal revolutions of the late 18th century and fueled by economic and political tensions under Spanish rule. After early leaders were defeated, the movement transitioned to guerrilla warfare until Agustin de Iturbide united rebel and royalist factions under the Plan de Iguala to finally declare independence from Spain on September 27, 18
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The document provides a summary of the Latin American independence movements between the late 18th century and early 20th century. It describes how independence movements in Latin American countries like Mexico, Brazil, and nations in Central and South America led to revolutions against Spanish rule and the establishment of new republics in the early 1800s, though political instability and dictatorships remained common issues in the early consolidation period.
Chapter 8.1.and 8.2
The document discusses the revolutions that occurred across Europe in 1830 and 1848. In 1830, a revolution in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere that mostly failed except in Belgium, which gained independence. The 1848 revolutions saw further unrest as liberals and nationalists challenged the conservative order, with revolts in places like France, Germany, Austria and Italy, though most were ultimately suppressed by military force.
Chapter 23
This document provides an overview of nation-building efforts in the Americas between the late 18th century and mid-19th century. It describes how Latin American countries gained independence from European rule, through leaders like Bolivar and San Martin, leading to the end of European dominance by 1824. It also outlines the expansion and strengthening of the United States through territorial growth, wars, and political and economic developments, until tensions over slavery erupted into the American Civil War in 1861.
Latin America II
After 1840, Britain established free trade with Latin America, importing goods and providing credit, transportation, and marketing support. This increased economic activity allowed Latin America to pay off debts from its independence era. However, strong centralized governments took longer to form than expected. Liberal policies like free markets and reduced Church power had mixed results, strengthening some nations while civil wars erupted in others. Financial ties to Europe enabled infrastructure development but living standards in rural areas declined as European immigrants dominated certain jobs.
Nation building in the americas
This document provides an outline and summary of key events and figures in the independence and nation-building of Latin American countries. It discusses reasons for seeking independence from European colonizers, important revolutionaries like Bolivar and San Martin, and factors that hampered unity, such as geographical barriers, social inequalities, and political disagreements. It also provides a short quiz to assess understanding.
Modern Latin America
The document discusses Britain's historical influence and economic interests in Latin America from the mid-1800s to the 20th century. It held dominant roles in the trade of countries like Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Chile and Uruguay. However, its influence greatly declined after World War II as it fell into debt with Latin American countries and the United States. The document also examines the wars of independence in Latin America and their various causes like ideology, boundaries disputes and class struggles. It provides brief biographies of influential figures in Latin America's independence like Miguel Hidalgo.
Colombian Independence.
On this presentation you will find the most relevant facts about the Colombian independence, the facts and the results of this big story.
4.2.4 independence
The document summarizes key events in the origin and establishment of independence in Colombia:
1) Several independence revolutions around the world in the late 18th century helped inspire independence movements in Spanish colonies, including the United States in 1776, France in 1789, and Haiti in 1804.
2) In New Granada (now Colombia), unrest grew due to taxes and lack of representation, leading to protests like the Revolution of the Comuneros in 1780 and the Cry of Independence on July 20, 1810.
3) Independence was solidified on August 7, 1819 with Simón Bolívar's victory at the Battle of Boyacá, which ended Spanish rule and established an
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Stages of our colombian past. (independence)
The document discusses key events in Colombia's independence movement from Spanish rule, including:
1) The Revolution of the Comuneros in 1780, where indigenous people in Socorro revolted against new taxes imposed by the Spanish viceroy.
2) The Cry of Independence on July 20, 1810, when patriots in Bogota protested Spanish rule and took the first steps towards independence.
3) The decisive Battle of Boyacá on August 7, 1819, where Simón Bolívar's independence forces defeated the Spanish, securing independence for Colombia.
Nation building in latin america
Between 1807-1825, most of Latin America gained independence from Spain and Portugal through nationalist revolts led by Creoles influenced by North American and French revolutions. In Haiti, slaves revolted in 1804 and established the first independent Latin American state. In Mexico, Miguel Hidalgo led an uprising that ultimately failed but helped spark Mexico's independence. Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led revolutions across South America that liberated Central and South America from Spain. The Monroe Doctrine declared that European powers could no longer colonize the Americas.
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Similar to Latin America Midterm
First
The document provides an overview of Latin America from the period of independence in the early 19th century through the late 19th century. It discusses several key events and trends during this period including:
1) The independence movements that began in the early 1800s and ended colonial rule by Spain and Portugal, giving rise to independent nations in Latin America.
2) The turbulence and instability that many Latin American countries experienced in the first few decades after independence as they struggled with political conflicts and lack of central control.
3) The wars and rebellions that plagued Mexico throughout much of the 19th century, including the Mexican-American War and civil conflicts between Liberals and Conservatives.
Latin america final
- Britain established strong economic and political ties with Latin America between 1870-1914, with many British investments and trade relations. However, the US began gaining ground after World War 1.
- Latin America experienced significant political instability in the 19th century, with many changes in leadership and little central government control. This made the region risky for British and European investments.
- The US expanded its influence over Latin America through the 20th century, both economically and politically, often intervening militarily. This limited the ability of Latin American countries to develop independent of foreign influence.
Modern latin america
1. The document discusses Britain's historical economic and political interests in Latin America from the early 19th century, including investments, trade, and relations with countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Central American nations.
2. It also examines some of the major wars that took place in Latin America during the 19th century, including wars of independence against European powers and conflicts between countries over territory and political control.
3. Several chapters analyze the modern geopolitics and economies of key Latin American countries like Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, and their roles in the region.
Modern latin america assignment 7 history 141
The document discusses the causes of war in 19th century Latin America, including race wars following independence movements influenced by the American and French Revolutions, disputes over separation versus unity of territories, territorial conquests, interventions by foreign powers motivated by economic interests, and religious conflicts. It also summarizes chapters about the impacts of NAFTA on Mexico, Simon Bolivar's dream of Latin American unity failing to materialize in Venezuela, political instability and violence in Colombia related to drug trafficking, and Brazil emerging as a regional power through economic growth and diplomatic efforts.
Latin America
The document provides background information on Latin America's independence movements from Spain in the early 19th century. It discusses how Spain's Bourbon Reforms unintentionally helped foster independence by training colonial militias. The Enlightenment ideas of the time also challenged Spanish rule. By the 1820s, most Latin American colonies had achieved independence, though establishing stable political systems proved difficult. Mexico's independence movement was similarly sparked by the Bourbon Reforms and the disruption of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1810.
Modern Latin America
Britain's interest in Latin America grew in the early 1800s as Spain lost control over its colonies. Britain invested in Latin American governments and mining ventures. However, Britain's investments and interests declined in the 1920s due to lack of foreign investment from the US and financial crises caused by World War 2. Internal civil wars and conflicts with Spain and the US also caused friction and debt in Latin America.
Modern Latin America
Britain's interests in Latin America grew in the early 1800s as Spain lost control over its colonies. Britain invested in Latin American governments and mining ventures. However, Britain's interests and investments declined in the 1920s due to lack of foreign investment from the US and financial crises caused by World War 2. Internal civil wars and conflicts with Spain and the US also increased political instability and debt in Latin America.
Modern Latin America
Britain's interests in Latin America grew in the early 1800s as Spain lost control over its colonies. Britain invested in Latin American governments and mining ventures. However, Britain's interests and investments declined in the 1920s due to lack of foreign investment from the US and financial crises caused by World War 2. Internal civil wars and conflicts with Spain and the US also increased political instability and debt in Latin America.
How the Americas Change: The Long 19th Century
The document discusses several topics related to the history of the Americas in the 19th century:
1) Chinese immigrants migrated to the US in the mid-19th century to mine for gold, leading to mass migration and economic growth. Slavery ended after the Civil War.
2) Canada repelled US incursions during the War of 1812, giving Canadians a sense of national pride. John A. Macdonald helped unite British North America and expand Canada's infrastructure.
3) Latin America experienced instability, conflict, and lack of representation throughout the 19th century. The Mexican Revolution addressed peasants' and workers' concerns.
The veins still open of latin america
The Open Veins of Latin America, by Eduardo Galeano, was first published in 1970. In Galeano's work, it is shown that Latin America was and is an important part in the enrichment of a few nations, and the price it pays for it is its chronic underdevelopment, its eternal social crises and its colony status. The wealth of the powers is the poverty of Latin America, says Galeano. To free the countries of Latin America from the secular tyranny imposed by the great imperialist powers and globalized neoliberal capitalism there is no other way than the struggle in the parliament and civil society of every patriot within each country against the political forces that support this domination and th continental articulation of all forces fighting for the independence of each country and region in the fight against the common enemy. If none of us Latin Americans is unwilling to die for independence, we will all die under tyranny.
Ap ch 23
This document provides an overview of nation-building and economic transformation in the Americas between 1800-1890. It summarizes the independence movements in Latin America beginning in the early 1800s, led by figures like Simon Bolivar. It also discusses the establishment of new political systems in these countries and the challenges of regionalism. It outlines the abolition of slavery in different nations and the impacts of immigration. It analyzes social changes including the development of women's rights movements and struggles for racial justice.
Latin American Independence
Latin American nations gained independence from Spain in the early 1800s through revolutionary movements led by influential figures like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín. Discontent with colonial rule had been growing due to resentment of social hierarchies and the influence of Enlightenment ideas. The first successful revolution was in Haiti, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, who established the first independent black republic. Mexico gained independence after leaders like Miguel Hidalgo and Agustín de Iturbide led revolts against Spanish rule. South American nations established independence under leaders who fought to liberate their nations from Spain and unite them, though unification efforts like Gran Colombia ultimately failed. New nations faced ongoing challenges in building stable
Modern Latin America
The document provides an overview of Britain's economic interests in Latin America from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. It discusses how Britain gained control over silver mines and promoted its influence through trade agreements following the Latin American wars for independence. It then describes how Britain's economic influence in the region peaked between 1870-1914 but declined with the rise of the US and outbreak of WWI. The document also summarizes the political and economic instability that many Latin American countries experienced in the late 19th century as they transitioned from rule by military leaders to more civilian governments.
Latin American Independence Movements
The document summarizes the Latin American independence movements that occurred between the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Key events included Toussaint L'Ouverture leading a successful slave revolt in Haiti in 1791, Simon Bolivar helping liberate several South American countries from Spanish rule in the 1810s-1820s, and Mexico gaining independence from Spain in 1821 led by figures like Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos. The movements led to political instability in the newly independent countries as they struggled with tensions between liberals and conservatives over governance. Economically, the regions remained dependent on Western European powers that dominated their markets.
Chapter 14 section 4
1. In the late 18th century, revolutionary ideals from North America threatened European control over Latin America and inspired independence movements among the Creole elite classes.
2. Starting in the early 19th century, a series of nationalist revolts broke out across Latin America led by figures like Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico and Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar in South America, eventually resulting in independence from Spain and Portugal by the 1820s.
3. However, the new Latin American nations faced major difficulties in nation-building due to ongoing conflicts, economic dependence on Europe, and the domination of society by wealthy elites.
Modern latin america
1) Latin American wars for independence were fought between 1791 and 1824 as a result of political, economic, and social frustrations within the class system.
2) After Spanish rule ended, some Latin American colonies stayed united under kings while others broke off into independent nations, causing challenges for countries like Argentina and Colombia.
3) As independence was gained, boundary disputes arose from unclear borders between countries that Spain had granted the same lands to. These boundary wars continued into the 19th century.
Modern Latin America
The document summarizes Latin American history from independence movements in the early 19th century through the 20th century. It discusses the political and economic instability that followed independence, Britain's growing trade influence, and challenges faced by specific countries like Venezuela and Mexico in modern times. Key events included Spain losing control due to the Napoleonic Wars, Britain gaining trading partners, and oil booms and busts impacting Venezuela's economy and development.
The Long 19th Century
The document provides an overview of several historical events and periods in the Americas between the 18th and 19th centuries. It discusses the independence of Latin American countries from European powers, westward expansion and wars in North America, the immigration boom to the US, the establishment of governments in Canada and new Latin American states, as well as several conflicts including the US Civil War, Mexican-American War, and French intervention in Mexico. Key events and dates are outlined for each topic.
Modern latin america
The document provides information on the history and development of Latin America, including:
1) In the early 19th century, Britain negotiated trade privileges in Brazil in exchange for supporting Portugal, and gradually dismantled restrictions on trade with Spanish colonies as independence movements emerged.
2) Latin America experienced numerous internal wars related to issues like ideology, territory, resources, and social classes as well as foreign interventions driven by capitalist interests.
3) Rapid urbanization in the late 19th/early 20th centuries saw many Latin American cities like Buenos Aires experience huge population growth as people migrated from rural to urban areas.
Modern Latin America
The document discusses the history of Latin America in the 19th century, including reasons for wars such as class systems and territorial disputes. It also discusses the French intervention in Mexico from 1861-1867, when France installed Maximilian as emperor. Finally, it provides brief summaries of the modern economies and histories of Mexico, Argentina, Chile, and biographies of two influential Mexicans - Mariano Azuela and Carlos Slim.
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Ice Age
The Little Ice Age occurred between 1200-1850 AD, when global temperatures dropped causing widespread crop failures and famine. Glaciers expanded across 20% of the Earth's surface during this period. Potential causes for the cooling included a slight reduction in solar output, increased volcanic eruptions injecting sulfurous gases into the atmosphere, and disruptions to ocean currents and wind patterns caused by melting Arctic ice. The Little Ice Age influenced history by making potatoes a more important crop than grains, potentially affecting the quality of wood for Stradivari's violins, and causing Americans to favor beer over wine.
World War II
After Pearl Harbor, Americans viewed all Japanese people as the enemy, using dehumanizing terms like "Yellow Devils" and "Monkeys" to refer to them. The Japanese were also seen as vermin. Meanwhile, the Japanese saw themselves as ethnically superior and white people as threatening "Devils." While the Japanese wanted to help educate other Asians, they felt other races could never reach their level. Both sides demonized the other with prejudices during wartime.
California I - The Higher Provincialism
The document discusses the development of California's culture and identity in the late 19th century. Popular authors like Mark Twain wrote about their travels in California, helping shape perceptions of the region. The landscape also attracted many artists who painted the natural scenery. As the railroad expanded into Southern California in the 1870s, cities like Los Angeles grew and established several new colleges affiliated with religious faiths, as the area transformed from a Mexican to American province. Many settlers and tourists also moved to the warmer regions along the Southern California coast believing the climate would aid their health.
The Great Depression
The Great Depression saw widespread unemployment and economic hardship in North America and Europe in the 1930s. While some economists warned of economic cycles, few predicted the severity of the Great Depression which brought the economic system itself into risk. During this time, technology and economic growth related to it continued but slowed radically. Most countries lacked welfare systems and people were concerned with their children finding unreliable jobs. The lack of coordinated recovery efforts exacerbated the depression, leading countries to abandon the gold standard and raise tariffs.
Imperialism
This document discusses American imperialism in comparison to European imperialism. It notes that by World War I, European states and their offshoots like the US controlled most of the world. It also discusses how Americans are reluctant to acknowledge past colonization and prefer to view it as expansion instead of imperialism. Europeans in the 1880s took pride in their imperialism and believed they were helping colonized peoples, despite exploiting them for European gain. Racial theories of the time were used to justify rule over other populations.
Spain V Miguel Hernandez
Miguel Hernandez was born in Mexico City in the 1500s and moved to Queretaro where he started his own freight business using mules after working as a muleteer. By 1604, he owned over 20 mules, a house worth 500 pesos, and a black slave, having become a respected Master of Mule Trains through hauling wool and other goods between markets. When Miguel died suddenly in 1604, his successful freight business was passed down to his four children.
Spain IV Martin Ocelotl
Martin Ocelotl was a shaman in 16th century Mexico who was skilled in folk healing, shamanism, divination, and ministering. He correctly predicted a drought and angered Catholic friars by continuing indigenous religious practices. In 1536, witnesses testified that Ocelotl practiced sorcery and idolatry. He was brought before the bishop and sentenced to be burned at the stake, but was ultimately banished from New Spain and his estate was confiscated. The ship transporting him sank mysteriously.
The Spanish Frontier
This document summarizes the early Spanish explorations of North America led by Cabeza de Vaca, Hernando de Soto, and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado. Cabeza de Vaca was lost for 8 years in North America, during which he was enslaved and came to be seen as a healer among Native Americans. Hernando de Soto led an expedition through Florida and the Southeast US in search of gold and new lands to conquer, often violently exploiting Native populations. Francisco Coronado also led a large expedition across northern Mexico and the Southwest US in pursuit of gold, attacking Native towns and finding no gold, only further angering diverse autonomous groups.
French America
The document summarizes French colonization in North America between 1650-1750, specifically in Canada and Louisiana. In Canada, growth was slow with only 85 colonists in 1627 and less than 250 families immigrating throughout the 1600s, resulting in a population of only 15,000 by 1700. However, peace with the Iroquois allowed the population to grow to 52,000 by 1750. In Louisiana, La Salle claimed the territory for France in 1682 but was later assassinated in 1687. The French went on to colonize the mouth of the Mississippi Bay in 1699 and 1702, and connected their Canadian and Louisiana territories using river networks and trading posts.
Dutch I Middle Colonies
The Middle Colonies were originally claimed by the Dutch, who established the first permanent settlement at Fort Nassau in 1614. The Dutch colony of New Netherlands encompassed parts of present-day New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. In 1667, the Dutch formally ceded New Amsterdam to the English and it was renamed New York City. The Dutch were also very successful traders, at one point employing and shipping more goods than England, France, and Spain combined through colonies established in South Africa and Indonesia.
France I - Canada And Iroquoia
The document summarizes the fur trade between Canada and the Iroquois Native Americans. It describes how the Algonquian Indians willingly cleaned furs for trade, leading to profits. It also notes that native populations eventually learned to negotiate prices and find new markets. The document discusses how some native groups faced overhunting animal populations like beaver in certain regions to feed the fur trade.
Spain II - New Spain
The document discusses the Spanish conquest of Central and South America in the early 1500s. It describes how the Spanish, led by Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, were able to defeat the powerful Aztec and Inca empires despite being greatly outnumbered, using alliances with local populations oppressed by those empires, novel technologies like horses and guns, and diseases that decimated native populations. The document also notes that the Spanish justified their conquests under the concept of a "just war" as outlined in the Requerimiento proclamation.
Spain I - The Azteca
The Aztecs were conquered by Hernan Cortez and his Spanish fleet in 1519. When Cortez arrived in what is now Veracruz, he burned his ships to prevent his men from retreating. Though initially welcomed, the Aztec emperor Moctezuma grew wary of the Spanish and tensions rose. With the help of the Aztecs' enemies, the Tlaxcala, Cortez was able to defeat the Aztecs and either Cortez or the Mexica killed Moctezuma, marking the fall of the Aztec empire.
Portugal Ii
Governor Luis da Cunha worked to establish peaceful relations with the native Caiapo people after gold was discovered in Goias, Brazil, which led Portuguese settlers to establish slave camps that undermined the Caiapo's territory. Da Cunha sent an expedition to contact the Caiapo in 1780 to establish peace, and 36 Caiapo Indians returned with the expedition to meet with da Cunha and agree to peace in exchange for protection from the government, with the Caiapo chief Angrai-oxa choosing to remain with the whites for the rest of his life.
Portugal 1
The Portuguese explored and colonized Brazil in the 1500s, establishing it as a colony until 1815 through the exploitation of Brazil wood and the development of the sugarcane industry. Gold and silver mining also contributed to the colony's growth, using native and later African slaves as laborers. The Portuguese brought Catholicism to the native population in 1565 and established Rio de Janeiro, while central government was set up in 1549. Brazil was briefly divided into two colonial subdivisions in the 1600s before being reincorporated in 1775.
Immigrants And Cities
Immigrants flocked to cities between 1870 and 1914, with over 5.5 million moving to Argentina and 4.5 million to Canada. Successful migration required transportation to the destination country as well as that country accepting immigrants who voluntarily moved. Cities in America featured grid-like streets with buildings of varying shapes and sizes together with empty lots, while European cities had curved layouts emphasizing public spaces and uniform architecture developed over centuries.
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell rose through the ranks of the English military from commanding a single cavalry troop to leading the entire army. After removing King Charles I from power during the English Civil War, Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth from 1653-1659. During his conquest of Ireland, Cromwell's forces massacred over 3,500 Irish at the siege of Drogheda and killed 2,000 soldiers and 1,500 civilians at the siege of Wexford, demonstrating his harsh treatment of Catholics and the Irish people during his rule.
Brazil All
Brazil has a long history dating back to Portuguese exploration in the 1500s. It was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery in 1888. The country has a large and diverse population of over 184 million people consisting of Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples. Brazil has a unique culture that blends these various influences and is expressed through music, dance, film, architecture and more.
Spices And Other Things
Spices and other goods were central to global trade networks dating back to the 7th century, when an Asian-centered economy emerged along with the spread of Islam. Trade routes between Islamic caliphates and Hindu merchants were integrated, allowing pre-existing political and business structures to continue. Various drugs like coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco and sugar originated as trade goods and became widely popular internationally, though some were initially banned in consuming nations due to underground demand. Mesoamerican civilizations also engaged in long-distance trade of goods like silver, turquoise, bowls and blankets prior to European conquest disrupting these networks. Potatoes and sugar cane revolutionized European diets and economies through large-scale cultivation and distribution
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Latin America Midterm
- 1. Latin America in the 19 th Century
- 2. Latin American Independence Ended Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule between 1807 and 1824 Many Reasons for movements across Latin America: War with France caused Spain to loosen control in Americas The war forced Portuguese Royalty and rule to flee to Brazil Once Independent, Spanish & Brazilian colonies were unprepared for self government
- 3. Latin American Independence Before the Napoleonic Wars, independence movements were already kindling across Latin and South Americas When Bolivar arrived in Venezuela in 1812, Revolution was already underway Bolivar assured Independence with the victory at The Battle of Carabobo, on June 24 1821
- 4. Latin America at Mid Century The Decade of the 1820s saw reform across Latin America, although much was superficial The 1830s-1840s were focused on attaining order, as well as moderate questioning of religious, social, and economical policies General international trade increased five-fold between 1840-1870, and US exports increased 8 fold between 1845-1880 across much of Latin America
- 5. Latin America at Mid Century Andre Gunder Frank suggests that liberal reform depends on a country's specialized exports (sugar, coffee, tea) rather than exposure to liberal schools of thought By Mid-century, a generational shift occurred, which as well contributed to sweeping reformations Exceptions like Brazil, with its late abolition of slavery yet early religious tolerance, and Ecuador, with its early abolitionism, then dictatorial control under Garcia Moreno, broke the molds but still pushed forward into modernism
- 6. Britain's Influence on Latin America At the end of 1824, Britain looked to trade with the now freed Spanish Territories Merchants with cargoed goods established themselves on Atlantic and Pacific coasts At least one third of trade was with Brazil in 1845, and the overall value of trades with Latin America was valued at an estimated 6.0 Million Pounds a year Britain's economic interest in Latin America peaked between mid 1870s to early 1890s
- 7. Britain's Influence on Latin America Excepting politics, Britain was involved with and treating their Latin American trading partners as if they were British colonies By mid-20th century, Britain's involvement in Latin America greatly diminished World War I allowed the United States to step in and take over for Europe's dwindling presence By the 1920's, the majority of Foreign Investment in Latin America came from New York
- 8. Mexico's War of the Reforma The Ley Juarez (November 23, 1855) and Ley Lerdo (June 25, 1856) sparked the conflict dually known as the War of the Reforma, and the Three Years War Ley Juarez (Juarez Law) abolished special military and clerical priviledge, making all citizens equal in eyes of the law Ley Lerdo forced sales of all land owned by the Roman Catholic Church Liberals in Mexico sought to rid themselves of restrictions on economic growth and capitalism in their new republic
- 9. French Intervention in Mexico Napoleon III intervened in 1861 in an effort to instill Archduke Ferdinand Maximillian as Mexican Emperor Juarez' victory in the Three Year War left him 82.2 Million Pesos indebted to foreign powers, and was forced to delay payments to deal with Maximilian As the war stretched on, Maximilian's dependance on Napoleon's wealth increased After war's end, thousands of Mexican soldiers skilled in guerrilla warfare were suddenly unemployed, and spread across Mexico and the future American Southwest as banditos.
- 10. Mexico Mexico is the 5th largest country in the world, and in Latin America second in population only to Brazil Mexico and the United States share a 1900 mile long border, the longest in the world between a fully developed country and one that is still developing Spanish colonialism converted 90% of the population to Spanish speaking Catholics, with Nahuatl being the second dominant language spoken by 8% of the inhabitants
- 11. Mexico After World War II, Mexico has moved away from Agrarian-based economy, once Mexico's mainstay in economics Mexico is a leading producer of Crude Oil, as well as one of the top producers of Silver Mexico is a very important player in United States economics, as a member of NAFTA as well as being the USA's 3rd largest trading partner