The document provides an overview of Russian history from 1861 to the rise of Stalin. It discusses the vast Russian Empire under the tsars and the various political and social groups that struggled for change. Key events included the 1905 revolution in response to Bloody Sunday, World War I and food shortages causing the February Revolution of 1917 that overthrew the monarchy. Lenin and the Bolsheviks then took power in October 1917 and established a communist government, fighting a civil war against opposing forces. Under Stalin's rule, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization and collectivization through five-year plans, though at great human cost and with limited improvements to people's lives.

1. Russian Revolution: Study Guide Part I B. Bergey, 2007

2. Before the Revolution

3. Question 1: Fill in the Blank 1a. The Russian Empire in 1861 stretched _______________ miles from east to west. 1b. The Russian Empire had a population of _______________. 1c. More than ______________ languages were spoken.

4. Question 1: Fill in the Blank 1a. The Russian Empire in 1861 stretched 7,000 miles from east to west. 1b. The Russian Empire had a population of 74 million . 1c. More than 100 languages were spoken.

5. How was Russia governed? Tsar; Romanov family since 1613 Nobles and Clergy: Landowning class Serfs: 90%, lived in 750,000 small villages No political parties No legislator No constitution

6. What were the political groups struggling for? Largely supportive of the Tsar Generations of repression and suffering left intellectual groups seeking change Non-Russian minorities (Poles, Jews, Finns, Ukrainians) wanted to free themselves from tsar Groups roughly divided into two categories: Liberal Reformers Socialists

7. Q2: List the general goals of the: Liberal Reformers: Implement Enlightenment ideas Emphasize individual freedom Protect individual right Rule of law through constitutional practices

8. Q2: List the general goals of the: Socialists: End exploitation of peasants and workers By giving “means of production” to workers Dismantle capitalism Create a classless society

9. Marx’s Ideas German philosopher Communist Manifesto , 1848; Capital , 1867 History is struggle between class struggle Fundamental crisis between property owners and those who labor on that property Stages of economic development; industrial capitalism is last stage In each stage, oppressed class rises up against owners, Eventually, private property abolished and collectively owned

10. Q3: List three characteristics of serfs Poor Uneducated Average life expectancy: 35 years Lived in communes of 4-8 households Used out-dated farming techniques Little communication with world outside their village

11. Volga Barge Haulers

12. Q4: List four reforms of Alexander II Land transference (starting 1861) Jury trials Relaxed censorship laws Elected assembles ( zemstvos ) for local issues (e.g., roads, primary education, taxation) State-support industries (e.g., rail construction) Encouraged foreign & domestic entrepreneurs

13. Q5: Why did the populists go “to the people” in 1873-1874? Established personal connection with downtrodden Convince “simple folk” of revolutionary ideas

14. Q6: List two consequences of the famine of 1891 Small-scale revolts Land seizures Banned newspaper reports of famine “ Crystallized political and social awakening of the educated class ”

15. Q7: Why was Karl Marx important to Russian intellectuals Criticized changes that came with industrialization and that Russia was experiencing Explained the social world systematically Explained the famine Socially and economically optimistic

16. Problems in the cities Peasants flocked to cities to work industrial jobs Urban pop. From 7 to 21 million Overcrowded cities Unsanitary housing Low pay Unsafe work conditions Hostility of workers grows Workers banded together Increasingly large-scale strikes

17. Discontent Groups Middle-class liberals Repressed minorities Landless peasants Industrial workers

18. Q8: Political groups & goals/methods Help workers; overthrow capitalism; gradual change ; Mensheviks (masses participate) Bolsheviks (elite, intellectual leadership) Socialist Democrats Party for the peasants; most radical of 3; socialize all land and transfer to peasants; monarchy with democratic republic; political terrorism Social Revolutionaries W. European style gov; individual liberty; individual rights; private property; gradual, peaceful change Liberals

19. Growth of Russia

20. Permafrost in Russia

21. Peasant Unrest

22. Agricultural Areas in Russia

23. 1905 Revolution

24. 1905 Revolution Sunday Jan. 9, 1905 Bloody Sunday 150,000 workers, women and children Peaceful march on Tsar’s Winter Palace, St. Petersburg Forty killed, hundreds wounded Clashes elsewhere in city, 200 dead

25. Q9: How did Bloody Sunday change people’s attitudes toward the Tsar? No longer protective “Little Father” Violent reaction to peaceful protest Unable to meet needs of the people

26. 1905 Revolution Previously, mostly intellectuals who called for limits to the Tsar’s authority Increased violence across Russia; Lawlessness increases Tsar is generally oblivious to the gravity of the situation Exiled radicals and political dissidents return Intellectuals/revolutionaries organize soviets (grass-roots councils) Leon Trotsky

27. 1905 Revolution Workers struck Soldiers & sailors mutinied Culminates in general strike Sept/Oct. 1905

28. October Manifesto Expansion of civil liberties Limited Monarchy Legislator elected by universal suffrage, called Duma Legalization of trade unions and political parties In response to the October general strike

29. Failure of the October Manifesto By May 1906, Nicholas had reclaimed almost all autocratic powers Was able to appoint half of the Duma Shut down 4 Dumas from 1906-1916 Could make laws by decree when Duma not in session Complete control over army, foreign police and secret police

30. October Manifesto Splits Liberals Octobrists : View manifesto as a good starting point for cooperation with Tsar; favored limited suffrage and gradual change Kadets : questioned Tsars’ willingness to deliver; worked for further concessions Socialist: rejected manifesto, called for radical political and social change Conservatives: Pro-Tsar groups (Union of the Russian People, Black Hundreds) beat ethnic minorities and those having democratic sympathies

31. Q1 and Q2: Stolypin’s Reform Believed Tsar needed: Establish order Genuinely work with Duma Eliminate causes of discontentment Enacted land reform Land given to millions of peasants, creating a new prosperous class of farmers Shut-down radical newspapers and trade unions Executed, imprisoned or exiled 60,000 political prisoners Stolypin’s necktie = hangman’s noose

32. Q3: Fill in the Blank “ Stolypin wanted to drive the poorer and inefficient peasants off the land allowing them to sell to the more productive and wealthier peasants”

33. Q3: Fill in the Blank “ Stolypin wanted to drive the poorer and inefficient peasants off the land allowing them to sell to the more productive and wealthier peasants”

34. Q4: Pos/Neg Economic Indicators Renewed growth of Russian and foreign industry Iron/coal production  Imports/exports  World’s leading grain exporter Capitalists made record profits 17,000 peasant disturbances 3 million workers participate in 9,000 strikes Prices triple while wages double 6 million war refugees and new hires in cities

35. Russia in WWI After initial success, Russia suffers badly in WWI Poor transportation left the front lacking guns, ammunition, and materials By 1915, supply of riffles exhausted; fought with clubs Peasants drafted Nicholas, though inexperienced, takes control Increasing numbers of troops desert the front

36. Q5: Russia financed WWI by: Securing foreign loans Increasing taxes Increasing the supply of paper money What effects do you think the last two methods had on Russian workers?

37. Q6: Rasputin “ Cured” Alexi’s hemophilia Viewed with suspicion Self-proclaimed holy man Increasingly influential while Nicholas on the front with Germany Killed by members of the cabinet

39. Q7: Workers called for change b/c: Food shortages Fuel shortages during an especially cold winter Q8: Important of soldiers’ mutiny Feb. 27 66,000 soldiers mutinied Military cohesion gone

40. February Revolution Women, solders, sailors, workers march on Petrograd “Down with the Monarchy” “Peace Now” “Bread for All” Mob violence Duma leaders vacate Tsar abdicates

41. Competing Leadership Socialists : Petrograd Soviet reconvenes Liberals: Duma leaders set up a provisional government

42. Q9: Soviet’s gained loyalty by: “Order Number One” which gave Soviets the ability to overrule the military, thereby absolving the soldiers who had mutinied

43. Q10: Political Reforms by Provisional Government Freedom of assembly, speech, press Universal suffrage Repealed legal restrictions on religion, class, and race Outlawed capital punishment Brought police under local government

44. Alexander Kerensky Socialist Leader in both provisional government and Petrograd soviet Believed Russia should stay in the WWI

45. Lenin Bolshevik Socialist Believed in elite leadership Germany grants passage from Switzerland (1917) Opposed the war on capitalist grounds

46. Red Guard Take Over General Kornilov attempts to take Petrograd, seeking military dictatorship Provisional gov’t sought help from Red Guard, the Bolshevik militia Red Guard easily defeats military troops, gains weapons, respect and experience Three weeks later, Red Guard overtake the provisional gov’t Little resistance

47. Civil War Only Bolsheviks were selected to lead Anti-Bolshevik forces formed in provinces, called Whites

48. Civil War Lenin nationalized all land (no private property) Peasant farmed in the name of the party War Communism: State could seize grain from peasants to help Red guard and city workers Harsh police-state tactics Secret police: Cheka

49. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Signed cease-fire with Germany Enormous loss 33% population 25% territory 33% crop land 25% income 50% industry

50. After the Civil War: Chaos in Russia Civil War ends 1921 Millions of casualties from WWI Billions of dollars lost in WWI Wages at 1/10 of pre-war levels Inflation = 1000% De-urbanization 50% in Moscow 60% in Petrograd

51. New Economic Policy (NEP) Reintroduced limited capitalism “ One step backwards to take two steps forward” Peasants could sell food on open markets Retail shops allowed Entrepreneurs encouraged to sell consumer goods Gov’t controlled major industries (mining, steel, transportation) Huge success

52. Communist Society With an improved economy, Lenin started to construct the society he envisioned Equality between men and women Universal suffrage Disallowed titles of mobility and rank Church stripped of land, money and influence in education and gov’t

53. Communist Society Desired to be industrially self-sufficient Needed to educate peasants (literacy campaign) Hospitals and clinics Trained doctors (including women)

54. Lenin Dies 1924 Series of rehabilitating strokes Body was preserved and displayed in Moscow’s Red Square

55. Building the Communist Soviet Union 1922 Constitution both Democratic and Socialist Elected Legislature All rights to all people Universal suffrage In reality: Communist Party ruled, not people Army and secret police maintained order Russia—the largest republic of the Union—ruled the others

56. Stalin takes power Stalin = “Man of Steel” Stalin politically outmaneuvers Trotsky as Lenin’s successor Trotsky criticizes Stalin and goes into exile Killed by Stalin supporter in Mexico, 1940

57. Stalin’s Five-Year Plans Moved away from Lenin’s New Economic Plan Command Economy Vs. Capitalist economy Attempted to: Building up heavy industry Improving transportation Increasing farm output

58. 5 year plans successful? Yes Incentives to those who met high expectations; punishment for those who failed Larger factories Hydorelectric power stations Oil, coal, steel production grew Mining expanded More railroads built No Peasants’ and workers’ lives improved little Wages low Consumer goods scarce Central planning inefficient Shortages & surpluses Low quality goods

59. Revolution in Agriculture Reclaimed small farming units from Lenin’s NEP Collectivization Created large collectives Peasants reacted by killing animals, destroying tools, burning crops Resistance was met with brutality

60. Collectivization Huge death toll from famine: 5-8 million in Ukraine alone Feeding population remained serious problem

61. The Great Purge Secret police crack down Show trials Sent to labor camps 4+ million killed during Stalin’s rule

62. Totalitarian Control Marx said the state would wither away under communism Under Stalin, it became the ultimate power Totalitarianism: State controls all aspects of society Through terror Through propaganda

63. YouTube: “Propaganda Stalin”

64. War on Religion Atheism Marx: Religion is the opiate of the masses Targeted Russian Orthodox Church Also Jews, and to a lesser extent Muslims Communist texts became “sacred texts”

65. Changes in Society

66. New Elite Noble class destroyed Communist Party official become new elite Industrial managers Military leaders Scientists Special homes Special stores for consumer goods

67. Social Benefits and Drawbacks Benefits Free education Free meidacal care Day care Inexpensive housing Gender equality Drawbacks Standard of living remained low Continued urbanization Massive apartment complexes Large families in small apartments Meat, fruit and other food shortages