Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that regulates energy homeostasis by stimulating appetite and food intake. It is secreted by the stomach and its levels rise before meals and in response to fasting. Ghrelin activates neurons in the hypothalamus that stimulate appetite and feeding behavior. It also acts on reward centers in the brain to influence food motivation. Long-term, ghrelin promotes weight gain by increasing food intake and fat storage while reducing energy expenditure. Polymorphisms in the ghrelin and ghrelin receptor genes have been linked to obesity and eating disorders. Ghrelin antagonists may help treat obesity by reducing appetite and food intake.
Ghrelin is released by proximal gastrointestinal X/A cells and increases appetite. It is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system and inhibited by high glucose and insulin levels. The gastrointestinal L cell releases GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, and PYY in response to nutrient ingestion. These hormones have various roles in nutrient homeostasis such as enhancing nutrient absorption and suppressing appetite. Dysregulation of these hormones is implicated in obesity and diabetes, and manipulating their levels through surgical or pharmacological means may provide clinical benefits.
Glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies and cardiovascularRuy Pantoja
The document is a review article that discusses:
1. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based therapies and their potential cardioprotective effects beyond glycemic control through weight loss.
2. Evidence from animal and human studies suggests GLP-1 and related therapies have beneficial effects on the myocardium, endothelium, and vasculature through potential anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic actions.
3. Large randomized controlled trials are still needed to confirm whether GLP-1 therapies can actually decrease cardiovascular disease outcomes. The review discusses the role of GLP-1 on the cardiovascular system and the impact of GLP-1 therapies on cardiovascular disease.
Austin Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of Veterinary Science.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for researchers, physicians, academicians and other Veterinary professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of diagnosis and treatments in Veterinary sciences.
Austin Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Veterinary Science.
The regulation of food intake is a complex process involving both central and peripheral systems. In the brain, the hypothalamus integrates various hunger and satiety signals to control eating behaviors. Peripherally, organs like the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue release hormones that signal energy status to the brain. Key players in this process include the fat-derived hormone leptin, which signals satiety, and ghrelin from the stomach, which stimulates appetite. Understanding the many genetic and physiological factors involved in regulating food intake is important for developing new obesity treatments.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of exenatide as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. It begins with early discoveries about the incretin effect and the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in glucose homeostasis. Continuous infusion of GLP-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes was found to lower blood glucose and promote weight loss but was deemed impractical due to GLP-1's rapid degradation. Exendin-4, a peptide isolated from the Gila monster, was found to be resistant to degradation and act as a GLP-1 receptor agonist, mimicking the effects of GLP-1. Preclinical studies showed exendin-4 reduced hypergly
The document discusses the neural mechanisms involved in controlling eating behavior and satiation. It describes the dual feeding system in the hypothalamus, with the lateral hypothalamus (LH) acting as the "on" switch that triggers hunger and feeding behaviors, and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) acting as the "off" switch that induces satiety and inhibits further eating. Glucose levels, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and leptin are identified as important biological factors that influence these hypothalamic centers and control feelings of hunger and fullness.
Metabolic abnormalities in obesity are caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure over time. There are three main components of total energy expenditure - resting energy expenditure, the energy expended during physical activity, and the thermic effect of food. In obesity, resting energy expenditure is increased due to more adipose tissue, but the thermic effect of food is reduced. Adipose tissue stores triglycerides and also functions as an endocrine organ secreting hormones that influence metabolism. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and adipokine secretion in obesity can lead to medical complications.
Ghrelin is released by proximal gastrointestinal X/A cells and increases appetite. It is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system and inhibited by high glucose and insulin levels. The gastrointestinal L cell releases GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, and PYY in response to nutrient ingestion. These hormones have various roles in nutrient homeostasis such as enhancing nutrient absorption and suppressing appetite. Dysregulation of these hormones is implicated in obesity and diabetes, and manipulating their levels through surgical or pharmacological means may provide clinical benefits.
Glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies and cardiovascularRuy Pantoja
The document is a review article that discusses:
1. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based therapies and their potential cardioprotective effects beyond glycemic control through weight loss.
2. Evidence from animal and human studies suggests GLP-1 and related therapies have beneficial effects on the myocardium, endothelium, and vasculature through potential anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic actions.
3. Large randomized controlled trials are still needed to confirm whether GLP-1 therapies can actually decrease cardiovascular disease outcomes. The review discusses the role of GLP-1 on the cardiovascular system and the impact of GLP-1 therapies on cardiovascular disease.
Austin Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of Veterinary Science.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for researchers, physicians, academicians and other Veterinary professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of diagnosis and treatments in Veterinary sciences.
Austin Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Veterinary Science.
The regulation of food intake is a complex process involving both central and peripheral systems. In the brain, the hypothalamus integrates various hunger and satiety signals to control eating behaviors. Peripherally, organs like the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue release hormones that signal energy status to the brain. Key players in this process include the fat-derived hormone leptin, which signals satiety, and ghrelin from the stomach, which stimulates appetite. Understanding the many genetic and physiological factors involved in regulating food intake is important for developing new obesity treatments.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of exenatide as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. It begins with early discoveries about the incretin effect and the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in glucose homeostasis. Continuous infusion of GLP-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes was found to lower blood glucose and promote weight loss but was deemed impractical due to GLP-1's rapid degradation. Exendin-4, a peptide isolated from the Gila monster, was found to be resistant to degradation and act as a GLP-1 receptor agonist, mimicking the effects of GLP-1. Preclinical studies showed exendin-4 reduced hypergly
The document discusses the neural mechanisms involved in controlling eating behavior and satiation. It describes the dual feeding system in the hypothalamus, with the lateral hypothalamus (LH) acting as the "on" switch that triggers hunger and feeding behaviors, and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) acting as the "off" switch that induces satiety and inhibits further eating. Glucose levels, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and leptin are identified as important biological factors that influence these hypothalamic centers and control feelings of hunger and fullness.
Metabolic abnormalities in obesity are caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure over time. There are three main components of total energy expenditure - resting energy expenditure, the energy expended during physical activity, and the thermic effect of food. In obesity, resting energy expenditure is increased due to more adipose tissue, but the thermic effect of food is reduced. Adipose tissue stores triglycerides and also functions as an endocrine organ secreting hormones that influence metabolism. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and adipokine secretion in obesity can lead to medical complications.
This document discusses the relationship between hormones and obesity. It begins with an overview that obesity is increasing globally and is associated with various health risks. It then discusses various factors that influence energy balance and can lead to obesity, including dietary intake, energy expenditure, physical activity, and psychosocial factors. Key hormones and brain regions such as the hypothalamus that regulate appetite and food intake are also examined. The document provides details on the causes and treatment of obesity.
Documento - Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and the management of type 2 di...rdaragnez
1) Oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors improve glucose control in type 2 diabetes by increasing levels of the incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP.
2) Clinical trials show that the DPP-4 inhibitors sitagliptin and vildagliptin modestly lower glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as monotherapy and in combination with other agents, without weight gain or hypoglycemia.
3) DPP-4 inhibitors appear to have a benign safety profile and may help preserve pancreatic beta-cell function, but long-term studies are still needed to determine if they can modify the progression of type
The document discusses appetite regulation and the hormones involved. It begins by defining appetite and hunger, and how they are regulated by the hypothalamus and hormones. It then describes hormones like ghrelin, leptin, PYY, and CCK that are involved in appetite suppression or stimulation. The hypothalamus contains neuronal pathways that sense these hormones and regulate energy intake and expenditure. Neuropeptides in these pathways like NPY, AgRP, and MCH stimulate appetite while others like POMC suppress it. In summary, a complex interplay between the brain, digestive system, and fat tissue controls appetite through hormonal signals.
Curcumin for brain health | Bio Available curcuminCurQfen
CurQfen is Bio-Available curcumin used especially for brain health and disorders. Applications like Curcumin capsules, tablets, chocolates.
www.curqfen.net
The document discusses incretin hormones, which are gut-derived factors that enhance insulin secretion after eating. It summarizes two major incretin hormones: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). GLP-1 is produced in the intestine and stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon secretion, and delays gastric emptying. GIP is also produced in the intestine and stimulates insulin secretion. Therapies targeting these incretin hormones have potential for treating diabetes by enhancing the body's own insulin response after eating.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of food matrix on circulating levels of the appetite-regulating hormone acylated ghrelin. The study involved two randomized crossover trials that compared isoenergetic meals with different food matrices. Trial A compared almond extracts with different protein coatings, while Trial B compared raw almonds and almond oil. Blood samples were taken before and after the meals to measure acylated ghrelin and lipid levels. The results found no significant difference in post-prandial acylated ghrelin levels between the food matrices tested. However, triglyceride levels were significantly different after almond products. The study concluded that food matrix did not significantly impact acylated
Growth hormone treatment improved body composition, glucose metabolism, and liver fat in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity and diabetes, then treated with various doses of growth hormone or PBS for 6 weeks. The highest growth hormone dose normalized glucose, glucose tolerance, and liver fat levels while reducing fat mass and increasing lean mass in a dose-dependent manner. Growth hormone therapy improved metabolic outcomes in this mouse model of obesity and type 2 diabetes without worsening insulin levels or organ weights.
- PVN lesion did not further increase obesity in rats fed a high-fat diet, as all rats became obese. Future testing will use standard chow.
- Fluorescent tracing identified robust co-localization of hypothalamic neurons projecting to the RVLM (cardiovascular control) and raphe (metabolic control).
- FGF21 treatment will assess activation of these pre-sympathetic neurons to better understand its differential effects on cardiovascular vs metabolically-related systems.
Ghrelin mathematical modeling and beyond (The big glucose model: the quest fo...Jorge Pires
This is a set of slides used on my talk about ghrelin mathematical modeling. Ghrelin is a hormone produced by the stomach and other parts of the body, it has been shown to be correlated with several physiological functions; herein we exploit the orexigenic ones (i.e. appetite stimulant).
Glp 1-based therapies for treatment of type 2 diabetes update on the benefit...Abdulameer Alashbal
GLP-1R agonists lower glycated haemoglobin by about 0.6–1% and induce weight loss. DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glycated haemoglobin by 0.5–0.6% and have no effect on weight. The GLP-1–related drugs arrived in clinical practice with much fanfare and anticipation. DPP- 4 enzyme is a ubiquitous cell-membrane protein, expressed in many tissues, including lymphocytes, which has raised some concerns about the long-term effects of DPP-4 inhibitors, especially on immune function. Data consistent with case reports and animal studies indicate an increased risk for pancreatitis with GLP-1-based therapy and also raise caution about the potential long-term actions of these drugs to promote pancreatic and thyroid cancers. This lecture will review the incretin-based therapies with focus on their benefits and their potential transient and serious side effects.
The document describes SucceedTM, a nutritional supplement containing N-oleoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (NOPE) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea extract. Animal and human studies found that SucceedTM enhanced weight loss and appetite control. It improved metabolic parameters and helped subjects adhere to low-calorie diets better than a placebo. The proprietary formulation is said to increase the bioavailability and effectiveness of NOPE and EGCG for weight management.
This document reviews evidence that gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. It discusses how oligosaccharides found in foods like honey are prebiotics that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria while inhibiting harmful bacteria. The review hypothesizes that oligosaccharides in honey may contribute to honey's antidiabetic effects by modulating gut microbiota in a way that improves glycemic control and lipid abnormalities.
Anti-Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Where are we now? Where are we going?InsideScientific
Obesity is a treatable chronic disease. With nearly 2 billion individuals worldwide classified as being overweight and 650 million as having obesity, it is critical to optimize implementation of existing treatment interventions and develop novel therapies to mitigate the obesity pandemic. Anti-obesity medications are one of the essential tools in our medical toolbox to help patients achieve their health and weight goals.
In this webinar, Dr. Jastreboff discusses current use of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, mechanisms involved, and agents in various stages of development with considerations for next steps. The presentation aims to inspire development of innovative therapeutics while optimizing use of existing agents to address the urgent need to effectively and sustainably treat millions of individuals with obesity around the world.
Key Topics Include:
- Understand the role of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy in the treatment of obesity
- Describe current anti-obesity pharmacotherapy
- Discuss anti-obesity medications under development
The document summarizes different models for simulating digestion, including in vitro and in silico models. It discusses models that simulate the oral, gastric, small intestinal, and large intestinal phases of digestion. For the oral phase, some models only simulate aspects like chewing and aroma release, while others are precursors to gastric digestion models, simulating chewing to form a bolus and adding salivary fluid. Gastric models aim to simulate factors like pH, enzymes, and emptying rate. Small intestinal models typically include neutral pH, enzymes, bile, absorption, and mixing. Large intestinal models may simulate pH, fiber processing, bacteria, absorption, and fermentation. The document compares the capabilities and limitations of different approaches.
The document discusses how genetic testing and nutrigenetics can be used to personalize nutrition by adapting diets based on individuals' genetic profiles. It provides examples of how polymorphisms in various genes like LCT, AMY1, PPARG, APOC3, CYP1A2, GSTM1, SOD2, IL6 and TNF can influence dietary needs and recommendations. The goal of nutrigenetics is to develop personalized diets and nutrition advice tailored to people's unique genetic makeup.
Physiological Aspects in Relation with Obesity discusses various topics related to obesity including:
- Meda dhatu, the physiological tissue responsible for fat storage and metabolism.
- Hunger and appetite regulation controlled by the hypothalamus and various hormones.
- An overview of energy metabolism including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle.
- Components of energy expenditure including basal metabolic rate, the thermic effect of food, and physical activity.
The document discusses dietary balances and the regulation of food intake and energy storage. It explains that the hypothalamus contains both hunger and satiety centers that control feeding behavior. The lateral hypothalamus stimulates eating while the ventromedial nucleus induces satiety. Short-term intake is regulated by factors like stomach fullness and hormones like CCK, while long-term intake is influenced by glucose, lipid, and adipose tissue signals. Pathologies involving food like obesity, inanition, and starvation are also overviewed.
2006 a novel lipoxygenase in pea roots. its functionAgrin Life
This document summarizes research on a novel lipoxygenase enzyme found in pea roots called LOXN2. Key findings include:
1) LOXN2 was cloned from pea and shown to encode a 93.7 kD protein with two deletions compared to other plant lipoxygenases.
2) When expressed in yeast, LOXN2 exhibited lipoxygenase enzyme activity, preferentially oxygenating linoleic acid to produce both 9- and 13- hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acids in a 3:1 ratio.
3) LOXN2 transcription was found to be downregulated in pea roots infected with the cyst nematode Heterodera goet
This document discusses the relationship between hormones and obesity. It begins with an overview that obesity is increasing globally and is associated with various health risks. It then discusses various factors that influence energy balance and can lead to obesity, including dietary intake, energy expenditure, physical activity, and psychosocial factors. Key hormones and brain regions such as the hypothalamus that regulate appetite and food intake are also examined. The document provides details on the causes and treatment of obesity.
Documento - Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and the management of type 2 di...rdaragnez
1) Oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors improve glucose control in type 2 diabetes by increasing levels of the incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP.
2) Clinical trials show that the DPP-4 inhibitors sitagliptin and vildagliptin modestly lower glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as monotherapy and in combination with other agents, without weight gain or hypoglycemia.
3) DPP-4 inhibitors appear to have a benign safety profile and may help preserve pancreatic beta-cell function, but long-term studies are still needed to determine if they can modify the progression of type
The document discusses appetite regulation and the hormones involved. It begins by defining appetite and hunger, and how they are regulated by the hypothalamus and hormones. It then describes hormones like ghrelin, leptin, PYY, and CCK that are involved in appetite suppression or stimulation. The hypothalamus contains neuronal pathways that sense these hormones and regulate energy intake and expenditure. Neuropeptides in these pathways like NPY, AgRP, and MCH stimulate appetite while others like POMC suppress it. In summary, a complex interplay between the brain, digestive system, and fat tissue controls appetite through hormonal signals.
Curcumin for brain health | Bio Available curcuminCurQfen
CurQfen is Bio-Available curcumin used especially for brain health and disorders. Applications like Curcumin capsules, tablets, chocolates.
www.curqfen.net
The document discusses incretin hormones, which are gut-derived factors that enhance insulin secretion after eating. It summarizes two major incretin hormones: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). GLP-1 is produced in the intestine and stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon secretion, and delays gastric emptying. GIP is also produced in the intestine and stimulates insulin secretion. Therapies targeting these incretin hormones have potential for treating diabetes by enhancing the body's own insulin response after eating.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of food matrix on circulating levels of the appetite-regulating hormone acylated ghrelin. The study involved two randomized crossover trials that compared isoenergetic meals with different food matrices. Trial A compared almond extracts with different protein coatings, while Trial B compared raw almonds and almond oil. Blood samples were taken before and after the meals to measure acylated ghrelin and lipid levels. The results found no significant difference in post-prandial acylated ghrelin levels between the food matrices tested. However, triglyceride levels were significantly different after almond products. The study concluded that food matrix did not significantly impact acylated
Growth hormone treatment improved body composition, glucose metabolism, and liver fat in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity and diabetes, then treated with various doses of growth hormone or PBS for 6 weeks. The highest growth hormone dose normalized glucose, glucose tolerance, and liver fat levels while reducing fat mass and increasing lean mass in a dose-dependent manner. Growth hormone therapy improved metabolic outcomes in this mouse model of obesity and type 2 diabetes without worsening insulin levels or organ weights.
- PVN lesion did not further increase obesity in rats fed a high-fat diet, as all rats became obese. Future testing will use standard chow.
- Fluorescent tracing identified robust co-localization of hypothalamic neurons projecting to the RVLM (cardiovascular control) and raphe (metabolic control).
- FGF21 treatment will assess activation of these pre-sympathetic neurons to better understand its differential effects on cardiovascular vs metabolically-related systems.
Ghrelin mathematical modeling and beyond (The big glucose model: the quest fo...Jorge Pires
This is a set of slides used on my talk about ghrelin mathematical modeling. Ghrelin is a hormone produced by the stomach and other parts of the body, it has been shown to be correlated with several physiological functions; herein we exploit the orexigenic ones (i.e. appetite stimulant).
Glp 1-based therapies for treatment of type 2 diabetes update on the benefit...Abdulameer Alashbal
GLP-1R agonists lower glycated haemoglobin by about 0.6–1% and induce weight loss. DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glycated haemoglobin by 0.5–0.6% and have no effect on weight. The GLP-1–related drugs arrived in clinical practice with much fanfare and anticipation. DPP- 4 enzyme is a ubiquitous cell-membrane protein, expressed in many tissues, including lymphocytes, which has raised some concerns about the long-term effects of DPP-4 inhibitors, especially on immune function. Data consistent with case reports and animal studies indicate an increased risk for pancreatitis with GLP-1-based therapy and also raise caution about the potential long-term actions of these drugs to promote pancreatic and thyroid cancers. This lecture will review the incretin-based therapies with focus on their benefits and their potential transient and serious side effects.
The document describes SucceedTM, a nutritional supplement containing N-oleoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (NOPE) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea extract. Animal and human studies found that SucceedTM enhanced weight loss and appetite control. It improved metabolic parameters and helped subjects adhere to low-calorie diets better than a placebo. The proprietary formulation is said to increase the bioavailability and effectiveness of NOPE and EGCG for weight management.
This document reviews evidence that gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. It discusses how oligosaccharides found in foods like honey are prebiotics that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria while inhibiting harmful bacteria. The review hypothesizes that oligosaccharides in honey may contribute to honey's antidiabetic effects by modulating gut microbiota in a way that improves glycemic control and lipid abnormalities.
Anti-Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Where are we now? Where are we going?InsideScientific
Obesity is a treatable chronic disease. With nearly 2 billion individuals worldwide classified as being overweight and 650 million as having obesity, it is critical to optimize implementation of existing treatment interventions and develop novel therapies to mitigate the obesity pandemic. Anti-obesity medications are one of the essential tools in our medical toolbox to help patients achieve their health and weight goals.
In this webinar, Dr. Jastreboff discusses current use of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, mechanisms involved, and agents in various stages of development with considerations for next steps. The presentation aims to inspire development of innovative therapeutics while optimizing use of existing agents to address the urgent need to effectively and sustainably treat millions of individuals with obesity around the world.
Key Topics Include:
- Understand the role of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy in the treatment of obesity
- Describe current anti-obesity pharmacotherapy
- Discuss anti-obesity medications under development
The document summarizes different models for simulating digestion, including in vitro and in silico models. It discusses models that simulate the oral, gastric, small intestinal, and large intestinal phases of digestion. For the oral phase, some models only simulate aspects like chewing and aroma release, while others are precursors to gastric digestion models, simulating chewing to form a bolus and adding salivary fluid. Gastric models aim to simulate factors like pH, enzymes, and emptying rate. Small intestinal models typically include neutral pH, enzymes, bile, absorption, and mixing. Large intestinal models may simulate pH, fiber processing, bacteria, absorption, and fermentation. The document compares the capabilities and limitations of different approaches.
The document discusses how genetic testing and nutrigenetics can be used to personalize nutrition by adapting diets based on individuals' genetic profiles. It provides examples of how polymorphisms in various genes like LCT, AMY1, PPARG, APOC3, CYP1A2, GSTM1, SOD2, IL6 and TNF can influence dietary needs and recommendations. The goal of nutrigenetics is to develop personalized diets and nutrition advice tailored to people's unique genetic makeup.
Physiological Aspects in Relation with Obesity discusses various topics related to obesity including:
- Meda dhatu, the physiological tissue responsible for fat storage and metabolism.
- Hunger and appetite regulation controlled by the hypothalamus and various hormones.
- An overview of energy metabolism including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle.
- Components of energy expenditure including basal metabolic rate, the thermic effect of food, and physical activity.
The document discusses dietary balances and the regulation of food intake and energy storage. It explains that the hypothalamus contains both hunger and satiety centers that control feeding behavior. The lateral hypothalamus stimulates eating while the ventromedial nucleus induces satiety. Short-term intake is regulated by factors like stomach fullness and hormones like CCK, while long-term intake is influenced by glucose, lipid, and adipose tissue signals. Pathologies involving food like obesity, inanition, and starvation are also overviewed.
2006 a novel lipoxygenase in pea roots. its functionAgrin Life
This document summarizes research on a novel lipoxygenase enzyme found in pea roots called LOXN2. Key findings include:
1) LOXN2 was cloned from pea and shown to encode a 93.7 kD protein with two deletions compared to other plant lipoxygenases.
2) When expressed in yeast, LOXN2 exhibited lipoxygenase enzyme activity, preferentially oxygenating linoleic acid to produce both 9- and 13- hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acids in a 3:1 ratio.
3) LOXN2 transcription was found to be downregulated in pea roots infected with the cyst nematode Heterodera goet
Listening: Free Tools & Techniques for Nonprofit Brand MonitoringGregory Heller
I gave this presentation on developing listening strategies and free tools for brand monitoring in a 5 minute Pecha Kucha/Ignite style at Seattle NetTuesday in September.
Lavoro etica sviluppo è un'associazione culturale che si occupa di temi legati alla famiglia, allo sviluppo del lavoro e delle tematiche sociali sul territorio di Massa, in Toscana.
This document summarizes a global study conducted on the use of Web 2.0 technologies in organizations. The study found that over half of organizations see Web 2.0 as important for communication, collaboration, and customer service. However, the study also found that 70% of organizations experienced a security incident in the past year, with the average cost being $2 million. The document lists the authors and their affiliations with Purdue University and CERIAS.
The document discusses how people read online content and provides tips for writing for the web. It notes that online readers scan pages rather than read linearly due to screens and vision fatigue. Effective online writing is concise, chunked into sections with headlines, uses meaningful links, and follows an inverted pyramid structure where most important information is at the top.
UniLinks Arenaträff och uppdragsutbildningskonferens högskolan i Borås 10-11 oktober 2013
http://www.hb.se/Om-hogskolan/Aktuellt/Evenemang/UniLink-konferens/
The document discusses workers organizing to demand better conditions from factory owners. The workers wanted less and more controlled work hours as well as higher wages as the current conditions were unhealthy, uncontrolled, and very dangerous. The factory owners did not want government interference and initially made trade unions illegal, but a new law was passed allowing trade unions to form under strict government controls.
This document provides guidance on how to effectively shoot and edit a film. It recommends including a variety of shot types like long shots, mid shots, and closeups. It also discusses camera movements, shot duration, continuity editing techniques like the 180 degree rule and 30 degree rule, and matching eyelines in shot/reverse shot sequences. Transitions like dissolves are described as ways to link shots and indicate the passage of time. Overall the document offers tips for planning shots, smooth camerawork, and clear storytelling through editing.
The document discusses the importance of a national road safety week. It notes that according to a WHO report from 2009, 1.2 million people die and 50 million are seriously injured from traffic accidents each year globally. Data from the Indonesian police in 2008 shows that in Indonesia there were 94,921 traffic accident fatalities that year, most involving motorcycles. The document goes on to list the top 5 risky human behaviors that cause accidents: traffic violations, lack of enforcement of traffic violations, the benefits of properly wearing helmets, examples of helmets that meet standards, and examples of good versus bad helmets.
This document summarizes the working conditions of children in early factories and mines in 3 paragraphs. It describes the dangerous equipment and accidents children faced, their long hours and low pay that was often not paid, and the types of difficult jobs children had in factories and mines like coal mining and moving things inside mines. A brief comparison is made between past child labor and present times showing children now have more freedom to play instead of work.
The document discusses the development of a personal learning environment (PLE) and social hub concept. It was developed for 700+ teachers and 40,000 students in the Caribbean Netherlands to support lifelong learning. The PLE is meant to allow learners to direct their own learning across institutions through tools that allow connection with others, management of resources, and integration of formal and informal learning activities. An effective PLE employs the four C's of collect, communicate, create, and collaborate. The social hub concept aims to integrate stakeholders, bridge internal and external communication, support existing communication channels, allow personalized and targeted communication, and facilitate teacher-guided learning with analytics. Demo interfaces of the social hub prototype are presented.
Presentation at ICDE and the LangOER Project on General reflections on issues related to quality public policy on OER/OEP in Less used languages (Lul) in Oslo, Norway the 14th October 2104
ConceptDraw MINDMAP 7 is a new software that transforms how people create presentations. It allows users to easily create mind maps to organize ideas and information in a visual manner. The software helps presenters convey their message in a clear and engaging way through its mind mapping features.
This document discusses e-learning on campus and international benchmarking of e-learning. It provides details on benchmarking projects conducted by Lund University in Sweden with other organizations. The benchmarking process involves determining what to benchmark, forming a benchmarking team, collecting and analyzing benchmarking information, and identifying benchmarking partners. Benchmarking is described as an exemplar-driven process to intentionally change an existing state into a superior state. Contact information is provided for Ebba Ossiannilsson, who presented on this topic.
The document discusses the role of hormones in digestion. It notes that the digestive system and nervous system are coordinated in digestion. It identifies several hormones involved in digestion including gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, and gastric inhibitory peptide. It explains that gastrin stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen. The document also discusses the potential role of gut hormones like GLP-1, PYY, and oxyntomodulin in obesity treatment.
We are what we eat - The role of diets in the gut-microbiota-health interactionNorwich Research Park
Lecture at Summer School Nutrigenomics in Camerino Italy Sept. 2016.
The (small) intestine has increasingly been recognized to play a key role in the early phase of pro-inflammatory disturbances e.g. by enhanced overflow of dietary components to the distal intestine (ileum, colon) and affecting the gut microbiota & their metabolites (e.g. bile acids, short chain fatty acids). Transcription factors e.g. PPARγ, FXR, AHR or NRF2 are involved in host sensing mechanisms of microbial metabolites. Strong impact of dietary composition on small and large intestinal microbiota and their metabolic functions.
Targeting the (small) intestine and its microbiota with (plant) foods, bioactives, probiotics and drugs will improve gut and liver functions with strong implications for human health during life.
By:Nader Al-assadi
Taiz university
Definition of weight loss:
Clinically important weight loss is defined as the loss of 10 pounds (4.5 kg) or >5% of one’s body weight over a period of 6–12 months.
Weight loss can be divided into 2 categories: involuntary or voluntary.
-1 Involuntary weight loss is a manifestation of cachexia associated with many disease states.
2- Voluntary weight loss, in the form of healthy dieting, is common among men and women. However, signifcant voluntary weight loss can herald a psychiatric illness such as an eating disorder, particularly among women.
K E Y T E R M S:
Anorexia Loss of the desire to eat.
Anorexia nervosa4 Intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain weight at or above a minimally appropriate weight for height and age.
Bulimia nervosa4 Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by recurrent compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (ie, laxative abuse and self-induced vomiting).
Cachexia General muscle and/or fat wasting with malnutrition usually associated with chronic disease.
Involuntary weight loss The unintended loss of weight; sometimes not reported by the patient and only noted upon chart review.
Malnutrition Poor nutrition due to inadequate or unbalanced intake of nutrients or their impaired utilization.
Voluntary weight loss The conscious effort to lose weight; frequently not a complaint among those with eating disorders.
Gut hormone and its implication in glucose homeostasisDr. Lin
This document discusses gut hormones like ghrelin, GIP, amylin, GLP-1 and their roles in glucose homeostasis and implications for remission of type 2 diabetes after metabolic surgery. It provides details on how these hormones are produced and secreted in response to food intake and their effects. Gastric bypass is noted to immediately improve glucose control before any weight loss by altering the secretion of these gut hormones through surgical rearrangement of the gastrointestinal tract.
Neuronal inactivation of PGC-1α in mice leads to protection from diet-induced obesity and degenerative brain lesions. Researchers generated mice with PGC-1α knocked out specifically in neurons (BαKO mice) using CaMKIIα-Cre. BαKO mice had normal metabolic responses in peripheral tissues but were hypermetabolic, resistant to obesity, and had improved metabolic profiles like whole-body PGC-1α knockouts. BαKO mice also developed striatal lesions and impaired hypothalamic regulation of genes controlling energy balance. This demonstrates neuronal PGC-1α regulates whole-body energy balance and is necessary for neuronal health.
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering is an international, open access, peer reviewed Journal publishing original research & insights in all the related fields of Biotechnology & Bioengineering. Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering covers major departments including but not limiting to biotechnology research and bioengineering in industrial sector such as agricultural biotechnology, molecular biology, food and beverages industry, textiles industry, biological products, medicines and pharmaceuticals while on the other hand this branch of science that caters to the requirements of agriculture, animal husbandry, nutrition and environmental conservation. Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering provides a new platform for all researchers, scientists, scholars, students to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering is a broad Open Access peer reviewed scientific journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide unbounded access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, and Perspectives (Editorials).
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Anatomy research community by amplifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This document discusses the genetics of eating behavior and its relationship to obesity. It begins by outlining that eating behavior is influenced by physiological, psychological, social, and genetic factors. It then reviews several specific genetic influences on eating behavior, including Prader-Willi syndrome, LEP and LEPR genes associated with monogenic obesity, MC4R gene mutations linked to increased appetite and food intake, and variants in the FTO and GAD2 genes associated with obesity risk. Additional sections cover the genetics of taste preferences and their influence on food choices, as well as how genes related to hormones like ghrelin and CCK may impact meal size and selection. The document concludes that personalized treatment approaches targeting genetic mutations and behaviors could help
Glutamine supplementation attenuated the toxic effects of raw red kidney beans (RRKB) in rats by stimulating heat shock protein (HSP) production. Rats fed RRKB showed increased intestinal permeability, bacterial overgrowth, and bacterial translocation to the liver, while rats fed glutamine along with RRKB did not. Glutamine increased HSP expression and availability, protecting intestinal barrier function. In vitro, HSP70 overexpression protected cells from lectin-induced decreases in barrier function and protein folding caused by phytohemagglutinin from RRKB. The results suggest glutamine protects against RRKB toxicity by stimulating HSP production and maintaining protein folding.
1. Ghrelin is a hormone produced mainly in the stomach that stimulates appetite and food intake. It is increased during fasting and decreased after eating.
2. Ghrelin acts in the hypothalamus to increase appetite by stimulating orexigenic neurons and inhibiting anorexigenic neurons. It also decreases gastric emptying to prolong the feeling of fullness.
3. Ghrelin levels are regulated by nutritional factors like food intake, nutrients, insulin, and leptin in order to maintain energy homeostasis and body weight.
Short term satiety is regulated by mechano- and chemoreceptors in the stomach and small intestine that signal fullness after eating. Hormones like CCK, GLP-1, PYY are also involved in short term regulation by being released from the gut in response to food intake. Long term satiety is regulated by hormones like leptin released by adipose tissue and signals fullness over longer periods based on fat stores. Both short term gut signals and long term adipose signals need to work together to properly regulate long term energy balance and food intake.
This was my Msc dissertation subject. .
Nutrigenomics Study Approach of Genetic and Environmental factor effect on obesity.
I was first introduced to this very interesting subject of Nutrigenomics after watching the introductory video of Nutritionist Ryan Fernando sir of Qua Nutrition. I was very much excited and interested to do my dissertation in the very same subject.
Then after some research, I got to know about Dr. Geeta Dharmatti mam who is working in same subject. I am very much thankful for her guidance.
I am also very much thankful of Dr. Amol Raut sir of GeneSupport for the guidance and support for completing my dissertation.
I am also thankful of Dr. Rupali Sengupta mam of SNDT. I have completed this dissertation under IGNOU.
Systems Nutrition of the Gut-Liver Axis and the Role of the MicrobiomeNorwich Research Park
This document summarizes a presentation on systems nutrition and the role of the gut-liver axis and microbiome. It discusses how the small intestine plays a key role in early pro-inflammatory disturbances by affecting the gut microbiota and their metabolites. The gut microbiota influences the intestinal and systemic metabolome and host metabolic regulation through transcription factors like PPARγ, FXR, and AHR. Beneficial bacteria like Akkermansia muciniphila may lose benefits under certain dietary conditions like heme. Targeting the small intestine and microbiota with foods, bioactives, probiotics or drugs could improve gut and liver health.
- Maternal nutrition and environmental exposures during pregnancy can impact the fetal epigenome through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs. This may increase disease risk later in life.
- Certain phytochemicals from foods like epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, genistein, and curcumin have been shown to modulate the epigenome through effects on enzymes involved in DNA methylation and histone modification.
- A variety of dietary phytochemicals from foods commonly consumed during pregnancy may be able to cross the placenta and influence the fetal epigenome, potentially providing protection against disease programming. Further research is still needed.
- Maternal nutrition and environmental exposures during pregnancy can impact the fetal epigenome through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs. This can increase the risk of health issues like metabolic syndrome later in life.
- Certain phytochemicals from foods like epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, genistein, and curcumin may beneficially influence the fetal epigenome by regulating enzymes involved in epigenetic modifications.
- Adequate intake of nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals during pregnancy and lactation may help protect the offspring by modulating the fetal epigenome.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding signaling pathways involved in obesity pathogenesis. It discusses how the MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and JAK/STAT pathways regulate processes like appetite, adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and thermogenesis that contribute to obesity. MAPK signaling especially plays complex roles in these processes. The review also examines current anti-obesity drugs that target these signaling pathways and discusses how a better understanding of these pathways may guide future obesity research and precision medicine approaches.
The document provides information on biochemistry of the gastrointestinal system, including:
- Digestion and absorption of macronutrients and micronutrients
- The effect of gastrointestinal hormones on fuel metabolism such as ghrelin, GLP-1, and GIP
- Liver metabolism including carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, detoxification, and production of clotting factors
1. The document summarizes 10 medical publications on the effects of Immunocal/HMS90, a whey protein concentrate.
2. The publications found that whey protein concentrate enhanced glutathione levels in tissues, boosted the immune response, inhibited tumor growth, and increased longevity in mice.
3. Specifically, whey protein was found to deplete glutathione in human breast cancer cells, boost immune cell glutathione levels in HIV patients, increase tissue glutathione and survival in aging mice, and reduce tumor burden in mice with chemically-induced colon cancer.
Similar to 2010 focus on the short- and long-term effects of ghrelin on energy (20)
2010 food security measurement in cultural pluralismAgrin Life
This document discusses the concept of food security and argues that current approaches to measuring food security, especially among culturally diverse groups, are incomplete and can lead to misguided policies. It proposes that food security encompasses not just availability and access to food, but also utilization of food and asset creation, which must be understood within specific cultural contexts. Relying solely on coping strategies or food access fails to capture the social and cultural factors influencing food practices and outcomes among different communities. A more holistic definition of food security is needed to inform effective social and nutrition policies.
2010 expression of a truncated form of yeast ribosomal protein l3Agrin Life
Transgenic wheat plants were generated that express a truncated form of yeast ribosomal protein L3 (L3D) to determine if it improves resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB). In greenhouse tests, two transgenic lines expressing high levels of L3D showed reductions in disease severity and kernel deoxynivalenol (DON) levels compared to non-transgenic plants after Fusarium graminearum infection. In a field test, a transgenic line with high L3D expression from the maize Ubi1 promoter had significant reductions in visually scabby kernels and kernel DON levels, demonstrating that expression of a modified form of the ribosomal protein targeted by DON can improve FHB resistance in wheat
2010 inhibition of suicidal erythrocyte death by vitamin cAgrin Life
1) The study investigated whether vitamin C can inhibit suicidal death of erythrocytes, similar to how it inhibits apoptosis in nucleated cells.
2) Experiments showed that energy depletion, oxidative stress, and cell shrinkage triggered suicidal erythrocyte death, as evidenced by increased cytosolic calcium levels, decreased cell volume, and increased phosphatidylserine exposure on the cell surface.
3) Vitamin C did not affect erythrocytes under normal conditions but significantly attenuated the suicidal erythrocyte death triggered by energy depletion, oxidative stress, and cell shrinkage by reducing cytosolic calcium levels and phosphatidylserine exposure.
The document discusses various routes for administering insulin, including intrapulmonary and intranasal delivery. Intrapulmonary delivery has advantages like a large surface area for absorption and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Many studies optimized factors like particle size and delivery devices to enhance pulmonary absorption. Intranasal delivery has a smaller surface area but different absorption characteristics. In 2006, the FDA approved Exubera, an intrapulmonary insulin delivery product, but it was later withdrawn from the market due to expense and potential side effects. Research continues on intrapulmonary and intranasal insulin delivery methods.
2010 engineering tocopherol biosynthetic pathway in arabidopsis leavesAgrin Life
This study genetically engineered the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana by overexpressing five genes (HPPD, VTE2, VTE3, VTE1, and VTE4) involved in tocopherol production, both individually and in combinations. The results showed that elevated expression of these biosynthetic genes affected total tocopherol content and composition. Additionally, engineering the tocopherol pathway also impacted endogenous ascorbate and glutathione pools in the leaves. Further analysis found that genes in the Halliwell-Asada antioxidant cycle were upregulated. These findings provide insight into the relationship between lipid-soluble vitamin E and water-soluble antioxidants vitamin C and
2010 effect of pistachio diet on lipid parameters, endothelial functionAgrin Life
This study investigated the effects of consuming a pistachio-enriched Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk factors in 32 healthy young men. Compared to a standard Mediterranean diet, the pistachio diet for 4 weeks significantly decreased blood glucose, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. It also significantly improved endothelial function and decreased markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. The findings suggest that pistachios may have beneficial effects beyond lipid lowering and cardiovascular health.
This document reviews the effects of exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, on weight loss. It summarizes findings from clinical trials that reported consistent weight loss associated with exenatide treatment compared to placebo. Exenatide is thought to cause weight loss by decreasing energy intake through effects on satiety and by possibly increasing energy expenditure, though evidence for each mechanism is inconsistent. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms through which exenatide induces weight loss.
2010 dietary intakes of essential nutrients among arab andAgrin Life
This study investigated dietary intakes and anthropometric measurements between Arab and Berber ethnic groups on the island of Jerba, Tunisia. The researchers found:
1) Berber women had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity than Arab women.
2) Berber women had a significantly shorter height than Arab women.
3) Intakes of calcium, zinc, iron and folate were below recommended levels in both men and women of both ethnic groups.
4) Vitamin E intake was significantly higher in Berbers than Arabs.
2010 carbohydrate for weight and metabolic control- where do we standAgrin Life
This document reviews the evidence on carbohydrate intake for weight and metabolic control. It discusses how recommendations have generally advocated high carbohydrate intake but the prevalence of obesity and diabetes has still increased. Recent evidence suggests diets lower in carbohydrates and higher in unsaturated fats or protein may facilitate weight loss and improve health markers independent of weight loss. The document concludes that future studies are still needed to determine if diets with a more balanced macronutrient composition than currently recommended could better support weight and metabolic health.
2007 plant stress physiology- opportunities and challenges for the food industryAgrin Life
This document discusses how plant stress responses can be advantageous or disadvantageous for the food industry. It provides an overview of how environmental stresses and industrial processing can induce stress responses in plants. The document aims to analyze how understanding these stress responses could help food engineers optimize industrial food processing and avoid potential negative effects.
2008 molecular mechanism of enzymatic allene oxide cyclization in plantsAgrin Life
This document summarizes the molecular mechanism of enzymatic allene oxide cyclization in plants. It discusses allene oxide cyclase (AOC), an enzyme that catalyzes the cyclization of 12,13-epoxy-9(Z),11,15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (12,13-EOT) to produce the oxylipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) in the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway. The review focuses on the crystal structure of AOC2 from Arabidopsis thaliana and putative binding sites for its unstable substrate 12,13-EOT. It also discusses possible intermolecular rearrangements during the cyclization reaction
2007 overexpression of an r1 r2r3 myb gene, osmyb3r-2,Agrin Life
Overexpression of the rice gene OsMYB3R-2, which encodes an R1R2R3 MYB transcription factor, increases tolerance to freezing, drought, and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. OsMYB3R-2 expression is induced by cold, drought, and salt stress. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing OsMYB3R-2 showed increased tolerance to these stresses compared to wild-type plants. The overexpression also led to higher expression of several cold-related genes. This suggests that OsMYB3R-2 acts as a master switch that increases stress tolerance.
2007 differential expression of the tfiiia regulatoryAgrin Life
This document summarizes a study comparing the responses of two Medicago truncatula genotypes (108-R and Jemalong A17) to salt stress. The study found that Jemalong A17 was more tolerant to salt stress, with less reduction in root growth and nodulation under salt conditions. A gene expression analysis using a stress-related macroarray identified several genes that were more highly expressed in Jemalong A17, even without stress, potentially contributing to its greater tolerance. Two transcription factors (TFs), MtZpt2-1 and MtZpt2-2, that regulate a stress-related gene were found to be more highly expressed in roots of Jemalong A17. Overexpression of these
2006 a novel lipoxygenase in pea roots. its functionAgrin Life
This document summarizes research on a novel lipoxygenase enzyme found in pea roots called LOXN2. Key findings include:
1) LOXN2 was cloned from pea and shown to encode a 93.7 kD protein with two deletions compared to other plant lipoxygenases.
2) When expressed in yeast, LOXN2 exhibited lipoxygenase enzyme activity, preferentially oxygenating linoleic acid to produce both 9- and 13- hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acids in a 3:1 ratio.
3) LOXN2 transcription was found to be downregulated in pea roots infected with the cyst nematode Heterodera goet
2006 overexpressing a nam, ataf, and cuc (nac)Agrin Life
1) Overexpressing the SNAC1 transcription factor gene enhances drought resistance and salt tolerance in rice. Transgenic rice lines that overexpressed SNAC1 showed significantly higher seed setting (22-34%) than control lines under severe drought stress conditions.
2) SNAC1 is predominantly induced by drought in guard cells. The transgenic rice lines that overexpressed SNAC1 closed their stomata more effectively in response to drought and maintained leaf turgor pressure at lower water potentials.
3) DNA microarray analysis revealed that many stress-related genes were up-regulated in the SNAC1-overexpressing rice, suggesting that SNAC1 improves stress tolerance by activating other stress response genes.
2006 genetic basis of drought resistance at reproductive stage in riceAgrin Life
This study analyzed the genetic basis of drought tolerance and drought avoidance in rice at the reproductive stage using a recombinant inbred line population. Drought stress was applied individually to rice plants grown in pipes to separate drought tolerance from other factors. A total of 21 traits related to yield, fitness, and root morphology were measured under control and drought conditions. Quantitative trait locus mapping identified multiple loci associated with the different traits, suggesting a complex genetic basis for both drought tolerance and avoidance. There was little overlap between loci for above-ground traits and root traits, indicating that drought tolerance and avoidance have distinct genetic mechanisms.
2005 rice mutants and genes related to organ development, morphogenesis andAgrin Life
This document summarizes rice mutants and genes related to organ development, morphogenesis, and physiological traits. Over 1,698 rice genes have been identified based on mutant phenotypes and are classified into categories such as vegetative organs, reproductive organs, seed traits, and physiological traits. Many genes have been cloned that are involved in the development of organs like leaves, culms, and roots. Mutants in gibberellin and brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling pathways affect traits like plant height. The collection of rice mutants and identification of underlying genes provides insights into gene functions and rice development.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
2010 focus on the short- and long-term effects of ghrelin on energy
1. Nutrition 26 (2010) 579–584
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nutrition
journal homepage: www.nutritionjrnl.com
Review
Focus on the short- and long-term effects of ghrelin on energy homeostasis
Carine De Vriese Ph.D. a, Jason Perret Ph.D. b, Christine Delporte Ph.D. b, *
a
´
Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
b
´
Laboratory of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, ghrelin, is a 28–amino-acid
Received 4 September 2009 peptide acylated with an octanoyl group at the serine in position 3. Most of the circulating ghrelin
Accepted 17 September 2009 results from its synthesis and secretion by the X/A-like endocrine cells from the stomach and
proximal small intestine. Besides its potent growth hormone secretory action, ghrelin is a highly
Keywords: pleiotropic hormone, contributing significantly to the regulation of appetite and food intake
Ghrelin
control, gastrointestinal motility, gastric acid secretion, endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secre-
Metabolism
tions, cell proliferation, glucose and lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular and immunologic
Appetite regulation
Energy homeostasis processes. The purpose of this review is to consider the orexigenic effects of ghrelin on short-term
regulation of food intake and long-term regulation of body weight, the implications of genetic
ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor polymorphism, and the use of antagonists and
agonists of ghrelin in pathophysiological conditions.
Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction and lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular and immunologic
processes [15,16].
Ghrelin was identified in the stomach as the endogenous In this review, we discuss the roles of ghrelin in short-term
ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) regulation of food intake and long-term regulation of body
[1]. Ghrelin is acylated by an octanoyl group at the serine in weight. The implications of genetic ghrelin and GHS-R poly-
position 3 by a ghrelin O-acyl transferase [2,3]. GHS-R belongs to morphism and the clinical applications of ghrelin in the
the family of G-protein coupled receptor possessing seven treatment of obesity or cachexia are also presented.
transmembrane helix domains [4]. Des-acyl ghrelin and possibly
ghrelin may also act on other as yet unidentified receptors [5–7]. Short-term effects of ghrelin on food intake
Ghrelin circulates into the bloodstream bound to lipoproteins
[8,9]. More than 90% of ghrelin immunoreactivity in the human In animals and in humans, ghrelin administration increases
plasma consists of des-acyl-ghrelin [10]. This could result from appetite and stimulates feeding [17,18]. Circulating ghrelin levels
a shorter half-life of ghrelin compared with des-acyl ghrelin [11], are increased by fasting and decreased by feeding, suggesting
ghrelin deacylation by butyrylcholinesterase, and platelet- a role of ghrelin in meal initiation [18,19]. In humans initiating
activating factor acetylhydrolase [8,12]. Therefore, circulating meals voluntarily, without time- or food-related cues, the
ghrelin levels are difficult to assess with accuracy and, conse- increase of ghrelin levels occurs before meals and shows
quently, its physiologic and pathophysiologic roles. a similar temporal profile with hunger scores [20]. Because the
Besides the stimulation of growth hormone release from the timing of ghrelin peaks is related to habitual meal patterns,
pituitary [13,14], ghrelin displays a wide spectrum of biological several studies have suggested that the preprandial ghrelin
functions such as the regulation of appetite and food intake, increase could anticipate eating rather than elicit feeding [21,22].
gastrointestinal motility, gastric acid secretion, endocrine Refeeding or gastric and enteric delivery of nutrients suppresses
and exocrine pancreatic secretions, cell proliferation, glucose circulating ghrelin levels. Moreover, composition of the diet
appears to strongly influence ghrelin secretion, with contradic-
tory results: a stronger decrease of ghrelin levels with proteins
This work was supported by grant 3.4561.07 from the Fund for Medical
Scientific Research (FNRS, Belgium).
and carbohydrates compared with lipids has been observed
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ32-2-555-62-10; fax: þ32-2-555-62-30. [23,24], as has lower ghrelin levels after fat ingestion than after
E-mail address: cdelport@ulb.ac.be (C. Delporte). carbohydrate or protein ingestion [25,26]. However, Blom et al.
0899-9007/$ – see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.09.013
2. 580 C. De Vriese et al. / Nutrition 26 (2010) 579–584
Fig. 2. Intracellular mechanisms of the appetite-stimulating effect of ghrelin in the
Fig. 1. Representation of the main brain pathways involved in the regulation of hypothalamus. þ, stimulates; À, inhibits; ACC, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase;
food intake and feeding behavior by ghrelin. þ, stimulates; À, inhibits; AGRP, AMPK, adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase; CaMKK2, calmodulin
agouti-related protein; ARC, arcuate nucleus; CART, cocaine- and amphetamine- kinase-kinase 2; CPT 1, carnitine-palmitoyltransferase-1; ROS, reactive oxygen
regulated transcript; CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; LHA, lateral hypothalamic species; UCP 2, uncoupling protein-2; Pi, phosphorylated state.
area; NPY, neuropeptide Y; NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract; POMC, pro-opiome-
lanocortin; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; VTA, ventral tegmental area.
appetite by hypothalamic circuits, ghrelin is implicated in the
[27] suggested that postprandial changes in ghrelin are corre- regulation of feeding behavior.
lated with the intermeal interval in normal-weight subjects only, In addition to stimulating appetite and food intake by orexi-
independent of diet. genic and anorexigenic pathways, ghrelin may stimulate appetite
Food intake is centrally controlled by the hypothalamic by the vagus nerve by mediating the signal from the gut to the
arcuate nucleus containing the orexigenic neurons expressing brain [49–52]. Ghrelin-induced feeding is indeed suppressed
neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) and the when the vagal afferent pathway is blocked after vagotomy or
anorexigenic neurons expressing pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), the use of an afferent neurotoxin [53,54]. However, another study
a-melanocyte–stimulating hormone (a-MSH), and cocaine- and rather has suggested that ghrelin action is not mediated by the
amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) [28–30] (Fig. 1). vagus nerve because intraperitoneal injection of ghrelin stimu-
Ghrelin-induced feeding results from the activation of neurons lates eating in rats with subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation
expressing NPY and AGRP. Indeed, inhibition of endogenous NPY [52]. However, Date et al. [55] showed that peripherally admin-
and AGRP suppresses the orexigenic effect of ghrelin, as observed istered ghrelin transmits orexigenic signals to the nucleus tractus
in NPY- and AGRP-null mice and after ablation of the NPY/AGRP solitarius (NTS), at least partially by the vagus nerve, and adja-
neurons [16,31–33]. Intracellular mechanisms of the appetite- cent to the hypothalamus by the ascending efferent fibers of the
stimulating effect of ghrelin in the hypothalamus have been NTS through a noradrenergic pathway. In contrast, ghrelin signal
shown to involve the adenosine monophosphate–activated from the gut to the brain seems to be partially mediated by the
protein kinase (AMPK) [34,35] (Fig. 2). Through the increase of cholinergic fibers of the vagus nerve [56].
intracellular calcium induced by its binding to the GHS-R, ghrelin
activates calmodulin kinase-kinase 2 (CaMKK2), which phos-
phorylates AMPK [36]. AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits the Long-term effects of ghrelin on energy homeostasis
acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), which inhibits the
formation of malonyl-CoA and consequently activates carnitine- Body weight homeostasis is achieved when a balance exists
palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1) [37]. With the resulting increased between food intake and energy expenditure. As a consequence,
mitochondrial b-oxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are weight loss would result from a relative decrease in food intake
generated and uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) is stimulated, which and/or a relative increase in energy expenditure, whereas weight
promotes ROS scavenging and stimulates NPY/AGRP transcrip- gain would result from a relative increase in food intake and/or
tion [38]. Ghrelin’s effect on AMPK could be partially mediated a relative decrease in energy expenditure. Ghrelin induces body
by cannabinoids [34,39]. Ghrelin also inhibits POMC neurons, weight gain and adiposity [57,58] by stimulating food intake,
preventing the release of a-MSH [40] and activates neurons with a preference for fat ingestion, promoting fat storage,
expressing orexin in the lateral hypothalamic area [41–43]. reducing energy expenditure and fat utilization, and increasing
Recent studies have suggested that ghrelin acts on two carbohydrate utilization [59–63].
dopaminergic regions of the mesolimbic system, the striatum Plasma ghrelin levels are negatively correlated with body
and ventral tegmental area (VTA), which are involved in reward mass index. Indeed, patients with obesity and anorexia have,
perception [44,45]. Administration of ghrelin into the VTA respectively, lower and higher plasma ghrelin levels than healthy
increases food intake and stimulates dopamine release from the subjects with normal body weight [64–69]. Variations of body
VTA [46,47]. Ghrelin also stimulates brain activity in areas weight lead to compensatory responses of ghrelin levels. Weight
controlling appetitive behavior like the amygdala, orbitofrontal loss induced by food restriction and by long-term exercise
cortex, anterior insula, and striatum [48]. All these data strongly increases ghrelin levels [70–72]. However, weight loss induced
suggest that, in addition to playing a role in the control of by gastric bypass surgery produce contradictory results in
3. C. De Vriese et al. / Nutrition 26 (2010) 579–584 581
ghrelin levels: an increase [73–75], a decrease [67,76–78], or no increase body weight and may be an effective treatment for
change [79–82]. This variability could be explained by the cachexia [119,120].
differences in surgical techniques used, and by the differences in The GHS-R-1a antagonists might be beneficial for the treat-
patients attaining a stable body mass index or pursuing weight ment of type 2 diabetes and obesity and particularly for PWS
loss. Conversely, weight gain resulting from overfeeding, preg- [121–123]. In lean mice as in obese mice, ghrelin receptor
nancy, olanzapine treatment, and high-fat diet decreases ghrelin antagonists decrease food intake and reduce weight gain.
levels [83–88]. However, obese patients with Prader-Willi Recently, orally bioavailable antagonists have been developed
syndrome (PWS) present higher plasma ghrelin levels than and lead to suppression of food intake and body weight reduc-
healthy subjects. These levels do not decrease after a meal or tion through selective loss of fat mass and glucose-lowering
decrease to a lesser extent than in obese and lean subjects, effects by enhancing insulin secretion [123,124].
suggesting that ghrelin may contribute, at least partially, to the The inverse agonist of GHS-R-1a, decreasing the high
insatiable appetite and obesity of these patients [89–94]. constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor, might be useful for
the treatment of obesity by increasing the sensitivity to
Ghrelin and GHS-R gene polymorphisms: Clinical anorexigenic hormones and preventing food intake between
implication meals [125–127]. However, humans with mutations of GHS-R-1a,
leading to a lack of constitutive activity of the receptor, present
Ghrelin and its receptor (GHSR) genes are located on chro- a short stature but are also subject to obesity [128,129]. The
mosome 3. The ghrelin gene yields a complex array of transcripts utility of inverse agonists in the treatment of obesity therefore
[95,96] and may yield a series of other non-ghrelin peptides needs to be investigated further.
[97–99]. A large number of polymorphisms have been identified Neutralization of circulating ghrelin could be useful to treat
in the ghrelin gene, not counting the transcript and splice vari- diseases associated with high ghrelin levels such as PWS. RNA
ants. Several are found in the coding region of ghrelin; however, Spiegelmers, antisense polyethylene glycol-modified L-oligonu-
a large number are in non-coding regions or in prepro-ghrelin cleotides that specifically bind ghrelin, decrease food intake and
but outside the ghrelin coding region. Polymorphisms of ghrelin body weight in diet-induced obese mice [121,130–132]. Spie-
and its receptor GHSR-1a have been studied in a wide series of gelmer NOX-B11-3 blocked ghrelin-induced neuronal activation
disorders and pathologies, such as various cancers, e.g., breast in the ARC but other fasting-related signals compensated the loss
cancer [100,101] and prostate cancer [102], and in obesity, of the ghrelin effect, explaining the rebound body weight gain
short stature, body weight, fat mass, and various eating disor- after several weeks of treatment [133]. Another approach for
ders. In particular, the Leu72Met polymorphism in prepro- inhibiting endogenous ghrelin consists in an anti-ghrelin vaccine
ghrelin was associated with early onset of obesity [103–106] and using ghrelin hapten immuno-conjugates leading to the
binge eating disorder [107], whereas no association of Leu72Met production of antibodies specifically directed against acylated
and Arg-51-Gln could be found with anorexia nervosa or bulimia ghrelin. Vaccination against ghrelin decreases ghrelin levels and
nervosa [108]. In contrast, the Leu72Met/Gln90Leu haplotype body weight gain, with preferential reduction of fat mass
had an excess transmission in patients with anorexia nervosa compared with lean mass, by reducing feed efficiency (weight
[109]. However, correlations in these various pathologies should gain per kilocalorie of food) [134]. Moreover, an acyl-ghrelin–
be taken with caution because conflicting results are present in specific neutralizing antibody inhibits appetite stimulated by
the current literature. Nevertheless, although there is contro- a transient surge in ghrelin levels. However, as for the
versy as to the effects of ghrelin polymorphic variants on Spiegelmers, compensatory mechanisms contributing to the
different disorders and pathologies, one must also take into regulation of energy balance might explain the lack of long-term
account the diversity of the subject panels used in the various effects of this antibody on body weight [135].
studies, the series of polymorphisms investigated, and the ethnic Ghrelin degradation by antibodies might also be therapeuti-
and international variations in ghrelin gene polymorphism. cally relevant to PWS. Antibodies hydrolyzing the serine octa-
noate ester moiety of ghrelin-modulated energy homeostasis in
Clinical applications of ghrelin vivo maintain greater whole-body energy expenditure during
fasting and decrease subsequent refeeding in mice [136].
The GHS-R agonists and antagonists have been developed to Furthermore, ghrelin O-acyl transferase, which octanoylates
treat cachexia and obesity, respectively. Cachexia is a syndrome ghrelin, might represent an additional interesting pharmaceu-
of physical wasting that involves the loss of fat and protein stores tical target for the development of specific inhibitors. However,
leading to weight loss and decrease of appetite. It is a complica- the growing body of evidence indicating a potential role for the
tion of a variety of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart failure, deacylated form of ghrelin must be taken into account as
and chronic kidney disease and is associated with increased a possible source of side effects due to an increased level of the
mortality. Although ghrelin levels are increased in underweight deacylated form after the latter therapeutic approach.
patients with cachexia or anorexia [110,111], ghrelin adminis-
tration to cachectic patients with cancer has improved their
appetite [112]. In malnourished dialyzed patients, ghrelin Conclusions and outlook
administration enhances short-term food intake [113] and daily
ghrelin treatment achieves a sustained positive change in energy The effects of ghrelin on short-term regulation of food intake
balance [114]. This long-term effect of ghrelin on energy and long-term regulation of body weight have relatively been
homeostasis has been shown also in patients with heart failure well documented. Further studies on ghrelin and GHS-R poly-
and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, because their morphisms, shown to be implicated in several disorders such as
lean body mass increased after 3 wk of treatment [115–117]. in obesity, will contribute to a better understanding of their
Ghrelin agonists administered continuously to rats increased clinical implications. Clinical applications of ghrelin (GHS-R
body weight gain by promoting fat mass and lean mass [118]. An agonists and antagonists, RNA Spiegelmers, antibodies anti-
orally active ghrelin agonist, tested in healthy subjects, seems to ghrelin, ghrelin O-acyl transferase inhibitors) are being currently
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