This document discusses the concept of food security and argues that current approaches to measuring food security, especially among culturally diverse groups, are incomplete and can lead to misguided policies. It proposes that food security encompasses not just availability and access to food, but also utilization of food and asset creation, which must be understood within specific cultural contexts. Relying solely on coping strategies or food access fails to capture the social and cultural factors influencing food practices and outcomes among different communities. A more holistic definition of food security is needed to inform effective social and nutrition policies.
This document summarizes and discusses a paper on taking a feminist studies approach to examining eco-food relations. It is divided into three parts. Part A addresses how environmental constraints will further disadvantage women in the food system and impact health and well-being. Part B describes a gender-based livelihood and nutrition intervention in Bangladesh to address constraints facing women farmers. Part C discusses advancing approaches to food justice based on critical nutrition studies and feminist perspectives.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the role of food and eating habits as markers of cultural identity. It argues that while eating is a personal act, the foods consumed and the eating practices of a community reflect their shared cultural background. Food habits, including ingredients, preparation methods, and etiquette, communicate beliefs and experiences over generations. Unlike languages, food traditions can persist over time as a representation of a people's culture. The document examines how foods take on cultural meanings and how habits vary between groups, influencing relationships and the passing of culture between generations. Preserving social eating is important for maintaining cultural heritage.
This document discusses key issues related to food security and nutrition. It notes that while progress has been made in reducing hunger and malnutrition, significant challenges remain with over 800 million people still undernourished. Achieving universal food security and nutrition requires holistic, collaborative solutions that promote sustainable and inclusive development. Lessons from pursuing the MDGs show the need for "nutrition-sensitive" approaches that generate income opportunities and resources to improve nutrition, particularly through agriculture-led growth supplemented by social protections.
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
This document discusses a study that examined whether home economics and health education in school influences the food knowledge of adults. The study analyzed data from two online surveys of over 2000 Australian adults each that assessed their nutrition, food safety, and environmental knowledge through true/false and multiple choice questions. The results showed that home economics education was associated with higher food knowledge among several age groups. The associations between home economics education and knowledge differed across Australian states. This suggests home economics education may provide long-lasting learning of food knowledge, though more research is needed to confirm the findings and determine the causal impact of home economics education on adult food knowledge.
Understanding the evolution of our dietary behaviour to improve that of the f...Louis Bonduelle Foundation
Within the space of just two generations, society has swept away thousands of years' worth of cultural evolution regarding the understanding of vegetable and animal food resources.
More cases studies on :
http://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/france/en/health-professionals/cases-studies.html
This document summarizes and discusses a paper on taking a feminist studies approach to examining eco-food relations. It is divided into three parts. Part A addresses how environmental constraints will further disadvantage women in the food system and impact health and well-being. Part B describes a gender-based livelihood and nutrition intervention in Bangladesh to address constraints facing women farmers. Part C discusses advancing approaches to food justice based on critical nutrition studies and feminist perspectives.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the role of food and eating habits as markers of cultural identity. It argues that while eating is a personal act, the foods consumed and the eating practices of a community reflect their shared cultural background. Food habits, including ingredients, preparation methods, and etiquette, communicate beliefs and experiences over generations. Unlike languages, food traditions can persist over time as a representation of a people's culture. The document examines how foods take on cultural meanings and how habits vary between groups, influencing relationships and the passing of culture between generations. Preserving social eating is important for maintaining cultural heritage.
This document discusses key issues related to food security and nutrition. It notes that while progress has been made in reducing hunger and malnutrition, significant challenges remain with over 800 million people still undernourished. Achieving universal food security and nutrition requires holistic, collaborative solutions that promote sustainable and inclusive development. Lessons from pursuing the MDGs show the need for "nutrition-sensitive" approaches that generate income opportunities and resources to improve nutrition, particularly through agriculture-led growth supplemented by social protections.
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
This document discusses a study that examined whether home economics and health education in school influences the food knowledge of adults. The study analyzed data from two online surveys of over 2000 Australian adults each that assessed their nutrition, food safety, and environmental knowledge through true/false and multiple choice questions. The results showed that home economics education was associated with higher food knowledge among several age groups. The associations between home economics education and knowledge differed across Australian states. This suggests home economics education may provide long-lasting learning of food knowledge, though more research is needed to confirm the findings and determine the causal impact of home economics education on adult food knowledge.
Understanding the evolution of our dietary behaviour to improve that of the f...Louis Bonduelle Foundation
Within the space of just two generations, society has swept away thousands of years' worth of cultural evolution regarding the understanding of vegetable and animal food resources.
More cases studies on :
http://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/france/en/health-professionals/cases-studies.html
Positioning Nutrition as Central for a Food Secure Arab worldIFPRIMENA
This document discusses nutrition in the Arab world and provides recommendations to improve food security. It finds that 1 in 5 children in the Arab world are malnourished, with even higher rates in some countries. Economic growth has not effectively reduced malnutrition rates. Public spending on nutrition and related services needs to increase to address this issue. The document recommends scaling up investments in nutrition and integrating food/nutrition security into national programs based on Brazil's successful approach.
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
Examining the Impact of Structural Racism on Food Insecurity: Implications fo...Jim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
Food insecurity is defined as "a household-level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food." While, levels of food insecurity in the United States have fluctuated over the past 20 years; disparities in food insecurity rates between people of color and whites have continued to persist. There is growing recognition that discrimination and structural racism are key contributors to disparities in health behaviors and outcomes. Although several promising practices to reduce food insecurity have emerged, approaches that address structural racism and discrimination may have important implications for alleviating racial/ethnic disparities in food insecurity and promoting health equity overall. Authors: Angela Odoms-Young, M. A. Bruce
Sociology of food: Food models between bio-diversity and ethno-diversityJean-Pierre Poulain
The document discusses biodiversity, ethno-diversity, and food cultures in facing the world food challenge. It covers several topics:
1. The awakening of diversity, including biodiversity, ethno-diversity, and diversity as heritage.
2. Feeding humanity and the world food challenge, discussing Malthus' theory of population growth, demographic transition, and returning to Malthus' predictions.
3. Food models and the central role of ethno-diversity, looking at social food spaces, sustainable development, and the role of cultural diversity in sustainability.
Food politics refers to the social relations that impact the production, distribution and consumption of food. It has become a part of the popular consciousness in the last two decades. The use of food in performance is a means of engaging public consciousness and addressing American food politics. This paper provides a brief introduction to food politics. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa "Food Politics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20229.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-science/20229/food-politics/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Eating constitutes the first pleasure of the newborn. This act can remain a pleasure until the end of life provided that particular attention is paid to the quality of the meal and the environment in which it is eaten. »
More cases studies on :
http://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/france/en/health-professionals/cases-studies.html
The document discusses the Coping Strategies Index (CSI), a tool used to measure household food access and insecurity. The CSI identifies common coping strategies communities employ during food shortages and assigns weights based on perceived severity. It is constructed through focus groups to compile an area-specific list of strategies with frequency and severity scores. A CSI score is then calculated by combining frequency and severity values, with higher scores indicating greater food insecurity. While useful for emergency assessments and targeting, the CSI provides a localized measure and its results may not be comparable across communities without standardization.
10. Unexamined Food Is Not Worth Eating M.Gale SmithLGRIS
The document argues that food literacy should be the foundation for food and nutrition courses. It discusses how nutrition advice is confusing due to contradictory studies. It also notes the health crisis caused by rising obesity rates and how we live in an "obesogenic" environment due to the food industry spending billions on advertising. The document advocates for food literacy to address issues like nutritional illiteracy, loss of food preparation skills, and food insecurity. It defines food literacy as the study of food systems and their interactions with biological, social, and environmental factors.
1) Livelihoods and food security are threatened by climate change as it can undermine people's capabilities, assets, and activities required for living as well as disrupt food availability, access, and use.
2) Sustainable livelihoods focus on building on existing community and individual assets of the poor rather than just meeting needs.
3) Food security exists when people have reliable physical and economic access to sufficient nutritious food to live healthy lives.
The document discusses sustainable food consumption in Arab countries. It notes that Arab countries are facing challenges in achieving food security due to population growth, environmental degradation, and unhealthy shifts to westernized diets. This has resulted in issues like malnutrition, obesity, and diet-related diseases. The document argues that sustainable food consumption and sustainable diets that consider environmental, social, and health impacts are needed to address these problems. It examines trends in Arab food systems and consumption patterns that impact sustainability and food security.
Lauren Campbell Industrial Design Thesis Process BookLauren Campbell
The document discusses research on culturally competent strategies for addressing and preventing obesity among African American and Latino children and youth. It provides an analysis of over 80 research articles on successful interventions targeting these groups, which are presented according to strategies that promote healthy eating, physical activity, and healthy lifestyles. The document also recommends specific roles for occupational therapists in order to promote the implementation of culturally competent obesity prevention strategies.
Linkage of agriculture nutrition education and incomesayednaim
1. The document discusses the linkages between agriculture, nutrition, education, and income in developing countries like Afghanistan. It provides a framework for understanding how these sectors influence each other.
2. Agriculture can impact nutrition through increased food production and household income, as well as women's empowerment and time for childcare. Better nutrition also enhances agricultural productivity.
3. Education influences nutrition by empowering individuals with knowledge about health and feeding practices, and nutrition education specifically improves diets and choices. Maternal education leads to better child nutrition.
4. Income generated from agriculture or other means allows for greater food access and purchasing of nutritious foods, linking income to improved nutrition outcomes.
Nutrition security is an integral component of food securitySibelle El Labban
This review argues that nutrition is an integral component of food security, and should be embedded within all four of its dimensions – availability, access, utilization, and stability. The review highlights current food insecurity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, as exacerbated by the triple burden of malnutrition, where undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight/obesity coexist. Previous efforts to address food security in MENA have focused on food
availability, overlooking the other three dimensions and leaving nutrition considerations aside. Meanwhile, the literature has recognized the need to highlight nutrition as fundamental, and opted for the term ‘food and nutrition security’. To achieve food and nutrition security in MENA, a nutrition lens must be applied across all four dimensions – from assessment, to policy and programming, to capacity building. For example, MENA countries can adopt policies and programs including well-structured food subsidies, dietary guidelines, public awareness, and education campaigns to increase availability and accessibility of nutritious and safe foods, and stimulate consumer demand for those. To accomplish this, MENA needs to build stakeholders’ capacity and equip them to address
the challenges that are hindering the achievement of food and nutrition security now and into the future.
Rao 1a the basic concept and dimensions of food securitySizwan Ahammed
The document discusses key concepts related to food security including definitions of food security, food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition. It examines the main dimensions of food security including availability, access, utilization and stability and how they relate to issues like poverty, gender, and different levels of analysis. The concept of food entitlements is introduced as the proximate basis for food security or insecurity at the household and individual levels.
This report published by Food Climate Research Network of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).
Plates, Pyramids, Planet - covers the Developments in National Healthy and Sustainable Guidelines : A State of Play assessment
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the effectiveness of government policy interventions in improving food security in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. The study analyzes food security at the regional and household levels from 2000-2008. At the regional level, the results of food balance sheets indicate that government interventions have helped improve regional food self-sufficiency. At the household level, empirical analysis using a logit model found that interventions like water harvesting schemes, employment programs, and technology promotion significantly increased the likelihood of household food security. The findings suggest government interventions have been effective in improving food security in Tigray at both household and regional scales.
Technical Brief: Permaculture for OVC ProgrammingAIDSTAROne
A promising development approach for addressing food and nutrition insecurity for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) is permaculture. In the context of OVC programming, permaculture helps guide communities toward permanent solutions for food and nutrition security, while ensuring that these options exist harmoniously within their environment. The purpose of this technical brief is to provide an overview of permaculture programming as a sustainable, non-donor-dependent tool for improving the health, food, and nutrition security and livelihoods of OVC and their families.
To download & see other interactive elements of this technical brief: http://j.mp/zvHNWB
This document discusses the need to measure food environments to better understand the relationship between agriculture, income, and nutrition outcomes. It defines food environment as the availability, affordability, convenience and desirability of various foods. While some tools exist to measure aspects of food environments, few can be applied internationally and none capture the affordability of a diverse, nutritious diet. Developing standardized, low-cost methods to objectively or subjectively measure the prices of different food groups would help agriculture-nutrition programs track impacts, design interventions, and evaluate outcomes by providing insights into how income affects diets through food environments.
This document summarizes themes from literature on barriers low-income populations in the US face in obtaining adequate nutrition. It discusses how low-income groups have higher rates of diet-related diseases and consume diets lower in nutrients like vitamin D and higher in sugars, saturated fats and sodium. Barriers include food insecurity, limited access to affordable healthy foods in low-income areas, and perceptions that prioritize animal proteins over fruits and vegetables. Food pantries and mobile markets help alleviate food insecurity but often lack healthy options. The homeless face additional challenges in prioritizing shelter, health and hunger over nutrition.
Ebba Ossiannilsson gave a presentation on quality assurance in e-learning. She discussed driving forces for quality like branding, digitalization, and internationalization. She explained that benchmarking is used to improve performance by learning from better-performing organizations. The E-xcellence instrument was introduced as a benchmarking tool to evaluate e-learning quality in areas like curriculum design and student support. Local seminars have been held in several countries to introduce the instrument. Quality assurance agencies could play a role in assessing e-learning programs and providing recommendations on quality assurance benchmarks.
I apologize, but I do not have enough context to provide a meaningful summary of this document. It contains a mix of text, images and videos without clear explanations of their relationships or significance. A summary would require making assumptions that could misrepresent the intent or content.
Positioning Nutrition as Central for a Food Secure Arab worldIFPRIMENA
This document discusses nutrition in the Arab world and provides recommendations to improve food security. It finds that 1 in 5 children in the Arab world are malnourished, with even higher rates in some countries. Economic growth has not effectively reduced malnutrition rates. Public spending on nutrition and related services needs to increase to address this issue. The document recommends scaling up investments in nutrition and integrating food/nutrition security into national programs based on Brazil's successful approach.
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
Examining the Impact of Structural Racism on Food Insecurity: Implications fo...Jim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
Food insecurity is defined as "a household-level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food." While, levels of food insecurity in the United States have fluctuated over the past 20 years; disparities in food insecurity rates between people of color and whites have continued to persist. There is growing recognition that discrimination and structural racism are key contributors to disparities in health behaviors and outcomes. Although several promising practices to reduce food insecurity have emerged, approaches that address structural racism and discrimination may have important implications for alleviating racial/ethnic disparities in food insecurity and promoting health equity overall. Authors: Angela Odoms-Young, M. A. Bruce
Sociology of food: Food models between bio-diversity and ethno-diversityJean-Pierre Poulain
The document discusses biodiversity, ethno-diversity, and food cultures in facing the world food challenge. It covers several topics:
1. The awakening of diversity, including biodiversity, ethno-diversity, and diversity as heritage.
2. Feeding humanity and the world food challenge, discussing Malthus' theory of population growth, demographic transition, and returning to Malthus' predictions.
3. Food models and the central role of ethno-diversity, looking at social food spaces, sustainable development, and the role of cultural diversity in sustainability.
Food politics refers to the social relations that impact the production, distribution and consumption of food. It has become a part of the popular consciousness in the last two decades. The use of food in performance is a means of engaging public consciousness and addressing American food politics. This paper provides a brief introduction to food politics. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa "Food Politics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20229.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-science/20229/food-politics/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Eating constitutes the first pleasure of the newborn. This act can remain a pleasure until the end of life provided that particular attention is paid to the quality of the meal and the environment in which it is eaten. »
More cases studies on :
http://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/france/en/health-professionals/cases-studies.html
The document discusses the Coping Strategies Index (CSI), a tool used to measure household food access and insecurity. The CSI identifies common coping strategies communities employ during food shortages and assigns weights based on perceived severity. It is constructed through focus groups to compile an area-specific list of strategies with frequency and severity scores. A CSI score is then calculated by combining frequency and severity values, with higher scores indicating greater food insecurity. While useful for emergency assessments and targeting, the CSI provides a localized measure and its results may not be comparable across communities without standardization.
10. Unexamined Food Is Not Worth Eating M.Gale SmithLGRIS
The document argues that food literacy should be the foundation for food and nutrition courses. It discusses how nutrition advice is confusing due to contradictory studies. It also notes the health crisis caused by rising obesity rates and how we live in an "obesogenic" environment due to the food industry spending billions on advertising. The document advocates for food literacy to address issues like nutritional illiteracy, loss of food preparation skills, and food insecurity. It defines food literacy as the study of food systems and their interactions with biological, social, and environmental factors.
1) Livelihoods and food security are threatened by climate change as it can undermine people's capabilities, assets, and activities required for living as well as disrupt food availability, access, and use.
2) Sustainable livelihoods focus on building on existing community and individual assets of the poor rather than just meeting needs.
3) Food security exists when people have reliable physical and economic access to sufficient nutritious food to live healthy lives.
The document discusses sustainable food consumption in Arab countries. It notes that Arab countries are facing challenges in achieving food security due to population growth, environmental degradation, and unhealthy shifts to westernized diets. This has resulted in issues like malnutrition, obesity, and diet-related diseases. The document argues that sustainable food consumption and sustainable diets that consider environmental, social, and health impacts are needed to address these problems. It examines trends in Arab food systems and consumption patterns that impact sustainability and food security.
Lauren Campbell Industrial Design Thesis Process BookLauren Campbell
The document discusses research on culturally competent strategies for addressing and preventing obesity among African American and Latino children and youth. It provides an analysis of over 80 research articles on successful interventions targeting these groups, which are presented according to strategies that promote healthy eating, physical activity, and healthy lifestyles. The document also recommends specific roles for occupational therapists in order to promote the implementation of culturally competent obesity prevention strategies.
Linkage of agriculture nutrition education and incomesayednaim
1. The document discusses the linkages between agriculture, nutrition, education, and income in developing countries like Afghanistan. It provides a framework for understanding how these sectors influence each other.
2. Agriculture can impact nutrition through increased food production and household income, as well as women's empowerment and time for childcare. Better nutrition also enhances agricultural productivity.
3. Education influences nutrition by empowering individuals with knowledge about health and feeding practices, and nutrition education specifically improves diets and choices. Maternal education leads to better child nutrition.
4. Income generated from agriculture or other means allows for greater food access and purchasing of nutritious foods, linking income to improved nutrition outcomes.
Nutrition security is an integral component of food securitySibelle El Labban
This review argues that nutrition is an integral component of food security, and should be embedded within all four of its dimensions – availability, access, utilization, and stability. The review highlights current food insecurity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, as exacerbated by the triple burden of malnutrition, where undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight/obesity coexist. Previous efforts to address food security in MENA have focused on food
availability, overlooking the other three dimensions and leaving nutrition considerations aside. Meanwhile, the literature has recognized the need to highlight nutrition as fundamental, and opted for the term ‘food and nutrition security’. To achieve food and nutrition security in MENA, a nutrition lens must be applied across all four dimensions – from assessment, to policy and programming, to capacity building. For example, MENA countries can adopt policies and programs including well-structured food subsidies, dietary guidelines, public awareness, and education campaigns to increase availability and accessibility of nutritious and safe foods, and stimulate consumer demand for those. To accomplish this, MENA needs to build stakeholders’ capacity and equip them to address
the challenges that are hindering the achievement of food and nutrition security now and into the future.
Rao 1a the basic concept and dimensions of food securitySizwan Ahammed
The document discusses key concepts related to food security including definitions of food security, food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition. It examines the main dimensions of food security including availability, access, utilization and stability and how they relate to issues like poverty, gender, and different levels of analysis. The concept of food entitlements is introduced as the proximate basis for food security or insecurity at the household and individual levels.
This report published by Food Climate Research Network of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).
Plates, Pyramids, Planet - covers the Developments in National Healthy and Sustainable Guidelines : A State of Play assessment
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the effectiveness of government policy interventions in improving food security in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. The study analyzes food security at the regional and household levels from 2000-2008. At the regional level, the results of food balance sheets indicate that government interventions have helped improve regional food self-sufficiency. At the household level, empirical analysis using a logit model found that interventions like water harvesting schemes, employment programs, and technology promotion significantly increased the likelihood of household food security. The findings suggest government interventions have been effective in improving food security in Tigray at both household and regional scales.
Technical Brief: Permaculture for OVC ProgrammingAIDSTAROne
A promising development approach for addressing food and nutrition insecurity for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) is permaculture. In the context of OVC programming, permaculture helps guide communities toward permanent solutions for food and nutrition security, while ensuring that these options exist harmoniously within their environment. The purpose of this technical brief is to provide an overview of permaculture programming as a sustainable, non-donor-dependent tool for improving the health, food, and nutrition security and livelihoods of OVC and their families.
To download & see other interactive elements of this technical brief: http://j.mp/zvHNWB
This document discusses the need to measure food environments to better understand the relationship between agriculture, income, and nutrition outcomes. It defines food environment as the availability, affordability, convenience and desirability of various foods. While some tools exist to measure aspects of food environments, few can be applied internationally and none capture the affordability of a diverse, nutritious diet. Developing standardized, low-cost methods to objectively or subjectively measure the prices of different food groups would help agriculture-nutrition programs track impacts, design interventions, and evaluate outcomes by providing insights into how income affects diets through food environments.
This document summarizes themes from literature on barriers low-income populations in the US face in obtaining adequate nutrition. It discusses how low-income groups have higher rates of diet-related diseases and consume diets lower in nutrients like vitamin D and higher in sugars, saturated fats and sodium. Barriers include food insecurity, limited access to affordable healthy foods in low-income areas, and perceptions that prioritize animal proteins over fruits and vegetables. Food pantries and mobile markets help alleviate food insecurity but often lack healthy options. The homeless face additional challenges in prioritizing shelter, health and hunger over nutrition.
Ebba Ossiannilsson gave a presentation on quality assurance in e-learning. She discussed driving forces for quality like branding, digitalization, and internationalization. She explained that benchmarking is used to improve performance by learning from better-performing organizations. The E-xcellence instrument was introduced as a benchmarking tool to evaluate e-learning quality in areas like curriculum design and student support. Local seminars have been held in several countries to introduce the instrument. Quality assurance agencies could play a role in assessing e-learning programs and providing recommendations on quality assurance benchmarks.
I apologize, but I do not have enough context to provide a meaningful summary of this document. It contains a mix of text, images and videos without clear explanations of their relationships or significance. A summary would require making assumptions that could misrepresent the intent or content.
Crowdfunding In The Kitchen - Seattle Chefs Collaborative National Sustainabl...Gregory Heller
Crowd-funding in the kitchen: non-traditional financing and funding for your food-related project
Small business owners have found it difficult to access tradition financing from banks over the past few years. An increasing number of them, including chefs and value added producers, have turned toward crowd funding to put together the capital necessary to start or expand their businesses. From food trucks to fine dining, a variety of different models have been successfully employed. What’s worked? What’s flopped? We’ll discuss with our colleagues who have gotten help from the crowd to fund their projects. Whether by Kickstarter or pre-sale of discounted goods or gift cards, crowd funding builds on the familiar concept of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) and takes it to the next level. Moderated by Gregory Heller, Seattle Chefs Collaborative. Presenters include Tim Crosby and Arno Hesse, both of Slow Money, chef Thierry Rautureau of Luc and Rover’s restaurants, and Jared Stoneberger of the Lark Cookbook Project.
Mediale indep study studyabroad recruitment vorvoreanuDr. V Vorvoreanu
This document summarizes two related courses: an Independent Study course in spring 2012 and a Study Abroad program in May 2012 in Darmstadt, Germany. The Independent Study involves working in teams to create interactive media projects to submit to the MEDIALE conference in Germany. The top 5 students may enroll in the Study Abroad program, which involves attending the conference and spending 10 days in Germany for approximately $1,500. Both courses are 3 credit hours and graded. The instructor is Dr. Mihaela Vorvoreanu.
This presentation discusses open educational resources (OER) and open education. It begins by defining OER as teaching, learning, and research materials that can be freely accessed, reused, modified, and shared. The presentation explores themes around shifting from OER development to practices, using social media to foster OER communities, and the potential of OER to support goals like adult education, democracy, and sustainability. Barriers and opportunities for open education are examined, such as the need for partnerships and policies to support long-term, trusted collaboration around OER. The presentation concludes by considering individual benefits of open education like increased flexibility, employability and internationalization.
This document summarizes Ebba Ossiannilsson's presentation on MOOCs and quality. The presentation discusses the rise of MOOCs and their key characteristics of being massive, open, online courses. It also examines students, support, content, and recommendations from the European Commission around opening up education through digital technologies and MOOCs. Quality factors for MOOCs discussed include ensuring a framework for openness, learner-centeredness, independent learning, and media support. The presentation promotes the MOOC Quality Project and label of OpenupEd and provides contact information for Ebba Ossiannilsson.
Presentation at MM3: Proactivism in a Changing Educational Arena 2020/2030
http://www.wiziq.com/online-class/1559628-mm3-proactivism-in-a-changing-educational-arena
The document discusses how blogging can help build a professional network. It provides tips for blogging, including writing valuable content, building a reputation, being authentic, casting a wide net to reach new audiences, staying in touch with contacts, and promoting your network. Blogging allows one to engage existing contacts and display expertise to help accomplish core networking strategies like offering value, building reputation, and staying visible in one's field. The document encourages focusing on passion when blogging and creating a schedule to blog consistently in order to continue growing one's professional network through blogging.
The document defines many common film and editing terms:
Close-up (CU) shots are taken very close to reveal details, while medium shots (MS) show a subject from the waist up. Establishing shots set the scene, and jump cuts break continuity. Edits include cuts between shots and dissolves that gradually merge shots. The original camera negative (OCN) is edited and used to produce prints, with sound and picture synchronized (synced) during editing. Slate clappers identify shots during filming and editing.
Los compositores clásicos mencionados en el documento incluyen a Ludwig van Beethoven y Johann Sebastian Bach de Alemania, Frédéric Chopin de Polonia, y Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart de Austria.
This document outlines the four step process for listing a property for sale. It details the necessary forms and documents, including:
1. Listing agreement, agency disclosure, and seller's advisory that must be signed by the seller and agent.
2. Additional forms filled out by the agent like an MLS sheet and sign order.
3. Disclosure forms that must be signed by the seller before receiving offers, including transfer disclosure, lead paint, and natural hazards documents.
4. Documents received with an offer like the purchase agreement, buyer's inspection advisory, and agency disclosures that must be signed by both parties.
This document provides an overview of a workshop on media literacy and production. The workshop teaches participants how to analyze media messages, learn filmmaking basics, and use social media for community engagement. It includes sections on deconstructing media, film terminology, producing public service announcements, and editing tips. The goal is for participants to learn how to read media critically and produce their own media messages.
This document discusses international benchmarking of e-learning at Lund University in Sweden. It provides context on benchmarking and outlines several benchmarking projects Lund has conducted, including with the European Association of Distance Teaching Universities (EADTU) and the European School for Media and Management Studies (ESMU). The EADTU project used 33 e-learning benchmarks across strategic management, curriculum design, course design, delivery and student/staff support. Benchmarking provides benefits like improving quality, strengthening identity and reputation, and discovering new ideas. Emerging themes in e-learning include personalization, participation, productivity, and aspects like networking, sustainability and lifelong learning.
The document summarizes a national seminar held at Lund University in Sweden with the European Association for Distance Teaching Universities (EADTU). The agenda included discussions on open educational resources, entrepreneurship, quality assurance, networked curricula, virtual mobility, and new initiatives for 2012-2013. Higher education in Sweden is provided through universities and university colleges, with most being public institutions regulated by the government. Funding for higher education comes primarily from public sources.
This document discusses how permaculture design can provide sustainable solutions to food insecurity for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) programs. Permaculture focuses on designing human habitats that maximize local resources to meet needs of food, shelter, and community, in an environmentally friendly way. It can benefit OVC programs by addressing the intergenerational knowledge gap caused by HIV, mobilizing underutilized resources, and teaching nutritional diversity to address malnutrition. The document provides examples of permaculture being introduced into school curricula in Malawi to teach sustainable agriculture practices to children.
This document discusses community health and food systems. It provides an overview of food systems and how they relate to community health. Chronic disease health disparities are discussed, with obesity being a major issue globally and locally in Hawaii. The document examines social determinants of health and how financial barriers can influence access to healthier diets. Community food system interventions are suggested, including restoring traditional Hawaiian foods and assessing local resources and barriers.
Food security is a multifaceted and manifold paradox that includes social,
biological, nutritional and economic aspects. Food is not only related to dietetic
sources but also plays numerous roles in social life and is closely linked to cultural
differentials. Despite its multi-dimensional approach, food security has been
molded in a number of ways since its dawn. However, food security was
transformed from a micro to a macro level during the World Food Conference of
1974. Food security exists “when all people at all times have physical, economic
and social access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food, essential for meeting their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. The present
study was conducted in light of a sociological perspective in the district of Torghar,
Northern Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan to assess the household food security
status. A sample of 379 household head was selected out of 26464 as per the
proportional allocation method. Moreover, descriptive and inferential statistics was
further used at descriptive and bivariate analysis. With regards to demographic
profile of the respondents 37% of household heads were between the ages of 46-
55, with 42% of illiterates, 70% of household heads were part of a joint family
system, and 84 percent were waiting for rain to irrigate their agricultural area.
This document provides an overview of the concept of food security as conceived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1974. It discusses the four key pillars of food security - availability, access, utilization, and stability. The definition and understanding of food security has evolved over time to incorporate these demand-side factors in addition to initial supply-side focuses. The concept remains an important framework for addressing issues of hunger, malnutrition and poverty around the world.
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Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, and Dietary Intake of Women of Reproductive A...asclepiuspdfs
Forty percent (%) of Zambian children under age 5 were stunted in 2013. Stunting begins with a woman’s pre-pregnancy nutrition status and is often associated with poor dietary diversity, including low intake of animal-source foods (ASFs). This study assessed food attitudes, dietary intake of women of reproductive age (WRA), and costs of key nutrients in Bundabunda Ward, Zambia. A mixed-method approach was used, including participatory observation, focus-group discussions with WRA (nulliparous adolescents and pregnant, breastfeeding, and multiparous women), interviews with community health workers (CHWs), and nutritional analysis of WRA’s diets (n = 33). The study found WRA and CHWs considered nutrition to be important, but a lack of financial resources, inflexible complementary feeding advice, and competing priorities compromised their dietary quality. All WRA’s diets were high in maize and other plant-based foods, and relatively low in ASFs and wild foods. WRA were unlikely to meet their metabolic demands for some amino acids, namely, lysine and tryptophan. Mean iron intake in adolescents was inadequate and calcium intake across groups met less than 50% of requirements (recommended nutrient intake). However, mean intake of energy, protein, zinc, and vitamin A across all groups appeared adequate compared to the recommended intake for lifestage. Further efforts on community and national levels, including strengthening the teaching capacity of CHWs in nutrition; increasing the availability, accessibility, and utilization of ASFs; and further development of context-specific food-based guidelines, are necessary to ameliorate food security challenges that underpin the ongoing high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and stunting in Bundabunda Ward and similar contexts.
Food insecurity refers to the lack of nutritious foods to maintain good health. It is a serious health problem that is related to other social difficulties such as poverty. Children from food insecure households have less consistent access to food. This may lead to behavioral problems and poor grades in school. Ensuring food security for young children should be a national priority because it greatly affects their current and future health. This paper provides a brief introduction to food insecurity in children. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa | Osama M. Musa ""Food Insecurity among Children"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd24056.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/24056/food-insecurity-among-children/matthew-n-o-sadiku
The Hidden Epidemic Unveiling the Realities of Food Insecurity.pptAhmadTariq64
Food insecurity, a pervasive and often silent epidemic, continues to affect millions of individuals and families worldwide. Despite living in a world of abundance and technological advancements, the basic need for nourishment remains unmet for a significant portion of the global population. In this article, we delve into the realities of food insecurity, exploring its causes, consequences, and potential solutions.
Healthy Start WASH and child nutrition (3)Robyn Waite
This document discusses the links between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and child nutrition. It notes that malnutrition contributes to nearly half of all child deaths under five years old and stunting affects over 170 million children globally. Poor WASH leads to infections that impair nutrient absorption and stunt growth. WaterAid's Healthy Start initiative advocates integrating WASH into health policies to improve newborn and child health and nutrition outcomes. Their recommendations include ensuring national nutrition plans cost and prioritize WASH interventions.
This document discusses the importance of sustainable food systems for nutrition and food security. It makes three key points: 1) Good nutrition depends on healthy diets, 2) Healthy diets require healthy food systems as well as other supporting factors, and 3) Healthy food systems are made possible through appropriate policies, incentives, and governance. It provides examples from Vietnam, India, and Ethiopia of integrated approaches that have positively impacted nutrition by improving agricultural production and access to nutritious foods.
The document summarizes a workshop addressing food-related challenges to promote human and planetary health. The workshop objectives are to demonstrate new approaches considering both people and planet health, debate the definition of 'food security', and provide a guide for health practitioners. It discusses shifting practice to address issues like obesity, undernutrition and climate change through a food systems lens. Participants engage in an activity to design a Planetary Health Plate that represents a healthy, sustainable food system. They also consider how to support sustainable local food systems using the Ottawa Charter framework. The document promotes reframing food security to integrate sustainability and planetary health.
Nutirtion as an input and outcome of resilience2020resilience
This document discusses integrating nutrition into resilience programming. It notes that many countries face high levels of food insecurity and malnutrition, and that resilience efforts cannot succeed without also addressing nutrition. The document calls for making resilience programs more nutrition-sensitive by strengthening nutrition in policies and information systems, and by designing multi-sectoral prevention, preparedness and response efforts based on nutritional vulnerability analyses. Key actions include monitoring nutritional status indicators, integrating nutrition education into programs, and linking social protection to resilience and nutrition frameworks.
Why Nutrition Education Matters
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This briefing paper summarizes key information on nutrition-sensitive agricultural development approaches based on case studies of Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste. It outlines that rural populations in these countries experience high levels of poverty, food insecurity, and undernutrition, with most relying on agriculture for their livelihoods. The paper reviews the consequences of undernutrition, defines nutrition-sensitive interventions, and identifies links between agriculture and nutrition. It provides an overview of opportunities and challenges for each country case study, highlighting the need for multisectoral collaboration and policies to support improved food and nutrition security among vulnerable groups.
An Overview Of The State Of Native American Health Challenges And OpportunitiesMary Calkins
The document provides an overview of the challenges facing Native American populations, particularly related to health issues. It notes that Native Americans face high rates of poverty, lower educational attainment, and higher unemployment than national averages. These socioeconomic factors contribute significantly to poor health outcomes, including high rates of obesity and diabetes. While issues are serious, the document emphasizes that consumption patterns are modifiable and interventions focused on improving nutrition and access to healthy foods could help address health problems.
Bringing Agriculture, Nutrition and Extension Together Using a Gender LensINGENAES
Andrea Bohn
University of Illinois
March 23, 2016
INGENAES recognizes that women are disproportionally affected by hunger and malnutrition, and addresses gender equity to achieve better agricultural and nutrition outcomes. There are the four pillars of food security based on the role of extension including availability, access, utilization, and stability.
Similar to 2010 food security measurement in cultural pluralism (20)
2010 focus on the short- and long-term effects of ghrelin on energyAgrin Life
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that regulates energy homeostasis by stimulating appetite and food intake. It is secreted by the stomach and its levels rise before meals and in response to fasting. Ghrelin activates neurons in the hypothalamus that stimulate appetite and feeding behavior. It also acts on reward centers in the brain to influence food motivation. Long-term, ghrelin promotes weight gain by increasing food intake and fat storage while reducing energy expenditure. Polymorphisms in the ghrelin and ghrelin receptor genes have been linked to obesity and eating disorders. Ghrelin antagonists may help treat obesity by reducing appetite and food intake.
2010 expression of a truncated form of yeast ribosomal protein l3Agrin Life
Transgenic wheat plants were generated that express a truncated form of yeast ribosomal protein L3 (L3D) to determine if it improves resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB). In greenhouse tests, two transgenic lines expressing high levels of L3D showed reductions in disease severity and kernel deoxynivalenol (DON) levels compared to non-transgenic plants after Fusarium graminearum infection. In a field test, a transgenic line with high L3D expression from the maize Ubi1 promoter had significant reductions in visually scabby kernels and kernel DON levels, demonstrating that expression of a modified form of the ribosomal protein targeted by DON can improve FHB resistance in wheat
2010 inhibition of suicidal erythrocyte death by vitamin cAgrin Life
1) The study investigated whether vitamin C can inhibit suicidal death of erythrocytes, similar to how it inhibits apoptosis in nucleated cells.
2) Experiments showed that energy depletion, oxidative stress, and cell shrinkage triggered suicidal erythrocyte death, as evidenced by increased cytosolic calcium levels, decreased cell volume, and increased phosphatidylserine exposure on the cell surface.
3) Vitamin C did not affect erythrocytes under normal conditions but significantly attenuated the suicidal erythrocyte death triggered by energy depletion, oxidative stress, and cell shrinkage by reducing cytosolic calcium levels and phosphatidylserine exposure.
The document discusses various routes for administering insulin, including intrapulmonary and intranasal delivery. Intrapulmonary delivery has advantages like a large surface area for absorption and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Many studies optimized factors like particle size and delivery devices to enhance pulmonary absorption. Intranasal delivery has a smaller surface area but different absorption characteristics. In 2006, the FDA approved Exubera, an intrapulmonary insulin delivery product, but it was later withdrawn from the market due to expense and potential side effects. Research continues on intrapulmonary and intranasal insulin delivery methods.
2010 engineering tocopherol biosynthetic pathway in arabidopsis leavesAgrin Life
This study genetically engineered the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana by overexpressing five genes (HPPD, VTE2, VTE3, VTE1, and VTE4) involved in tocopherol production, both individually and in combinations. The results showed that elevated expression of these biosynthetic genes affected total tocopherol content and composition. Additionally, engineering the tocopherol pathway also impacted endogenous ascorbate and glutathione pools in the leaves. Further analysis found that genes in the Halliwell-Asada antioxidant cycle were upregulated. These findings provide insight into the relationship between lipid-soluble vitamin E and water-soluble antioxidants vitamin C and
2010 effect of pistachio diet on lipid parameters, endothelial functionAgrin Life
This study investigated the effects of consuming a pistachio-enriched Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk factors in 32 healthy young men. Compared to a standard Mediterranean diet, the pistachio diet for 4 weeks significantly decreased blood glucose, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. It also significantly improved endothelial function and decreased markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. The findings suggest that pistachios may have beneficial effects beyond lipid lowering and cardiovascular health.
This document reviews the effects of exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, on weight loss. It summarizes findings from clinical trials that reported consistent weight loss associated with exenatide treatment compared to placebo. Exenatide is thought to cause weight loss by decreasing energy intake through effects on satiety and by possibly increasing energy expenditure, though evidence for each mechanism is inconsistent. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms through which exenatide induces weight loss.
2010 dietary intakes of essential nutrients among arab andAgrin Life
This study investigated dietary intakes and anthropometric measurements between Arab and Berber ethnic groups on the island of Jerba, Tunisia. The researchers found:
1) Berber women had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity than Arab women.
2) Berber women had a significantly shorter height than Arab women.
3) Intakes of calcium, zinc, iron and folate were below recommended levels in both men and women of both ethnic groups.
4) Vitamin E intake was significantly higher in Berbers than Arabs.
2010 carbohydrate for weight and metabolic control- where do we standAgrin Life
This document reviews the evidence on carbohydrate intake for weight and metabolic control. It discusses how recommendations have generally advocated high carbohydrate intake but the prevalence of obesity and diabetes has still increased. Recent evidence suggests diets lower in carbohydrates and higher in unsaturated fats or protein may facilitate weight loss and improve health markers independent of weight loss. The document concludes that future studies are still needed to determine if diets with a more balanced macronutrient composition than currently recommended could better support weight and metabolic health.
2007 plant stress physiology- opportunities and challenges for the food industryAgrin Life
This document discusses how plant stress responses can be advantageous or disadvantageous for the food industry. It provides an overview of how environmental stresses and industrial processing can induce stress responses in plants. The document aims to analyze how understanding these stress responses could help food engineers optimize industrial food processing and avoid potential negative effects.
2008 molecular mechanism of enzymatic allene oxide cyclization in plantsAgrin Life
This document summarizes the molecular mechanism of enzymatic allene oxide cyclization in plants. It discusses allene oxide cyclase (AOC), an enzyme that catalyzes the cyclization of 12,13-epoxy-9(Z),11,15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (12,13-EOT) to produce the oxylipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) in the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway. The review focuses on the crystal structure of AOC2 from Arabidopsis thaliana and putative binding sites for its unstable substrate 12,13-EOT. It also discusses possible intermolecular rearrangements during the cyclization reaction
2007 overexpression of an r1 r2r3 myb gene, osmyb3r-2,Agrin Life
Overexpression of the rice gene OsMYB3R-2, which encodes an R1R2R3 MYB transcription factor, increases tolerance to freezing, drought, and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. OsMYB3R-2 expression is induced by cold, drought, and salt stress. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing OsMYB3R-2 showed increased tolerance to these stresses compared to wild-type plants. The overexpression also led to higher expression of several cold-related genes. This suggests that OsMYB3R-2 acts as a master switch that increases stress tolerance.
2007 differential expression of the tfiiia regulatoryAgrin Life
This document summarizes a study comparing the responses of two Medicago truncatula genotypes (108-R and Jemalong A17) to salt stress. The study found that Jemalong A17 was more tolerant to salt stress, with less reduction in root growth and nodulation under salt conditions. A gene expression analysis using a stress-related macroarray identified several genes that were more highly expressed in Jemalong A17, even without stress, potentially contributing to its greater tolerance. Two transcription factors (TFs), MtZpt2-1 and MtZpt2-2, that regulate a stress-related gene were found to be more highly expressed in roots of Jemalong A17. Overexpression of these
2006 a novel lipoxygenase in pea roots. its functionAgrin Life
This document summarizes research on a novel lipoxygenase enzyme found in pea roots called LOXN2. Key findings include:
1) LOXN2 was cloned from pea and shown to encode a 93.7 kD protein with two deletions compared to other plant lipoxygenases.
2) When expressed in yeast, LOXN2 exhibited lipoxygenase enzyme activity, preferentially oxygenating linoleic acid to produce both 9- and 13- hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acids in a 3:1 ratio.
3) LOXN2 transcription was found to be downregulated in pea roots infected with the cyst nematode Heterodera goet
2006 a novel lipoxygenase in pea roots. its functionAgrin Life
This document summarizes research on a novel lipoxygenase enzyme found in pea roots called LOXN2. Key findings include:
1) LOXN2 was cloned from pea and shown to encode a 93.7 kD protein with two deletions compared to other plant lipoxygenases.
2) When expressed in yeast, LOXN2 exhibited lipoxygenase enzyme activity, preferentially oxygenating linoleic acid to produce both 9- and 13- hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acids in a 3:1 ratio.
3) LOXN2 transcription was found to be downregulated in pea roots infected with the cyst nematode Heterodera goet
2006 overexpressing a nam, ataf, and cuc (nac)Agrin Life
1) Overexpressing the SNAC1 transcription factor gene enhances drought resistance and salt tolerance in rice. Transgenic rice lines that overexpressed SNAC1 showed significantly higher seed setting (22-34%) than control lines under severe drought stress conditions.
2) SNAC1 is predominantly induced by drought in guard cells. The transgenic rice lines that overexpressed SNAC1 closed their stomata more effectively in response to drought and maintained leaf turgor pressure at lower water potentials.
3) DNA microarray analysis revealed that many stress-related genes were up-regulated in the SNAC1-overexpressing rice, suggesting that SNAC1 improves stress tolerance by activating other stress response genes.
2006 genetic basis of drought resistance at reproductive stage in riceAgrin Life
This study analyzed the genetic basis of drought tolerance and drought avoidance in rice at the reproductive stage using a recombinant inbred line population. Drought stress was applied individually to rice plants grown in pipes to separate drought tolerance from other factors. A total of 21 traits related to yield, fitness, and root morphology were measured under control and drought conditions. Quantitative trait locus mapping identified multiple loci associated with the different traits, suggesting a complex genetic basis for both drought tolerance and avoidance. There was little overlap between loci for above-ground traits and root traits, indicating that drought tolerance and avoidance have distinct genetic mechanisms.
2005 rice mutants and genes related to organ development, morphogenesis andAgrin Life
This document summarizes rice mutants and genes related to organ development, morphogenesis, and physiological traits. Over 1,698 rice genes have been identified based on mutant phenotypes and are classified into categories such as vegetative organs, reproductive organs, seed traits, and physiological traits. Many genes have been cloned that are involved in the development of organs like leaves, culms, and roots. Mutants in gibberellin and brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling pathways affect traits like plant height. The collection of rice mutants and identification of underlying genes provides insights into gene functions and rice development.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2010 food security measurement in cultural pluralism
1. Nutrition 26 (2010) 1–9
www.nutritionjrnl.com
Review article
Food security measurement in cultural pluralism: Missing the point
or conceptual misunderstanding?
Andre M.N. Renzaho, Ph.D.a,b,* and David Mellor, Ph.D.b
a
World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention and Related Research and Training, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
b
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
Manuscript received November 30, 2008; accepted May 4, 2009.
Abstract Objective: Food Security has become a global concern, yet its measurement has varied considerably
across disciplines and countries. We examined the current discrepancies in the definitions of food
security and propose a framework for understanding and measuring food security.
Methods: This conceptual review draws from a range of works published in Medline and the gray
literature to advance the understanding of food security concepts. We begin by examining the histor-
ical background of food security and then move on to examine its various definitions and interpret food
through cultural lenses in terms of food access and utilization. We finish by examining various mea-
surements and indicators of food security and reviewing implications for public health.
Results: We argue that the reliance on coping strategies as surrogate measurements of food insecurity
without taking into account the social, cultural, and political contexts in which they occur is mislead-
ing, and viewing food insecurity solely from a food access or availability perspective, without taking
into account food utilization and asset creation as pillars of food security, paints an incomplete picture.
Although this review does not claim to provide solutions to the discrepancies in the conceptual defi-
nition of food security, it attempts to highlights areas of concern and provide a way forward.
Conclusion: When coping strategies are used as an indicator of food insecurity, they need to be
culturally relevant and focus tested, and together with objective measurements of nutritional outcomes,
would allow policy makers to make evidence-based decisions to inform social and nutrition policies.
Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Food security; Coping strategies; Food access; Food utilization; Assets creation
Introduction gees and humanitarian entrants [1]. This cultural pluralism is
characteristic of many developed countries such as the
Over the past three decades, Australia, like many devel- United States of America, the United Kingdom, France,
oped countries, has been experiencing dramatic demographic and many Nordic countries [4].
transformations as a result of the surge in the number of Once in their host country, food insecurity is among the
migrants [1,2]. Australia is internationally known to be one most pressing needs experienced by humanitarian entrants
of the most culturally and linguistically diverse countries in [5,6]. This is often exacerbated by their poor health and
the world: 30% of Australians are from a culturally and lin- nutritional condition on arrival, postmigration food and eco-
guistically diverse (CALD) ancestry [1], and Australians fol- nomic stress, language difficulties, low self-esteem and men-
low more than 100 religious faiths and speak more than 150 tal health, and an array of cultural and religion-related
languages [3]. A considerable proportion of Australian resi- barriers such as male–female relations or prejudice and dis-
dents born overseas come from countries recently affected crimination [7]. However, studies measuring food security
by war and political unrest. Thus, many newcomers are refu- among humanitarian entrants to developed countries have
mainly been biased toward food availability (supply) and
access [8,9], and in most cases, the assessment of food secu-
*Corresponding author. Tel.: þ61-3-9251-7772; fax: þ61-3-9244-6624. rity at the household level has been narrow and biased toward
E-mail address: andre.renzaho@deakin.edu.au (A. M. N. Renzaho). coping strategies (e.g., help from relatives and friends or
0899-9007/10/$ – see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.05.001
2. 2 A. M. N. Renzaho and D. Mellor / Nutrition 26 (2010) 1–9
skipping meals) when families experience food and financial neighborhood) factors. These strategies do not necessarily
stress [6,10]. For example, using coping strategy as an indi- represent coping mechanisms in response to financial and
cator of food insecurity at a household level, a recent study food stress [11–13].
in Perth, Australia, found that 71% of refugees reported run- Indeed, CALD refugees and migrants in developed coun-
ning out of food (14 times greater than the 5.2% recorded tries come from countries where food supply relies on subsis-
across all social and economic groups in the 1995 National tence farming [13], and some come from refugee camps and
Nutrition Survey) [5]. The study reported that most cited rea- transitional countries where the main source of food is food
sons for running out of food included poor household and aid and emergency assistance [11,14]. In most cases available
budgeting skills, large household bills, late welfare pay- food is unequally distributed due to social and cultural norms
ments, sending money ‘‘home,’’ and transport issues. [15]. For example, in countries providing the majority of ref-
The emphasis on coping strategies as a surrogate measure- ugees and migrants to Australia, women are responsible for
ment of food insecurity at the household level in a culturally almost 80% of the food production, but still experience
pluralistic society such as Australia could be misleading and poor purchasing power and limited access to and utilization
lead to inappropriate policy formulation. For example, nor- of the food and resources they have created because they
mal patterns among Sudanese before migration include are often in subordinate roles [16]. Yet, after migration,
crop production, migration and wage labor, kinship support CALD refugees and migrants find themselves in an Austra-
and food sharing, food stores, and market purchases lian food system that is heavily regulated and characterized
(Fig. 1). In this setting, food sharing and kinship support by fresh food markets and groceries, restaurants, food pro-
play a social function geared toward ensuring community co- cessing, direct food marketing, food service, and the subse-
hesion and establishing social hierarchies in terms of leaders quent need to develop household cooking skills [9,10].
and followers, strong and weak, and rich and poor through Consequently, the coping mechanism and poor utilization
offerings and ritual meals. Consequently, the practice of of available food could be more related to the complexity
food sharing among families or community members, shar- of the new food system than inadequate availability of and
ing resources, or providing for needy neighbors are not often access to food. So, focusing on coping mechanisms or food
seen as a coping mechanism against stress but rather a cultural availability and access alone as a framework for analysis
obligation and a prerequisite for cultural harmony and com- of food security among CALD communities, without taking
munity cohesion. Depending on each traditional kinship into account food utilization and its determinants, would
structure, these practices are based around the notion of recip- paint a false picture and miss the point.
rocal obligations and do not necessarily reflect coping mech-
anisms. However, strategies used by CALD communities in Food security: a historical perspective and definition
developed countries after migration to adapt to their new eco-
nomic and food environment are complex and multidimen- Despite the vast literature on food security, the concept of
sional, often determined by social (e.g., premigration ‘‘food security’’ has been evolving over the past four decades
exposure and practices or family structure), cultural (e.g., and remains complex and multidimensional. By 1948, 58
food beliefs, feeding practices, and hierarchies in decision state members of the United Nations General Assembly
making), and environmental (e.g., food and environment, adopted the Declaration of Human Rights [17]. The
Normal livelihood patterns When livelihood is compromised
Traditional
Crop migration Crop
production disrupted, production
Migration wage rate failed Wild
and wage Wild low food
labour food failed
Rich
families
Foodstores Market
Food
Market exhausted Coping failure.
stores Coping purchases Terms of
trade laws
Richer kin
Kinship have no Rain brings
support resources risk of
Public Health
left Food-for- diarrhea,
Food-for- Environment
work pipeline measles
work
deficit
Fig. 1. Principal factors undermining coping strategies in Northern Darfur, Sudan (adapted from Collins [58], p. 28).
3. A. M. N. Renzaho and D. Mellor / Nutrition 26 (2010) 1–9 3
declaration accepted and established fundamental rights for policies, and poor governance have combined to affect
every human including the right to an adequate standard of household livelihood, and this has been worsened by the hu-
living including rights to food (Article 25). This was further man immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency
elaborated in Article 11 of the International Covenant on syndrome epidemic [35–37]. As a consequence of the human
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted by the General immunodeficiency virus epidemic, many farms have been
Assembly in 1966 [18,19]. However, at that point, no clear left uncultivated as economically active adults continue to
definition of ‘‘food security’’ existed. It was not until the first die, leaving orphans and elderly people at risk of hunger
World Food Conference, in 1974, that a definition of ‘food and malnutrition. Thus, it is currently estimated that some
security’ emerged. The conference resulted in the ‘‘Universal 60% to 70% of farms in sub-Saharan Africa have had labor
Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition,’’ losses as a result of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired
which was accompanied by 12 solemn proclamations immunodeficiency syndrome [36,38]. In less developed
[20,21]. The most dramatic declaration, however, was that countries of the Pacific region, however, the causes of food
of Henry Kissinger, then the United States’ Secretary of insecurity have included high population density, limited hu-
State, who asserted that ‘‘by 1984 no child, woman, or man man resources, lack of skilled labor due to high migration
would ever go to bed hungry’’ [22]. within islands and overseas, limited access to markets due
The 1974 World Food Summit defined food security as: to difficulty of community outreach and interisland transpor-
‘‘availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of tation, declining soil fertility, land ownership issues, and nat-
basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food con- ural disasters [34,39]. Therefore, in this case, applying the
sumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices’’ livelihood framework to assessing levels of food insecurity
[21,23]. Although earlier definitions of food security empha- becomes the best option because such a framework would
sized ‘‘food availability,’’ in 1983 the Food and Agriculture differentiate households accumulating assets from those
Organization of the United Nations revised its definition and maintaining their existing assets or those depleting their
expanded it to emphasize ‘‘both physical and economic assets in response to financial and food stress [40].
access’’ to food to meet dietary needs [24]. Since then numer- For example, Figure 2 suggests that in cases of human
ous definitions and revisions have emerged. By 1992 Max- made or natural disasters, emergency food and relief are pro-
well and Frankenberger [25] had inventoried 194 different vided to the affected population and such interventions are
studies on the concept and definition of food security and implemented according to internationally adopted and pre-
172 distinct studies on indicators. By 1999, Hoddinott scribed guidelines [41]. Chapter 3 of the Sphere Humanitar-
[26,27] estimated there were more than 200 definitions of ian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response
the food security concept. The 1996 World Food Summit (SPHERE) provides minimum standards in food security,
added two more dimensions: the concept of ‘‘safe and nutri- nutrition, and food aid in the context of complex emergencies
tious’’ food commensurate with dietary needs and ‘‘food [41]. Most importantly, the guidelines set the nutritional
preferences’’ required for an active and healthy life [28]. requirements at 2100 kcal per person per day, of which
One definition by the United States Department of Agricul- 10% to 12% come from protein and at least 17% from fat.
ture, which is the most cited in the United States of America The question then becomes, What are the boundaries of
[29–32] and other industrialized countries [8,29], introduced ‘‘resorting to emergencies?’’ Would a population on food
other dimensions, which in many cases are misleading and aid programs that meet the prescribed SPHERE guidelines
inappropriate for many countries experiencing natural and hu- be classified as food insecure? In most traditional societies,
man made disasters, and whose population’s livelihood relies including emergency situations, kinship support and wild
on migration wages, kinship support, or wild animal and food animal and food hunting are part of the normal livelihood
hunting as part of its normal livelihood mechanism (Fig. 1). mechanism (Fig. 1). Would relying on fishing, hunting, or
The definition asserts that food security refers to: remittance during the planting and harvesting period be con-
access by all people at all times to enough food for an sidered adequate?
active, healthy life and includes at a minimum: a) the In contrast, in developed countries, food insecurity is
ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, closely linked with income and wealth inequality and with
and b) the assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in social exclusion and disadvantage [8,42]. Even in this situa-
socially acceptable ways (e.g., without resorting to emer- tion, Hamelin et al. [29] raised similar questions. They noted
gency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, and other cop- (p. 528S) that, ‘‘one can ask: what are the boundaries of other
ing strategies) (p. 1575) [33]. coping strategies?’’ Questions they raise include: Is parental
support at an advanced age or eating on credit considered ac-
This definition does not hold together when interpreted ceptable? Is acquiring supplemental food through the Mon-
within the current political and economic situations. Indeed, treal Diet Dispensary or related programs in Quebec, or
´ ´
although the nature of food insecurity tends to be similar in WIC vouchers (The WIC program is the U.S. Supplementary
developing and developed countries [34], the environmental Feeding Program for Women, Infants, and Children. The pro-
setting in which it occurs differs considerably. In African gram provides supplementary foods, nutrition education, and
countries, drought, armed conflicts, inadequate agricultural health care and social service referrals to low-income
4. 4 A. M. N. Renzaho and D. Mellor / Nutrition 26 (2010) 1–9
Fig. 2. The Livelihoods Framework and the Relief to Development Continuum (adapted from Drinkwater and Rusinow [59], p. 5).
pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum women, to infants, and assessment of food security should be context specific
and to 1-to-4 year old children who are at nutritional risk. (stable versus emergency environment) and have different re-
It is estimated that almost 50% of all infants and 25% of all quirements according to different structural levels (national
children aged one to four years participate in the WIC versus community and household levels). Another element
program [43,44].) or food stamps in the United States accept- that is missing in all the definitions is that of asset creations.
able? If yes, what strategies are they part of? Are current ef- Hence, food security should be viewed as having four differ-
forts and resources in society adequately balanced between ent but inter-related pillars: food availability, food access,
short-term strategies to alleviate food insecurity and those food utilization, and asset creation (Fig. 3).
that are more clearly directed at its specific prevention?
What are the generally accepted social norms related to Food availability and access
food access, as we embark on the 21st century? Does the
fact that an increasing number of households resort regularly Food availability usually refers to the physical availability
to food pantries indicate the dawn of a new norm? Atlhough of food through national food stocks and commercial food
the investigators have provided guideline for assessing the imports; farming, community gardens, and harvesting (own
social acceptability of practices related to food security, these production and reserves); purchasing (the market) or barter-
remain unanswered questions. We believe that the definition ing; hunting wild food and fishing; and food handouts
5. A. M. N. Renzaho and D. Mellor / Nutrition 26 (2010) 1–9 5
Fig. 3. Elements for analysis in food-security assessment.
(e.g., food aid). Indicators of food availability may include adequacy of food availability and access and these include
variables such as crop production or food production index the healthy food access basket survey, household expenditure
(e.g., average cereal yields per hectare or food production survey, and food retail or outlet surveys.
per capita, food available per capita) or livestock ownership Adequate food availability and access do not translate into
or possession index. In contrast, financial and physical access food security at household, community, and societal levels.
to food refers to the equal distribution of the food available Conforming to the demand–supply curve, not only is food
using existing structures and resources. There are many fac- access influenced by availability of food, it is also influenced
tors that come into play when examining access to food and by the household’s purchasing power and access to resources
these include, inter alia, income level, food cost, physical and that allow the household to pursue activities that meet its
social environment (e.g., geographic remoteness or density of income and food security objectives. In addition, access to
grocery stores per capita), government and trade policies, and food alone does not necessarily mean that a household or in-
food and value systems. Indicators of food access may dividual members of that household are food secure. Unless
include food price monitoring (e.g., analysis across years, the available food is nutritious and can be accessed by all
intra-annual analysis, spatial analysis, or terms of trade ana- household members, unequal food distribution within
lysisy), the diversity of household income sources, food han- a household could in itself lead to food insecurity-related
dling and storage losses (percentage of food losses during nutritional disorders. The overemphasis on food access as
storage), household asset index, debt-to-asset ratio, dietary a measurement of food security has led to the notion of
diversity, coping strategies index, and household expendi- a ‘‘food desert,’’ where urban districts with little or no access
tures indices (including total expenditure on food). There to foods needed to maintain a healthy diet, but often served
are various survey methods that can be used to assess the by plenty of fast food restaurants, are described as food inse-
cure [45,46]. Yet the distribution of food available at the dis-
trict or household is dictated by many factors such as cultural
y
Terms of trade analysis: Comparing commodity prices at the same lo- and ideological norms, the level of literacy, family structure
cation (how do relative prices for 1 kg of apples compare among the various and dynamics, political and economic factors, and the mass
supermarkets in locality A?). Analysis across years: Comparing commodity media. For example, in our study among sub-Saharan African
prices for the same period in a reference year (e.g., how do prices for 1 kg of migrants in Australia, we found that before migration food is
apples in October 2007 compare with the prices for 1 kg of apples in October
culturally constructed and classified into food for the poor
2008?). Intra-annual analysis: Are fruit, vegetable, or cereal prices following
a seasonal change? Spatial analysis: How do prices for apples at one market and luxury food, and this concept extended after migration
in locality A compare with prices for apples at another market in locality B? [47,48]. The expression ‘‘eating like a white person’’ is often
6. 6 A. M. N. Renzaho and D. Mellor / Nutrition 26 (2010) 1–9
used to describe an eating pattern that includes meat and an- Asset creation and institution building
imal products—often accompanied with a glass of beer—on
a regular basis, with reduced consumption of vegetables, Asset creation as part of food security initiatives is con-
legumes, and fruit, which are often less desired and seen as cerned with putting in place structures and systems that sus-
survival food for poor people and are bought only by those tain a household’s or individuals’ ability to withstand sudden
who cannot afford to consume the more expensive and highly shocks that threaten their access to food including economic
regarded animal products. Therefore it does not matter how and climatic crises (e.g., drought, flood) or seasonal food
many fruit and vegetable groceries are made available in sub- shortage. Asset creation needs to be built on five types of
urbs with high concentrations of African migrants; buying capital assets: human, natural, financial, social, and physical
and consuming these food is culturally bound. Hence, the [50]. The physical dimensions of asset creation should
notion of a food desert or the adequacy of food availability address basic infrastructure such as roads, water supplies,
and access alone cannot be sufficient and robust to assess health, and schools. The sustainability of physical assets
the level of food security without taking into account the depends on the community’s involvement in establishing
other two pillars of food security: food utilization and asset such assets and community ownership. As Bennett [51]
creation. noted, protecting physical assets includes establishing a legal
or regulatory framework that protects people in terms of re-
solving issues related to property and land ownership, access
Food utilization
to public services, and security. The dimensions of human
capital for food security may include knowledge creation
The United States Agency for International Development
and the generation of key leaders in the various aspects of
policy determination states that utilization is realized when
the food system such as food production (growing and har-
‘‘food is properly used; proper food processing and storage
vesting) food processing and packaging, food storage and
techniques are employed, adequate knowledge of nutrition
transporting, food waste management, food marketing or
and child care techniques exist and are applied, and adequate
market regulation, and prevention of the destruction of
health and sanitation services exist’’ (p. 4) [49]. From this
knowledge networks brought about by population displace-
definition, it is evident that there are two forms of food utili-
ment. The dimensions of natural capital for food security fo-
zation: physical utilization and biological utilization. The
cus on natural resource conservation and land reclamation.
physical utilization reflects the ability of a household to
The financial assets for food security encompass employment
have all the physical means to use food available. This may
generation and income transfer and money supply through
include cooking utensils, culturally regulated feeding hierar-
diversified loan sources and affordable credit alternatives.
chies, cuisine patterns, adequate housing, caretaker behavior,
For example, Bennett reported that poor farmers too often
knowledge, family structure, and workload. In our recent
sell a major proportion of their produce immediately after
study examining food habits among African migrants to Aus-
harvest to repay debts. When the debts cannot be paid fully,
tralia, we found that 33% of the 138 interviewed households
the consequences include increases in land sales and young
ate at a takeaway fast food shop at least once a week. Of these
people moving to cities in search of alternative income. So-
25% did so due to lack of time to cook, 9.2% due to lack of
cial capital as an asset for food security is indispensable be-
cooking facilities or trying to avoid cooking in summer due to
cause it addresses issues related to trust, reciprocity, and
lack of air conditioning (cooking heats up the house), and
social networks. For example, in their study examining the
0.8% due to not knowing how to cook. In contrast, biological
relationship between social capital and the risk of hunger,
utilization is concerned with the ability of the body to effec-
Martin et al. [52] found that social capital, at the household
tively use the nutrients once the food is consumed. Biological
and community levels, was significantly associated with
utilization is compromised by many factors including infec-
household food security, and that the relation was stronger
tion (increased nutrient demand), poor hygiene that could
for dimensions of reciprocity among neighbors. They also
lead to diarrheal diseases or infestation (e.g., hookworms),
found that, among households experiencing financial distress
micronutrient synergy, or antagonism. Hence, examining
or limited food resources, those who exhibited higher levels
household food security requires a consideration of a public
of social capital were less likely to experience hunger.
health framework that not only assesses food availability and
access but also examines diet adequacy, access to clean
water, housing conditions, sanitation, and health care. That Public health implication and conclusion
is why objective measurements of food insecurity should
include food consumption indicators in the short term (e.g., Food insecurity is closely linked with nutritional out-
breast-feeding initiation and duration, food intake, food comes as measured by anthropometric, biochemical, or clin-
habits and practices) and nutritional status parameters in ical parameters and other adverse health outcomes. Cook
the long run (obesity, undernutrition, relative weight growth et al. [53] found that children in households that are food in-
among children, serum measurements of micronutrients such secure without hunger had significantly higher odds of hav-
as iron, vitamin A, and so forth). ing fair/poor health and of being hospitalized since birth
7. A. M. N. Renzaho and D. Mellor / Nutrition 26 (2010) 1–9 7
than children from food-secure households. The researchers insecurity with hunger in adults would be more likely to rep-
speculated that, although food insecurity as measured by resent severity in food scarcity than food insecurity with hun-
a coping strategy index does not involve measuring reduc- ger in children.
tions in the quantity of food intake sufficient to involve mea- In all, data on food insecurity and its relation to health con-
surable hunger, overall food insecurity is associated with sequences are not consistent and difficult to operationalize in
adverse health outcomes in young children. Similarly, avail- terms of public health policies because of the diversity in
able data suggest that there is a direct relation between food food insecurity indicators. For example, when using coping
insecurity and obesity in developed countries and undernutri- strategies as an indicator of food insecurity, some studies
tion in developing countries. Food-insecure individuals are have reported a positive dose–response between food
2.8 times as likely to be obese [54] and 3 times more likely insecurity and increased risk of obesity [54], whereas others
to be underweight than their food-secure counterparts [55]. could not find any relation [55,56]. Therefore, when coping
Furthermore, food insecurity has been found to be associated strategies are used as an indicator of food insecurity, they
with lower consumption of fruit and vegetables [56]. need to be culturally relevant and focus tested. Having sub-
Hence, it is important that a food-insecurity measurement jective measurements that are culturally focus tested, together
is multilayered. Objectively, indicators of food insecurity in with objective measurements of nutritional outcomes, would
the long run should include components of the core measure- allow policy makers to devise culturally competent food pro-
ments of the nutritional status of individuals or communities grams intended to alleviate hunger and its long-term effects
being researched. For example, because food insecurity neg- and to make evidence-based decisions to inform social and
atively affects the quality of the diet and diversity [56], the nutrition policies.
ultimate consequences could include undernutrition, micro-
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