We are what we eat - The role of diets in the gut-microbiota-health interactionNorwich Research Park
Lecture at Summer School Nutrigenomics in Camerino Italy Sept. 2016.
The (small) intestine has increasingly been recognized to play a key role in the early phase of pro-inflammatory disturbances e.g. by enhanced overflow of dietary components to the distal intestine (ileum, colon) and affecting the gut microbiota & their metabolites (e.g. bile acids, short chain fatty acids). Transcription factors e.g. PPARγ, FXR, AHR or NRF2 are involved in host sensing mechanisms of microbial metabolites. Strong impact of dietary composition on small and large intestinal microbiota and their metabolic functions.
Targeting the (small) intestine and its microbiota with (plant) foods, bioactives, probiotics and drugs will improve gut and liver functions with strong implications for human health during life.
You can not change your genome but can influence how it is used by healthy food patterns and lifestyle. This talk focuses on the gut as a primary gatekeeper between foods, the microbiota and the immuno-metabolic system of the host. The underlying biology is complex but well regulated if the system is not chronically overloaded.
We are what we eat - The role of diets in the gut-microbiota-health interactionNorwich Research Park
Lecture at Summer School Nutrigenomics in Camerino Italy Sept. 2016.
The (small) intestine has increasingly been recognized to play a key role in the early phase of pro-inflammatory disturbances e.g. by enhanced overflow of dietary components to the distal intestine (ileum, colon) and affecting the gut microbiota & their metabolites (e.g. bile acids, short chain fatty acids). Transcription factors e.g. PPARγ, FXR, AHR or NRF2 are involved in host sensing mechanisms of microbial metabolites. Strong impact of dietary composition on small and large intestinal microbiota and their metabolic functions.
Targeting the (small) intestine and its microbiota with (plant) foods, bioactives, probiotics and drugs will improve gut and liver functions with strong implications for human health during life.
You can not change your genome but can influence how it is used by healthy food patterns and lifestyle. This talk focuses on the gut as a primary gatekeeper between foods, the microbiota and the immuno-metabolic system of the host. The underlying biology is complex but well regulated if the system is not chronically overloaded.
Diet, microbiota and the immune system: A gut feeling about type 1 diabetesLaura Berry
Presented at the 3rd Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Congress: Asia. To find out more, visit: www.global-engage.com
Eliana Mariño, Head of the Immunology and Diabetes Laboratory at Sydney University, discusses her finding that autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice correlated with fecal concentrations of the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate and butyrate.
What is gut microbiota? What is the influence of diet on the proper functioning of our gut microbiota? How does the gut-brain axis (GBA) influence the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain? Tune into this webinar to find out more about this timely topic.
Learning Objectives:
List the neurological and physiological connections that enable the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain
Identify lifestyle, dietary, and microbial influences on the flow and function of signaling molecules along the gut-microbiota-brain axis
Implement dietary regimens that target the gut and gastrointestinal microbiota to improve or maintain optimal physical and mental health
RDNs earn 1.0 CEU
Recent lecture (june 2011)
Nutrigenomics of FAT: What is “good” or “bad” for human health?
Less healthy: Dietary fats rich in long chain saturated fatty acids that can be pro-inflammatory if chronically “overconsumed”
More favorable: Unsaturated fatty acids (in particular PUFAs from fish oil) have anti-inflammatory properties
A healthy adipose tissue is essential to efficiently store fat and prevent ectopic fat deposition
Healthy : Subcutanous fat > visceral fat > ectopic fat : Unhealthy
Future challenge: To prevent the unhealthy effects of a surplus of added sugars (sucrose, fructose) & high GI carbs
Will be converted into saturated fat
Linked to ectopic fat deposition e.g. NASH
Linked to obesity, diabetes, CVD….
Childhood obesity
The gut-brain axis (GBA) consists of bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. Recent advances in research have described the importance of gut microbiota in influencing these interactions.
Diet, microbiota and the immune system: A gut feeling about type 1 diabetesLaura Berry
Presented at the 3rd Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Congress: Asia. To find out more, visit: www.global-engage.com
Eliana Mariño, Head of the Immunology and Diabetes Laboratory at Sydney University, discusses her finding that autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice correlated with fecal concentrations of the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate and butyrate.
What is gut microbiota? What is the influence of diet on the proper functioning of our gut microbiota? How does the gut-brain axis (GBA) influence the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain? Tune into this webinar to find out more about this timely topic.
Learning Objectives:
List the neurological and physiological connections that enable the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain
Identify lifestyle, dietary, and microbial influences on the flow and function of signaling molecules along the gut-microbiota-brain axis
Implement dietary regimens that target the gut and gastrointestinal microbiota to improve or maintain optimal physical and mental health
RDNs earn 1.0 CEU
Recent lecture (june 2011)
Nutrigenomics of FAT: What is “good” or “bad” for human health?
Less healthy: Dietary fats rich in long chain saturated fatty acids that can be pro-inflammatory if chronically “overconsumed”
More favorable: Unsaturated fatty acids (in particular PUFAs from fish oil) have anti-inflammatory properties
A healthy adipose tissue is essential to efficiently store fat and prevent ectopic fat deposition
Healthy : Subcutanous fat > visceral fat > ectopic fat : Unhealthy
Future challenge: To prevent the unhealthy effects of a surplus of added sugars (sucrose, fructose) & high GI carbs
Will be converted into saturated fat
Linked to ectopic fat deposition e.g. NASH
Linked to obesity, diabetes, CVD….
Childhood obesity
The gut-brain axis (GBA) consists of bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. Recent advances in research have described the importance of gut microbiota in influencing these interactions.
Role of Gut Microbiota in Lipid MetabolismSharafat Ali
It has become widely appreciated that our gut symbionts play integral roles in human health since perturbations of this bacterial community or the products they can produce have been associated with increased susceptibility to a variety of diseases.
Contents:
1. PCOS: etiopathogenesis
2. DOGMA theory – Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota
3. Evidence for microbiological dysbiosis and a “leaky” gut in PCOS
4. Chronic low-grade inflammation as a cornerstone of PCOS pathology
5. Chronic inflammation as a cause of insulin resistance
6. Probiotics and Prebiotics – potential new treatment for PCOS
Renée Wilson, Registered Dietitian and PhD Candidate at University of Otago, New Zealand. Presented at the 1st International Symposium on Kiwifruit and Health: http://www.kiwifruitsymposium.org/presentations/diet-microbiota-and-metabolic-health/
This cross-sectional pilot study aims to determine whether or not there are any differences between the gut microbiota of people with normal glucose tolerance, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
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5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
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In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
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The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
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the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
The microbiota–gut–brain axis in obesity article
1. THE MICROBIOTA–GUT–
BRAIN AXIS IN OBESITY
PRESENTED BY DANA MATBOULI
Torres-Fuentes, C., Schellekens, H., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017).The microbiota–gut–brain axis in obesity.The Lancet. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2(10), 747-
756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(17)30147-4
Cristina Torres-Fuentes, Harriët Schellekens, Timothy G Dinan,
John F Cryan
3. INTRODUCTION
Human intestines host tens of trillions of microorganisms
Dominated by bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes
Gut bacteria have a symbiotic relationship with the human body:
• Protecting and supporting the structure of intestinal mucosa
• Key regulators of host physiology and pathophysiology
4. INTRODUCTION
The composition of the human gut microbiota is altered in:
Metabolic disorders Neuropsychiatric
disorders
Obesity
Diabetes
Eating
disorders
Depressi
on
Anxiety
5. ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA
Regulate fat
storage
Harvest
energy from
the diet
Affect
inflammatio
n
Affect
insulin
Metabolism
Affect
glucose
metabolism
Affect
hepatic lipid
metabolism
Affect the CNS via modulation of endocrine signaling
pathways of the microbiota–gut–brain axis (glp-1,
peptide YY signaling, or activation of reward
pathways)
Alterations in the composition of the microbiota, especially early in life,
might cause obesity and diabetes by substantially modifying the host’s
metabolism and affecting homoeostasis and the central appetite mechanism
6.
7. OBESITY ASSOCIATED MICROBIOTA
• Germ free mice were protected against obesity and were significantly
leaner than were control mice (despite consuming more calories)
• They had altered plasma lipid metabolic markers and lower
concentrations of ghrelin and leptin (indicating an energy deficit)
Bacteroidet
es Bacteroidet
es
Firmicute
s
Firmicute
s
8. OBESITY ASSOCIATED MICROBIOTA
Alterations in the gut
microbiota following envi
ronmental reprogramm
ing ameliorates the dev
elopment of metabolic sy
ndrome in different
strains of mice
Genetics:
monozygotic twins
had a more similar
gut microbiota
composition than
did dizygotic twins
9. OBESITY ASSOCIATED MICROBIOTA
• Metagenome-wide association study found a decreased abundance of a
glutamate-fermenting commensal bacteria in obese individuals This
abundance was increased after bariatric surgery, which highlights further
unknown links between intestinal microbiota alterations, circulating
amino-acids, and obesity
10. BARIATRIC SURGERY
• RYGB affects the composition of gut microbiota, leading to increased
diversity
• After bariatric surgery, patients and mice have an increased abundance of
Gammaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia and a decrease in Firmicutes
• FMT from mice that had RYGB into germ-free mice resulted in weight loss
in the recipient animals (potentially due to altered microbial production of
SCFAs) bariatric surgery leads to specific changes in the gut microbiota,
causing changes in the composition of SCFAs and thus influencing host
metabolism, including gut hormone secretion and insulin sensitivity
11. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
• The intestinal microbiota produce bioactive metabolites in a diet-
dependent manner (short-chain fatty acids & conjugated fatty acids)
• These metabolites have peripheral effects but also modulate the brain
via direct or indirect mechanisms, which modifies host metabolism and
the central regulation of appetite and food intake
13. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
Peripheral metabolic signalling
• An obesity-associated microbiota increases the efficiency of calorie
uptake from ingested foods provide more energy to the host from
otherwise indigestible carbohydrates and proteins
• The gut microbiota changes the composition and relative abundance of
bile acid species, which might explain its effect on glucose and insulin
homoeostasis
• A reduced bile acid concentration in the gut has been associated with
bacterial overgrowth and inflammation
14. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
• Some gut bacteria metabolise bile acids and their conjugates for a
source of energy, causing activation of bile acid receptors (FXR and
TGR5) which are essential receptors for maintaining glucose tolerance
and insulin sensitivity
• Obese patients and type 2 diabetics have altered bile acid metabolism
• Gut microbiota also affect serotonin metabolism might also influence
host glucose homoeostasis (stimulation of 5-HT1B or 5-HT4 receptors
increased plasma active GLP-1 concentrations)
15. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
The gut microbiota might also affect fat storage and hepatic lipid
metabolism
• A circulating lipoprotein lipase inhibitor is selectively suppressed by
intestinal bacteria, inducing triglyceride deposition in adipocytes
• Gut bacteria affect the bioavailability of choline (an essential nutrient for
synthesis of VLDL) which affects triglyceride storage in the liver
• Gut microbiota-mediated activation of the bile acid FXR receptor
increases adiposity
16. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
The gut microbiota is also associated with inflammation in obesity
• Increased plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (an endotoxin in the cell wall of
Gram-negative bacteria) causes metabolic endotoxemia inducing a strong
immune system response and contributing to obesity-related low-grade
inflammation
Note: Dietary fat increases intestinal lipopolysaccharide absorption by
incorporation into chylomicrons
• Metabolic endotoxemia might also result from impaired intestinal barrier
integrity HOWEVER, some gut bacteria could prevent this by protecting
intestinal barrier integrity which leads to thickening of the mucus layer or up-
17. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
Microbiota and obesity—from gut to brain
• Some bacterial strains can modify gut hormone secretion (PYY, GLP-1,
leptin, ghrelin) thus affect appetite and satiety via hypothalamic
neuroendocrine pathways
• Microbiota-derived metabolites(SCFAs) can bind to receptors on
enteroendocrine cells, modifying the release of enteric hormones into the
systemic circulation
• HENCE fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates by the intestinal
microbiota has been shown to increase the production of SCFAs and
18. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
• Acetate, the main SCFA secreted by intestinal bacteria, directly suppresses
appetite via central hypothalamic mechanisms
• HOWEVER an increase in acetate concentration caused by altered microbiota
leads to activation of the parasympathetic NS, promoting glucose-stimulated
insulin secretion, increased ghrelin secretion, and obesity
• Absence of microbiota in germ-free mice substantially decreased expression of
intestinal satiety peptides and increased expression of the oral fat taste
receptor resulting in an increased calorie intake from fats
19. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
• In EEC, different taste receptors (eg, sweet, fat, bitter, and umami
receptors) are expressed and their activation leads to secretion of GLP-
1, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin
• A study in germ-free mice showed alteration in the intestinal sweet
signaling protein, T1R3, which led to increased consumption of nutritive
sweet solutions
20. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
• Gut bacteria produce neuroactive metabolites, including serotonin and γ-
aminobutyric acid (GABA), which affect the central control of appetite
• Serotonin mediates its appetite-suppressant effects by modulating
melanocortin neurons
• GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS stimulates
feeding, and its synaptic release by agouti-related protein-expressing
neurons in the ARC is required for normal regulation of energy balance
21. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
Pathways related to mood, reward, and feeding
• Some bacterial species interact with host metabolism through stimulation of
systems outside of the GI tract such as the endocannabinoid system, which
affects gut barrier function, host metabolism, & homoeostatic and hedonic
control of appetite and food intake
• Increased propionate reduces anticipatory reward responses to high-energy
foods
• Gut microbiota affects mood and behavior via:
Vagal nerve stimulation
Immune activation
Production of microbial metabolites
22. METABOLISM AND APPETITE REGULATION
• Increases in psychological stress activate the hedonic signaling pathway,
stimulating intake of calorie-dense (comfort) foods
• FMT from either anxious or obese mice, or patients with depression, produces
an anxious phenotype in the recipient rodent
• Modification of the gut microbiota via prebiotic administration has anxiolytic-like
and antidepressant-like effects
• Gut microbiota might affect mood and ultimately affect brain circuits linked to
feeding behaviors
23. DIET AS MODIFIABLE FACTOR OF MICROBIOTA IN
OBESITY
• Changes in diet could explain 57% of structural variations in total gut
microbiota
• Western diets, especially low dietary fiber, have possibly reduced the diversity
of microbiota over generations
• Populations with traditional diets that are high in fiber and low in sugar and fat,
will have increased microbiota diversity
• Diet-induced obesity in mice following a high fat and high sugar western-style
diet was associated with an increase in some Firmicutes (caused by their
competitive advantage in processing simple sugars) and a substantially lower
24. DIET AS MODIFIABLE FACTOR OF MICROBIOTA IN
OBESITY
• The composition of the microbiota changes substantially with age(less diverse)
• The microbiome contributes to accelerated post-dieting weight regain
• Since diet is a key determinant in short-term and long-term composition,
diversity, dynamics of the intestinal microbiota, and subsequent microbiota-
driven host metabolic functioning, interest is in designing diets that enhance the
growth of specific beneficial anti-obesity gut microbiota
25. DIET AS MODIFIABLE FACTOR OF MICROBIOTA IN
OBESITY
• High-fiber diets are associated with different positive metabolic effects
and a diverse, healthy microbiota
• Dietary fat might also indirectly modulate the gut microbiota through bile
acid secretion and composition
• Bile acids have selective antimicrobial activity and could therefore
mediate the fat-induced effects on the gut microbiota
26. DIET AS MODIFIABLE FACTOR OF MICROBIOTA IN
OBESITY
• 90–95% of polyphenols accumulate in the large intestine and act as
energy substrates for some beneficial bacteria while inhibiting the growth
of pathogenic bacteria
• Proteins are the major source of nitrogen, which is essential for
fermentation of carbohydrates and production of beneficial products
such as SCFAs
• Although a high-protein diet seems to lead to weight loss, it can also
cause detrimental health effects, such as increased risk of colonic
27.
28. THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
Probiotics
• Live microorganisms that, when administrated in adequate amounts, confer
beneficial health effects on the host
• Different bacterial strains have shown beneficial anti-obesity effects
• Akkermansia muciniphila has the capability to reverse high-fat diet-induced
metabolic effects such as fat-mass gain, metabolic endotoxaemia, adipose
tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance
• Beneficial bacteria interact with different components of the diet, mainly
insoluble fibre, releasing bioactive metabolites that signal to the host via the
gut–brain axis
29. THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
Prebiotics
• Prebiotics are non-digestible compounds that modulate composition, activity, or
both, of the gut microbiota:
oligosaccharides
fructo-oligosaccharides
galacto-oligosaccharides
polyphenols
• Fiber rich diets increases the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut
(Bifidobacterium &Lactobacillus spp) causing anti-obesity effects, including
reduction of endotoxaemia and enhanced intestinal barrier function and
decreased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines
30. THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
FMT
• FMT from healthy donors into the patient’s intestinal tract (colonoscopy or
duodenal endoscopy) results in the restoration of normal gut microbial
community
• Donor microbial strains in human beings can colonize the recipient gut
microbiota and persist for at least 3 months
• Donor–recipient compatibilities are important for success (a greater chance of
prospering if the species were already present in the recipient)
• FMT has successfully been used to treat Clostridium difficile infections (>90%
efficacy)
35. CONCLUSION
• Host–microbe interactions are key for optimal health
• Commensal bacteria exert many structural and protective effects on
intestinal mucosa, but also affect host metabolism
• Evidence highlights the central role of the gut microbiota in the gut–brain
axis and its implication on central appetite modulation
• The association between the composition of the intestinal microbiota and
metabolic dysfunction or obesity has been extensively reported
36. CONCLUSION
Modulation of the gut microbiota might be a potential therapeutic target for
the treatment of obesity and other metabolic diseases
Strategies include:
• The use of prebiotics and probiotics (most commonly used)
• The use of polyphenols
• Bariatric surgery
• FMT
Role for intestinal microbiota in energy balance originated from germ-free mice.
a wider variety of Bacteroidetes, which break down plant starches and fibres for energy, was found in individuals with normal body-mass index than in obese individuals, in whom an increase in the abundance of Firmicutes was found.
Role for intestinal microbiota in energy balance originated from germ-free mice.
a wider variety of Bacteroidetes, which break down plant starches and fibres for energy, was found in individuals with normal body-mass index than in obese individuals, in whom an increase in the abundance of Firmicutes was found.
Role for intestinal microbiota in energy balance originated from germ-free mice.
a wider variety of Bacteroidetes, which break down plant starches and fibres for energy, was found in individuals with normal body-mass index than in obese individuals, in whom an increase in the abundance of Firmicutes was found.
Most notably, the key determinant affecting the composition and activity of the gut microbiota is diet
The table shows the diet’s effects on gut microbiota and host metabolism.