Lecture at Summer School Nutrigenomics in Camerino Italy Sept. 2016.
The (small) intestine has increasingly been recognized to play a key role in the early phase of pro-inflammatory disturbances e.g. by enhanced overflow of dietary components to the distal intestine (ileum, colon) and affecting the gut microbiota & their metabolites (e.g. bile acids, short chain fatty acids). Transcription factors e.g. PPARγ, FXR, AHR or NRF2 are involved in host sensing mechanisms of microbial metabolites. Strong impact of dietary composition on small and large intestinal microbiota and their metabolic functions.
Targeting the (small) intestine and its microbiota with (plant) foods, bioactives, probiotics and drugs will improve gut and liver functions with strong implications for human health during life.
Recent lecture (june 2011)
Nutrigenomics of FAT: What is “good” or “bad” for human health?
Less healthy: Dietary fats rich in long chain saturated fatty acids that can be pro-inflammatory if chronically “overconsumed”
More favorable: Unsaturated fatty acids (in particular PUFAs from fish oil) have anti-inflammatory properties
A healthy adipose tissue is essential to efficiently store fat and prevent ectopic fat deposition
Healthy : Subcutanous fat > visceral fat > ectopic fat : Unhealthy
Future challenge: To prevent the unhealthy effects of a surplus of added sugars (sucrose, fructose) & high GI carbs
Will be converted into saturated fat
Linked to ectopic fat deposition e.g. NASH
Linked to obesity, diabetes, CVD….
Childhood obesity
You can not change your genome but can influence how it is used by healthy food patterns and lifestyle. This talk focuses on the gut as a primary gatekeeper between foods, the microbiota and the immuno-metabolic system of the host. The underlying biology is complex but well regulated if the system is not chronically overloaded.
What is health? NUGO International nutrigenomics Conference Wageningen Sept 9...Norwich Research Park
What is health? Can Nutrigenomics allow to quantify metabolic health? (YES)
My very personal conclusions of a wonderful conference (NUGO Week 2011) in Wageningen (The Netherlands) that we organized.
Recent lecture (june 2011)
Nutrigenomics of FAT: What is “good” or “bad” for human health?
Less healthy: Dietary fats rich in long chain saturated fatty acids that can be pro-inflammatory if chronically “overconsumed”
More favorable: Unsaturated fatty acids (in particular PUFAs from fish oil) have anti-inflammatory properties
A healthy adipose tissue is essential to efficiently store fat and prevent ectopic fat deposition
Healthy : Subcutanous fat > visceral fat > ectopic fat : Unhealthy
Future challenge: To prevent the unhealthy effects of a surplus of added sugars (sucrose, fructose) & high GI carbs
Will be converted into saturated fat
Linked to ectopic fat deposition e.g. NASH
Linked to obesity, diabetes, CVD….
Childhood obesity
You can not change your genome but can influence how it is used by healthy food patterns and lifestyle. This talk focuses on the gut as a primary gatekeeper between foods, the microbiota and the immuno-metabolic system of the host. The underlying biology is complex but well regulated if the system is not chronically overloaded.
What is health? NUGO International nutrigenomics Conference Wageningen Sept 9...Norwich Research Park
What is health? Can Nutrigenomics allow to quantify metabolic health? (YES)
My very personal conclusions of a wonderful conference (NUGO Week 2011) in Wageningen (The Netherlands) that we organized.
My recent introduction talk for the Nutrigenomics Masterclass 2011in Wageningen (The Netherlands):
How to use Nutrigenomics & molecular nutrition? From challenges to solutions
This presentation from the recent international nutrition conference in Bangkok presents a short overview about several aspects of state-of-the art nutrigenomics & molecular nutrition research.
Conclusion
Nutrigenomics enables us
-To understand how nutrition precisely works (evidence-based nutrition);
-To quantify the nutritional needs for optimized fitness at different life stages (“personalized” nutrition);
-To improve early diagnostics of nutrition related disorders (“challenge tests”);
-To support the development of “smart foods” for modern mankind (healthy and tasty, sustainable, affordable)
-To enable the transition of nutritional science to nutritional science 2.0
An Ecophylogenetic Approach to Determine the Evolutionary History of the Mamm...tsharpton
Identifying those gut microbes that co-diversify with mammals is important to our understanding of the mechanisms and health implications of host-microbiome interactions. For example, microbiota that are conserved across mammalian species may express a trait that has been subject to selection throughout the evolution of these mammals, possibly because it is critical to health. While advances in environmental DNA sequencing have transformed our understanding of how enteric microbes are distributed across mammalian species, these data are frequently analyzed using phylogenetically agnostic approaches. Such approaches can obscure the detection of diverged groups of bacteria that have been conserved across mammalian species. To provide enhanced resolution into evolutionary associations between gut microbiota and mammals, we innovated a high-throughput ecophylogenetic method, known as ClaatTU (Cladal Taxonomic Units). ClaaTU analyzes phylogenies assembled from environmental DNA sequences collected from a set of microbial communities and profiles the presence and abundance of each monophyletic clade in each community. As a result, it enables the identification of specific microbial clades that are distributed across host communities in a manner indicative of being associated with mammalian evolution. To demonstrate this, we applied ClaaTU to a mammalian microbiome dataset and (1) identified clades of gut bacteria that are unique to groups of mammals based on their taxonomy or dietary regime, (2)
found that there exists ecophylogenetic structure in the mammalian gut microbiome, indicating that gut bacterial phylogenetic diversity associates with host phylogeny, and
(3) discovered specic clades that are present in a larger number of mammals than expected by chance, some of which may co-diversify with their hosts. Our findings indicate that some mammalian gut microbiota may have been anciently acquired and subsequently retained in extant lineages, indicating that they may play an important role in mediating host-microbiome interactions and maintaining host health.
A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
My recent introduction talk for the Nutrigenomics Masterclass 2011in Wageningen (The Netherlands):
How to use Nutrigenomics & molecular nutrition? From challenges to solutions
This presentation from the recent international nutrition conference in Bangkok presents a short overview about several aspects of state-of-the art nutrigenomics & molecular nutrition research.
Conclusion
Nutrigenomics enables us
-To understand how nutrition precisely works (evidence-based nutrition);
-To quantify the nutritional needs for optimized fitness at different life stages (“personalized” nutrition);
-To improve early diagnostics of nutrition related disorders (“challenge tests”);
-To support the development of “smart foods” for modern mankind (healthy and tasty, sustainable, affordable)
-To enable the transition of nutritional science to nutritional science 2.0
An Ecophylogenetic Approach to Determine the Evolutionary History of the Mamm...tsharpton
Identifying those gut microbes that co-diversify with mammals is important to our understanding of the mechanisms and health implications of host-microbiome interactions. For example, microbiota that are conserved across mammalian species may express a trait that has been subject to selection throughout the evolution of these mammals, possibly because it is critical to health. While advances in environmental DNA sequencing have transformed our understanding of how enteric microbes are distributed across mammalian species, these data are frequently analyzed using phylogenetically agnostic approaches. Such approaches can obscure the detection of diverged groups of bacteria that have been conserved across mammalian species. To provide enhanced resolution into evolutionary associations between gut microbiota and mammals, we innovated a high-throughput ecophylogenetic method, known as ClaatTU (Cladal Taxonomic Units). ClaaTU analyzes phylogenies assembled from environmental DNA sequences collected from a set of microbial communities and profiles the presence and abundance of each monophyletic clade in each community. As a result, it enables the identification of specific microbial clades that are distributed across host communities in a manner indicative of being associated with mammalian evolution. To demonstrate this, we applied ClaaTU to a mammalian microbiome dataset and (1) identified clades of gut bacteria that are unique to groups of mammals based on their taxonomy or dietary regime, (2)
found that there exists ecophylogenetic structure in the mammalian gut microbiome, indicating that gut bacterial phylogenetic diversity associates with host phylogeny, and
(3) discovered specic clades that are present in a larger number of mammals than expected by chance, some of which may co-diversify with their hosts. Our findings indicate that some mammalian gut microbiota may have been anciently acquired and subsequently retained in extant lineages, indicating that they may play an important role in mediating host-microbiome interactions and maintaining host health.
A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
MEMORIAS TRABAJOS LIBRES
Conferencia Científica Anual sobre Síndrome Metabólico 2015
Efecto comparativo de cuatro modelos de dieta con diferente cantidad y tipo de grasa sobre la disfunción del tejido adiposo en pacientes con síndrome metabólico en estado postprandial
PhD María Eugenia Meneses*, PhD Antonio Camargo-García*, PhD Cristina Cruz-Teno*, PhD Yolanda Jiménez-Gómez**, PhD Pablo Pérez-Martínez*, PhD Javier Delgado-Lista*, PhD María del Mar Malagón-Poyato**, PhD Francisco Pérez-Jiménez*, PhD Helen Roche***, PhD José López-Miranda*
* Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Servicio de Medicina Interna, IMIBIC/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España y CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, ** Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología. IMIBIC, (CIBEROBN).Universidad de Córdoba, España, *** Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland
Our designer Ian Black introduced us to Sow & Grow, a web app for folks looking to grow their own vegetables and have no idea where to start.
He shares his journey on trying to grow vegetables whilst learning javascript.
In the UK, rates of obesity have increased by 30% in women, 40% in men, and 50% in children within the last decade resulting in over 25% of adults classified as obese today.
Obesity, in particular central obesity, is the dominant risk factor for insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. Evidence supporting obesity as an inflammation condition continues to grow and this is directly linked to the development of insulin resistance.
This webinar discusses novel approaches for the treatment and prevention of the common morbidities associated with obesity, specifically insulin resistance and type II diabetes, through targeting obesity-induced inflammatory processes.
Dr. Tom Burkey - Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiologyJohn Blue
Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiology - Dr. Tom Burkey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
Austin Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of Veterinary Science.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for researchers, physicians, academicians and other Veterinary professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of diagnosis and treatments in Veterinary sciences.
Austin Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Veterinary Science.
What is gut microbiota? What is the influence of diet on the proper functioning of our gut microbiota? How does the gut-brain axis (GBA) influence the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain? Tune into this webinar to find out more about this timely topic.
Learning Objectives:
List the neurological and physiological connections that enable the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain
Identify lifestyle, dietary, and microbial influences on the flow and function of signaling molecules along the gut-microbiota-brain axis
Implement dietary regimens that target the gut and gastrointestinal microbiota to improve or maintain optimal physical and mental health
RDNs earn 1.0 CEU
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering is an international, open access, peer reviewed Journal publishing original research & insights in all the related fields of Biotechnology & Bioengineering. Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering covers major departments including but not limiting to biotechnology research and bioengineering in industrial sector such as agricultural biotechnology, molecular biology, food and beverages industry, textiles industry, biological products, medicines and pharmaceuticals while on the other hand this branch of science that caters to the requirements of agriculture, animal husbandry, nutrition and environmental conservation. Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering provides a new platform for all researchers, scientists, scholars, students to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering is a broad Open Access peer reviewed scientific journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide unbounded access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, and Perspectives (Editorials).
Austin Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Anatomy research community by amplifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Dr Carlene Starck, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Riddet Institute, New Zealand: http://www.kiwifruitsymposium.org/presentations/kiwifruit-and-digestive-comfort-in-vitro-and-in-vivo-supporting-evidence/
Presentation at the 1st International Symposium on Kiwifruit and Health.
Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) hosts a number of beneficial properties for gut health. In addition to its high fibre content, water holding capacity and levels of the vitamins C and E, its consumption has been reported to provide relief of symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort.
We Are More Than What We Eat Dietary Interventions Depend on Sex and Genetic ...InsideScientific
To learn more visit: https://insidescientific.com/webinar/we-are-more-than-what-we-eat-dietary-interventions-depend-on-sex-and-genetic-background/
Despite evidence that sex and genetic background are key factors in the response to diet, most studies of how diet regulates metabolic health and even longevity in mice examine only a single strain and sex.
Using multiple strains and both male and female mice, Dr Lamming's team has found that improvements in metabolic health and in longevity in response to reduced levels of protein or specific amino acids strongly depend on sex and strain. While some phenotypes were conserved across strains and sexes, including increased glucose tolerance and energy expenditure, they observed high variability in adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and circulating hormones. Using a multi-omics approach, they identified mega-clusters of differentially expressed hepatic genes, metabolites, and lipids associated with each phenotype, gaining new insight into role of the energy balance hormone FG21 in the response to protein restriction.
Microbiota, leaky gut syndrome and gut-related diseasesMaurizio Salamone
Lecture on "Microbiota, Leaky gut Syndrome and gut-related disease" at the 7° International workshop on Immunonutrition "Eating for preventing" Carovigno (BA) May 1st-3th 2014
Similar to We are what we eat - The role of diets in the gut-microbiota-health interaction (20)
How I used Twitter the last 3 years to discuss the impact of healthy nutrition & lifestyle for personal health => field of Nutrigenomics (you are what you eat and have eaten).
Short intro epigenetics & nutrigenomics& the early impact of nutrition Norwich Research Park
Our “genes” are not fixed: “Plasticity” of the genotype by epigenetic mechanisms => important for the phenotypic impact of nutrition.
• Histone and DNA modifications have impact on gene transcription efficiency. Methylation (more stable) and acetylation (more flexible) have impact on chromatin
structures.
• Epigenetic modifications have impact on offspring, embryo development, ageing and disease development or prevention => example: Dutch Hunger Winter.
Health status of future parents are very important for the future health of children.
Early healthy nutrition & lifestyle essential for successful healthy life & “ageing”.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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We are what we eat - The role of diets in the gut-microbiota-health interaction
1. We are what we eat
How the microbiome is shaped by diets
Michael Müller
Professor of Nutrigenomics & Systems Nutrition
Director of the NRP Food & Health Alliance
@nutrigenomics
FAHAFood & Health Alliance
2. What is a healthy diet?
"Eat food, not too much, mostly plants"
Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma
4. ‘No pain No gain’
We can’t change our genes but can improve the accessibility
of the genome leading to improved resilience
The molecular basis of adaptation to ‘stress’ challenges
(here for exercise-related training)
5. The mechanisms that explain everything
Camerino 2014 Camerino 2016
Nutrition / Nutrigenomics
7. de Wit NJ, Afman LA, Mensink M, Müller M
Phenotyping the effect of diet on non-alcoholic fatty
liver disease J Hepatol 57:1370-3 (2012)
.
The power of systems nutrition or medicine
Targeting the gut to treat the liver
8. Inflammatory mechanisms of food components
Tilg H, Moschen AR. Food, immunity, and the microbiome Gastroenterology. 2015 May;148(6):1107-19.
9. Mechanisms of signaling from the gut microbiota to the host
Sonnenburg JL, Bäckhed F. Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators
of human metabolism. Nature. 2016 Jul 6;535(7610):56-64.
10. Adaptive response to a switch from high starch to
high sat. fat diet in the mouse small intestine
De Wit et al Plos ONE 2011
11. High sat. fat diets induce obesity & development of NAFLD
=> enhanced overflow of dietary sat. fat to the ileum
and remodelling of gut microbiota
A high-sat. fat-diet reduced microbial diversity and increased the
Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;303:G589-99
Oils
Palm
Olive
Safflower
Palm
12. Anti-inflammatory effects of plant food components
Tilg H, Moschen AR. Food, immunity, and the microbiome Gastroenterology. 2015 May;148(6):1107-19.
13. Resistant starch leads to changes in the microbiome &
related host responses in the proximal colon of male pigs
• Consumption of resistant starch (RS) has been associated with various intestinal
health benefits, but knowledge of its effects on global gene expression in the
colon is limited.
• Ten 17-wk-old male pigs (Landrace barrows), fitted with a cannula in the
proximal colon for repeated collection of tissue biopsy samples and luminal
content, were fed a digestible starch (DS) diet or a diet high in RS (34%) for 2
consecutive periods of 14 d in a crossover design.
.
Haenen et al. J. Nutr. 143: 274-293 & 1889–1898, 2013
14. Resistant starch in pigs:
Increased bacteroidetes & plasma SCFAs
The abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes
and Firmicutes in pigs fed DS or RS for 2 wk
Acetate, propionate, and butyrate
concentrations in peripheral plasma
Haenen et al. J. Nutr. 143: 274-293 & 1889–1898, 2013
15. Effects of resistant starch on colonic gene expression
positively enriched gene sets (TCA cycle or lipid metabolism)
negatively enriched gene sets (adaptive or innate immune response)
16. Resistant starch induces catabolic but suppresses immune and
cell division pathways and changes the microbiome in the
proximal colon of male pigs
• The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g was
identified as a potential key upstream regulator.
• Increased relative abundance of several butyrate-producing microbial
groups, including the butyrate producers Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
and Megasphaera elsdenii, and reduced the abundance of potentially
pathogenic members of the genus Leptospira and the phylum
Proteobacteria.
• Concentrations in carotid plasma of the 3 main short-chain fatty acids
acetate, propionate, and butyrate were significantly higher with RS
consumption compared with DS consumption.
.
Haenen et al. J. Nutr. 143: 274-293 & 1889–1898, 2013
17. Role of dietary fibres on gut function in mice
SCFA
INULIN,
FOS,
GuarGum,
NAXUS (Arabinoxylan),
Resistant Starch,
Control = Starch
microbiota
10 days
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015, 59,1590–1602.
18. Integration of epithelial cell gene expression with
luminal microbiota composition
Bacterial groups within
Clostridium cluster XIVa
positively correlated with
genes involved in energy
metabolism (1)
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015, 59,1590–1602.
21. Role of dietary fibres in the colon
• Differential regulation of genes involved in metabolic, energy-generating and
oxidative processes & those involved in adhesion dynamics and signalling by
dietary fibres (MNFR 2015).
• Strongly linked to Clostridium cluster XIVa bacteria (butyrate producers) & likely
governed by the transcription factor PPARg (MCB 2013; & data with organoids from
gut-specific Pparg-k.o. mice).
• Because of different fermentation behaviour fibres will have a diverse location-
specific impact on the microbiome and the host immune-metabolic responses.
• Not ‘one fibre fits all’: Diverse food patterns (rich in plant
foods) are recommended to keep our guts ‘flexible and
healthy’!
22. Interactions between the diet & the gut microbiota
dictate the production of short-chain fatty acids
Sonnenburg JL, Bäckhed F. Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators
of human metabolism. Nature. 2016 Jul 6;535(7610):56-64.
23. Complex fibres => Complex microbiota
We should not deplete our microbial genetic potential….
Nature. 2016;529: 212–215
24. Chow
LFD
HFD
Impact of different diets on the mouse gut
We have to know what mice eat & have to standardize the diets !
20
25
30
35
40
45
BodyWeight(g)
Chow
LF
HF
*
*
*
*Chow
LFHS
HFLS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks
26. Evidence for a beneficial effect of Akkermansia
muciniphila on metabolic functions
• AM is a mucin-degrading Gram-negative bacterium (a genus in the
phylum Verrucomicrobia) constituting 3–5% of the intestinal
microbiota
• Concentrations inversely correlated with obesity and diabetes in many
experimental and human studies
• Prebiotic consumption such as oligofructose is metabolically beneficial
and increases A muciniphila concentrations
• Administration of A muciniphila to mice improves weight loss,
metabolic control and adipose tissue inflammation
• Metformin increases A muciniphila concentrations
• Improves dextrane sulfate colitis
• Controversies: some animal/human studies show conflicting results; in
some experimental situations rather pro-inflammatory…
• Feeding of the dietary stressor heme increases A muciniphilia…
27. Gut microbiota facilitates dietary heme-
induced epithelial hyperproliferation by
opening the mucus barrier in colon
• Consumption of red meat is associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. We
show that the gut microbiota is pivotal in this increased risk.
• Mice receiving a diet with heme, a proxy for red meat, show a damaged gut
epithelium and a compensatory hyperproliferation that can lead to colon cancer.
• Mice receiving heme together with antibiotics do not show this damage and
hyperproliferation.
Ijssennagger et al. PNAS 2015;112:10038-10043
28. Context is important
How microbiota may facilitate heme-induced
compensatory hyperproliferation in the colon
Noortje Ijssennagger et al. PNAS 2015;112:10038-10043
29. We are what we fed them…?
‘our gastrointestinal tract is not only the body's most under-appreciated organ,
but "the brain's most important adviser”’.
30. Strategies for modulating the gut microbiota
to improve individual human health
Sonnenburg JL, Bäckhed F. Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators
of human metabolism. Nature. 2016 Jul 6;535(7610):56-64.
31. Target the gut to target the liver &
improve metabolic health
32. Challenges
• How to predict the impact of diets on the microbiome
(bioactivity)?
• How to interpret metagenome data (beneficial vs
detrimental)? Diversity & genetic richness? Dysbiosis?
• Causes or consequences of inter-individual variations?
• How much do we know about an agreement of in vivo
& in vitro mechanisms (food bioactives)?
• What is the connection between the epigenetic “clock”
and the microbiome? Direct (e.g. butyrate =>
chromatin activity) or indirect (e.g. immune system?)
• How much does the fecal microbiome tells us about
gut/systemic health? Alternatives (smart pills)?
33. Take home summary
• The (small) intestine has increasingly been recognized to play a key role in the
early phase of pro-inflammatory disturbances e.g. by enhanced overflow of
dietary components to the distal intestine (ileum, colon) and affecting the gut
microbiota & their metabolites (e.g. bile acids, short chain fatty acids).
• Transcription factors e.g. PPARg, FXR, AHR or NRF2 are involved in host sensing
mechanisms of microbial metabolites.
• Strong impact of dietary composition on small and large intestinal microbiota
and their metabolic functions.
• “Beneficial” commensal bacteria (A. muciniphila) may behave less “beneficial”
under the wrong circumstances (e.g. dietary heme or other dietary stressors).
• Targeting the (small) intestine and its microbiota with (plant) foods,
bioactives, probiotics and drugs will improve gut and liver functions with
strong implications for human health during life.
34. Britt Blokker
Naiara Beraza
David Vauzour
Sander Kersten
Lydia Afman
Guido Hooiveld
Wilma Steegenga
Philip de Groot
Mark Boekschoten
Nicole de Wit
Rinke Stienstra
Fenny Rusli
Katja Lange
Danielle Haenen
& many PhDs
Christian Trautwein
Folkert Kuipers
Ben van Ommen
Hannelore Daniel
Bart Staels
Edith Feskens
Leif Sander
Dirk Haller
Eline Slagboom
Daniel Thome
Mihai Nitea
& many more
FAHAFood & Health Alliance