The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is responsible for the fight or flight response and increases heart rate and metabolism. The parasympathetic division is responsible for rest and digest functions and decreases heart rate and increases digestive functions. Both divisions contain two neurons, with the preganglionic neuron in the CNS and postganglionic neuron in peripheral ganglia. The autonomic nervous system controls functions of the heart, smooth muscles and glands.
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
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The main function of the circulatory system is to give local blood flow to the tissue. There arespecial need of the tissue which is:
delivery of oxygen to the tissue
delivery of nutrients to the tissue
removal of carbon dioxide from tissue
maintaining of normal concentration of ions
transform of hormones and other substance to tissue
Nervous control of blood vessels regulation of arterial pressureAmen Ullah
The main function of the circulatory system is to give local blood flow to the tissue. There arespecial need of the tissue which is:
delivery of oxygen to the tissue
delivery of nutrients to the tissue
removal of carbon dioxide from tissue
maintaining of normal concentration of ions
transform of hormones and other substance to tissue
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. 2
ANS is the subdivision of the peripheral nervous
system that regulates body activities that are
generally not under conscious control
Visceral motor innervates non-skeletal (non-
somatic) muscles
Composed of a special group of neurons serving:
Cardiac muscle (the heart)
Smooth muscle (walls of viscera and blood vessels)
Internal organs
Skin
3. 3
Basic anatomical difference between the motor
pathways of the voluntary somatic nervous
system (to skeletal muscles) and those of the
autonomic nervous system
Somatic division:
Cell bodies of motor neurons reside in CNS (brain or
spinal cord)
Their axons (sheathed in spinal nerves) extend all the
way to their skeletal muscles
Autonomic system: chains of two motor neurons
1st
= preganglionic neuron (in brain or cord)
2nd
= gangionic neuron (cell body in ganglion outside
CNS)
Slower because lightly or unmyelinated
(see next diagram)
4. 4
Axon of 1st
(preganglionic) neuron leaves
CNS to synapse with the 2nd
(ganglionic)
neuron
Axon of 2nd
(ganglionic) neuron extends to
the organ it serves
Diagram contrasts somatic (lower) and autonomic:
autonomic
somatic
Note: the autonomic ganglion is motor
this dorsal
root ganglion
is sensory
5. 5
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
(visceral motor part of it)
Parasympathetic
division
Sympathetic division
6. 6
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division
Serve most of the same organs but
cause opposing or antagonistic effects
Parasysmpathetic: routine maintenance
“rest &digest”
Sympathetic: mobilization & increased metabolism
“fight, flight or fright” or “fight, flight or freeze”
7. 7
Where they come from
Parasympathetic:
craniosacral
Sympathetic:
thoracolumbar
8. 8
Parasympathetic nervous system
“rest & digest”
Also called the craniosacral system
because all its preganglionic neurons are
in the brain stem or sacral levels of the
spinal cord
Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X
In lateral horn of gray matter from S2-S4
Only innervate internal organs (not skin)
Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter at end
organ as well as at preganglionic synapse:
“cholinergic”
9. 9
Parasympathetic continued
Cranial outflow
III - pupils constrict
VII - tears, nasal mucus, saliva
IX – parotid salivary gland
X (Vagus n) – visceral organs of thorax & abdomen:
Stimulates digestive glands
Increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract
Decreases heart rate
Causes bronchial constriction
Sacral outflow (S2-4): form pelvic splanchnic nerves
Supply 2nd
half of large intestine
Supply all the pelvic (genitourinary) organs
11. 11
Sympathetic nervous system
“fight, flight or fright”
Also called thoracolumbar system: all its neurons
are in lateral horn of gray matter from T1-L2
Lead to every part of the body (unlike parasymp.)
Easy to remember that when nervous, you sweat; when
afraid, hair stands on end; when excited blood pressure
rises (vasoconstriction): these sympathetic only
Also causes: dry mouth, pupils to dilate, increased heart
& respiratory rates to increase O2 to skeletal muscles,
and liver to release glucose
Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline) is
neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic
fibers (acetylcholine in preganglionic): “adrenergic”
12. 12
Sympathetic nervous system continued
Regardless of target, all
begin same
Preganglionic axons exit
spinal cord through ventral
root and enter spinal nerve
Exit spinal nerve via
communicating ramus
Enter sympathetic
trunk/chain where
postganglionic neurons are
Has three options…
13. 13
Options of preganglionic axons in sympathetic trunk
1. Synapse on postganglionic neuron in chain
ganglion then return to spinal nerve and follow
its branch to the skin
2. Ascend or descend within sympathetic trunk,
synapse with a posganglionic neuron within a
chain ganglion, and return to spinal nerve at that
level and follow branches to skin
3. Enter sympathetic chain, pass through without
synapsing, form a splanchnic nerve that passes
toward thoracic or abdominal organs
These synapse in prevertebral ganglion in
front of aorta
Postganglionic axons follow arteries to organs
(see next slides for drawing examples)
17. 17
Adrenal gland is exception
On top of kidneys
Adrenal medulla
(inside part) is a
major organ of
the sympathetic
nervous system
18. 18
Adrenal gland is exception
Synapse in gland
Can cause body-wide
release of epinephrine
(adrenaline) and
norepinephrine in an
extreme emergency
(adrenaline “rush” or
surge)
21. 21
Visceral sensory neurons
Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes
and stretch in the visceral organs
Brain interprets as hunger, fullness, pain, nausea, well-being
Receptors widely scattered – localization poor (e.g.
which part is giving you the gas pain?)
Visceral sensory fibers run within autonomic nerves,
especially vagus and sympathetic nerves
Sympathetic nerves carry most pain fibers from visceral organs
of body trunk
Simplified pathway: sensory neurons to spinothalamic
tract to thalamus to cerebral cortex
Visceral pain is induced by stretching, infection and
cramping of internal organs but seldom by cutting (e.g.
cutting off a colon polyp) or scraping them
22. 22
Referred pain: important to know
Pain in visceral
organs is often
perceived to be
somatic in origin:
referred to somatic
regions of body that
receive innervation
from the same
spinal cord
segments
Plus left shoulder,
from spleen
Anterior skin areas to which pain is
referred from certain visceral organs
23. 23
Visceral sensory and autonomic neurons
participate in visceral reflex arcs
Many are spinal reflexes such as defecation
and micturition
reflexes
Some only
involve peripheral
neurons: spinal
cord not involved
(not shown)*
*e.g. “enteric” nervous system: 3 neuron reflex arcs entirely within the wall of the gut
24. 24
Central control of the
Autonomic NS
Amygdala: main limbic
region for emotions
-Stimulates sympathetic
activity, especially previously
learned fear-related behavior
-Can be voluntary when
decide to recall frightful
experience - cerebral cortex
acts through amygdala
-Some people can regulate
some autonomic activities by
gaining extraordinary control
over their emotions
Hypothalamus: main
integration center
Reticular formation:
most direct influence
over autonomic
function