The document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion. It describes the ANS as having two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the body during stress through pathways involving the hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal grey matter. The parasympathetic system calms the body during rest. The enteric nervous system is also described as the "second brain" that helps control gastrointestinal functions.
the ddep structure of brain, diencephalon, third ventricle, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, meta thalamus, boudaries of diencephalon, extent of diencephalon, boundaries of thalamus, boundaries of hypothalamus, functions of meta thalamus, functions of sub thalamus.components of epithalamus, functions of epithalamus, fornix, third ventricle, optic chiasma,
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plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
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understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
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plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
well describes the development of nervous system from basic to advanced concept including neural tube defects. the concepts are presented in graphical form for easy understanding of concepts.
Autonomic nervous system: divisions
General organization of ANS Neurons of ANS
Physiological anatomy of sympathetic nervous system& parasympathetic nervous System
Autonomic neurotransmitters and receptors
Functions of ANS: effects of autonomic nerve impulses on effector organs
Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
APPLIED ASPECTS- Autonomic drugs, Autonomic failure, Autonomic function tests
Individualized Webcam facilitated and e-Classroom USMLE Step 1 Tutorials with Dr. Cray. For questions or more information.. drcray@imhotepvirtualmedsch.com
lecture 5 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes Golgi, Cajal, parts of the neuron, action potentials, synapse, neurotransmitters, agonist, antagonist, parts of the nervous system
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
3. Sensory input – gathering information
monitor changes occurring inside and
outside the body stimuli
Integration – process and interpret
sensory input
+/- action
Motor output
= response to integrated stimuli
activates muscles/ glands
4. Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Periferic Nervous System
SENSORY MOTOR
AUTONOMIC SOMATIC
Sympathetic NERVOUS NERVOUS
SYSTEM SYSTEM
Parasympathetic
Enteric Nervous
System
5. Autonomic Nervous System
involuntary – automatic – visceral/glands motor system
SENSORY MOTOR
AUTONOMIC
Sympathetic NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Parasympathetic
Enteric Nervous
System
6. Somatic vs. Autonomic
Effectors (Targets)
skeletal muscle smooth/cardiac muscle &
glands
Efferent pathways
1 neuron - myelinated axon 2 neuron pathway –
from ventral horn of spinal
1st- preganglionic and body
cord all the way to effector resides in brainstem/S2-S4
cord – myelinated axon;
2nd- postganglionic and body
resides in autonomic ganglion
– unmyelinated axon
SNS = short pre/long post ganglionic axon
PsNS = long pre/short post ganglionic axon
8. Neurotransmitters
somatic vs. autonomic
Allpreganglionic fibers release Ach
All motor neurons release Ach postganglionic PsNS fibers release Ach
- always stimulatory postganglionic SNS fibers release
Norepinephrine
→ stimulatory or inhibitory
(based on receptor types)
10. Divisions of the ANS
Sympathetic NS • dual innervation
- usually stimulatory • opposing effects
=>energy consum • may work independently
• may work together - each
Parasymathetic NS one controlling one stage of
- usually inhibitory the process
=>conservation of energy
11.
12. Sympathetic nervous system
The “fight-or-flight” system:
involves activities like: other activities are reduced
exercise, excitement, (GI/urinary)
emergency and embarrassment
↑ flow to muscle =>↓ blood flow to the organs
heart rate ↑ - breathing ↑rapid and deep
bronchioles dilate - ↑ventilation
=> delivering more oxygen to cells
the skin is cold and sweaty
the pupils dilate
liver releases more glucose into circulation
lipolysis to the level of the adipocytes
14. Adrenal medulla
• same embryological origin as
the sympathetic ganglia
• fibers from the thoracic
splanchnic nerves
pass thru the Celiac Ganglion
↓
terminate in
the medullary adrenal gland
=> secrete epi- and
norepinephrine into the Barwick et al. - Embryology of the adrenal glands and its relevance to
diagnostic imaging, Clin Rad, 2005, Vol. 60, Issue 9, pag: 953-959
blood
15. Parasympathetic nervous system
• active in non-stressful situations – keep the body energy
=> involves activities like:
salivation, lacrimation, digestion,
defecation,urination
• Activats lens accommodation - close vision
-↑ gastrointestinal tract activity
-↓ heart rate, blood pressure
-↓ respiratory rates
- constricted pupils
- warm skin
16. Parasympathetic nervous system
• Fibers emerge from
CR.NN. - III,VII,IX, X
S2-S4 spinal cord
• Long preganglionic
fibers synapse in
terminal or intramural
ganglia
17. Enteric Nervous
System
•a
complex, independent
nervous system
lines the gastrointestinal tract
“second brain”
“the brain of the gut”
► motility
controls essential functions► secretion
► blood flow
20. The neural connections between the
ENS and CNS, and neural
connections between
gastrointestinal organs
The digestive system contains full reflex circuits of the
ENS (motor neurons and interneurons in blue, sensory
neurons in purple). Pathways from the gastrointestinal
tract project outwards, via intestinofugal neurons
(red), to the CNS (neurons in yellow), sympathetic
ganglia, gallbladder and pancreas. Neurons in
sympathetic prevertebral ganglia (green) receive both
CNS and ENS inputs. Sensory information goes both
to the ENS, via intrinsic primary afferent (sensory)
neurons (purple) and to the CNS via extrinsic primary
afferent neurons (also purple) that follow spinal and
vagal afferent routes. Pathways from the CNS reach
the ENS and gastrointestinal effector tissues through
vagal, sympathetic and pelvic pathways.
Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system;
ENS, enteric nervous system.
Furness, JB – The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology, Nat Rev Gastroenterol. Hepatol,
doi: 10.1038/nrgastro. 2012.32
22. Referred pain
• visceral pain afferents
travel the same path as
somatic pain afferents
• sometimes - pain stimuli
from viscera is interpreted
as somatic pain origin by
the brain
Eg - heart attack (T1-T5
supply chest & medial
aspect of left arm)
23. CNS processing and modulation
of visceral sensation
Pain sensation →
sensory discriminatory
components
Pain affect →
combination of
emotional and
cognitive appraisals
related to the pain
experience
PAG, periaqueductal gray; PB, parabrachial nucleus of the dorsolateral pons; AMYG,
amygdala; HT, hypothalamus; Vmpo, MDvc & VPL, thalamic nuclei (ventromedial part of
the posterior nuclear complex, ventrocaudal part of the medial dorsal nucleus and
ventroposterior lateral nucleus respectively); ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; PCC, posterior
cingulate cortex; PF, prefrontal cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; S1 & S2, primary
& secondary somatosensory cortices; M1, primary motor cortex; PPC, posterior parietal
complex.
Van Oudenhove L, Demittenaere K., Tack J, Aziz Q – Central nervous system involvement in functional
gastrointestinal disorders, 2004, Best Pract & Research Cl Gastroentero, Vol 18, pag 663-680
24. Levels of ANS Control
• hypothalamus = the main
integration center of ANS
activity
• subconscious cerebral
input - via limbic system -
influences hypothalamic
function
• other controls come from:
- the cerebral cortex
- the reticular formation
- the spinal cord
25. Hypothalamic
Control
• centers of the hypothalamus control:
– heart activity and blood pressure
– body temperature
– water balance
– endocrine activity http://www.upright-health.com/pituitary-gland.html
– emotional stages (rage, pleasure)
– biological drives (hunger, thirst, sex)
– reactions to fear and the “fight-or-flight” system.
27. Superior nervous structures involve
in control of ANS: Amygdala
Hamann S – Affective neuroscience – Amygadala’s role in Experiencing
Fear, 2011, Current Biol, Vol 21, R75-R77
