This document provides an introduction to traversing and closed traverse techniques. It discusses the components of a closed traverse including loop and connecting traverses. It outlines the proper selection of traverse stations and defines azimuths, bearings, and acceptable misclosures. The document also describes the equipment used for traversing, including a theodolite, tripod stand, optical plummet, and spirit bubble. It states the objectives, discusses the fieldwork process, and concludes that the student team was able to obtain accurate angle readings to complete the closed traverse.

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS)
SITE SURVEYING [QSB 60103]
FIELD WORK REPORT 2
[TRAVERSING]
MARCH 2017
Name Student ID
FAAREZ 0322961
NA YONG YI 0324458
NGEOW YEE LING 0329178
SAHIL GUNESH 0328569
THASIA 0329051
Lecturer : MR. CHAI VOON CHIET
Due date :

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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSING............................................................................................ 3
1.1 TRAVERSE.............................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 CLOSED TRAVERSE............................................................................................................... 4
Loop Traverse................................................................................................................... 4
Connecting/Link Traverse................................................................................................ 5
1.3 TRAVERSE STATIONS SELECTION ......................................................................................... 6
1.4 AZIMUTHS............................................................................................................................. 7
1.5 BEARINGS.............................................................................................................................. 7
1.6 ACCEPTABLE MISCLOSURE ................................................................................................... 8
2.0 OUTLINE OF APPARATUS ......................................................................................................... 9
2.1 THEODOLITE.......................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 TRIPOD STAND...................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Optical plummet................................................................................................................. 10
2.4 Spirit bubble........................................................................................................................ 10
4.0 OBJECTIVE............................................................................................................................... 11
5.0 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 12
6.0 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 13

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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSING
Traversing is a form of a control survey in which a number of connected survey lines form the
framework and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help of an
angle measuring instrument and a tape or chain respectively.
There are two types of traverse :-
1.1 TRAVERSE
Open traverse starts at a known point and has a known starting reference bearing, but
does not close on a known point or have a known closing reference bearing which
means it ends on a point with unknown location. An open traverse normally won’t be
used and it should be avoided in conducting traversing as the error in location
measurements cannot be computed
Figure 1.0 : OpenTraverse
Source : http://www.xyzworks.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/TRAV4.bmp

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1.2 CLOSED TRAVERSE
A closed traverse is a practice of traversing when the survey point closes at the starting
point which means it starts and ends on a same point with known co-ordinates and
orientation. A closed traverse immediately affords a check on the accuracy of the
measured angles.
Closed traverse can be divided in two types :-
 Loop Traverse
Loop traverse creates a closed geometrical shape (polygon). A loop traverse begins and
ends at the same point. Therefore, the angles can be closed geometrically and the
position closure can be determined mathematically.
Figure 1.1 : ClosedLoop Traverse
Source : http://surveying.structural-analyser.com/_internal/images/Travers1_1202x606.png

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 Connecting/Link Traverse
A connecting traverse looks like an open traverse, except that it begins and ends at
points (or lines) of known position (and direction) at each end of the traverse.
Calculations can be made to check for errors.
Figure 1.2 : ConnectingTraverse
Source : http://slideplayer.com/slide/4817545/15/images/4/Closed-line+/+Link+Traverse.jpg

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1.3 TRAVERSESTATIONS SELECTION
The positions of control traverse stations are chosen so that they are as close as possible to the
features or objects to be located, without unduly increasing the work of measuring the
traverse. The stations should be marked out firmly and clearly as well as strongly referenced.
The following should be considered in selecting station points:-
(i) It should be visible from at least two or more stations.
(ii) As far as possible main lines should run on level ground.
(iii) Traverse legs should be approximately equal in length.
(iv) Obstacles to ranging and chaining should be avoided.
(v) Frequent crossing and trespassing of the roads should be avoided.

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1.4 AZIMUTHS
Azimuths are horizontal angles measured clockwise from any reference meridian. Azimuths are
usually measured from north and the range of the angle will be from 0 to 360°.
Figure 1.3 : Azimuths
Source : https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/sites/www.e-
education.psu.edu.natureofgeoinfo/files/image/azimuths_bearings.gif
1.5 BEARINGS
Bearings are another systemfor designating directions of lines. The bearing of a line is defined
as the acute horizontal angle between a reference meridian and the line. Bearings are
measured from north or south and the angle to the east or west from the north-south meridian
and the angles are never more than 90°. For example; N70°E, N30°W, S35°E, and S55°W.
Figure 1.4 : Bearings
Source : https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/sites/www.e-
education.psu.edu.natureofgeoinfo/files/image/azimuths_bearings.gif

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1.6 ACCEPTABLEMISCLOSURE
Genarally, the accuracy for average land surveying is about 1:3000. The range of acceptable
misclosure can be calculated by using the formula of :-
Accuracy = 1 : (P/Ec)
P = Perimeter of the Entire Traverse
Ec = The Total Error
Figure 1.5 : Traverse Specifications – United States
Source : Forum Federal Control Committee, United States, 1974.

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2.0 OUTLINE OF APPARATUS
2.1 THEODOLITE
Figure 2.1 : Theodolite
Theodolite is a precision instrument that we students used to measure angles in the horizontal
and vertical planes.
2.2 TRIPOD STAND
Figure 2.2 : Tripod stand
A tripod is a portable three-legged frame, used to support the weight and maintaining the
stability of some other object. A tripod provides stability against downward forces and
horizontal forces and movements about horizontal axes.

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2.3 Optical plummet
Figure 2.3 : Optical plummet
In surveying, a device used in place of a plumb bob to center transits and theodolites over a
given point, preferred for its steadiness in strong winds.
2.4 Spirit bubble
Figure 2.4 : Spiritbubble
A spirit level, bubble level or simply a level is an instrument designed to indicate whether a
surface is horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb).

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4.0 OBJECTIVE
 To allow students to learn the correct method in doing traversing procedure
 To learn the principle of running a close field transverse
 To allow students to experience hands on with the leveling rod, theodolites, tripod
stand and collect the data at the fieldwork
 To enable students to apply the theories that have been taught in class

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5.0 DISCUSSION
The points which is point A, B, C, and D have been placed on the site respectively. The
theodolite have been placed at point A is achieved by the reading of theodolite through point D
to B. The angle should be the reading from the left to right in order to obtain more accurate
reading.
The zero angles set on point D, and then turned the theodolite all the way to the right until
point B is achieved. The reading of the angle on the theodolite has to be recorded. The
telescope is transited and the hold button is pressed to preserve the angle. Then the reading
will become more accurate. This processed is repeated each time at the points to obtain the
angles. At the final process, the reading of angles should be 360.

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6.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we manage to obtain the angle by using the equipment which is prepared by the
lecturer. At first day at the field work we are unable to obtain the exact 360 but on the second
day we manage to redo all the reading of the angle and get the accurate reading. Finally we
have to make a field work report to put in our information from what we learn.