The document outlines the objectives and procedures for theodolite traversing, emphasizing the advantages of bearings, error checks in closed traverses, and various traverse surveying methods. It describes the distinction between closed and open traverses, detailing the process of establishing control points and measuring distances and angles with theodolites. The conclusion discusses the traversal computation steps, adjustments for angles, and how to calculate correct lengths and bearings for survey lines.

1. TITLE:- THEODOLITE TRAVERSING
OBJECTIVES:
 To know the advantages of bearing and their use in various survey works.
 To be familiar with the checks and errors in a closed traverse and solve them.
 To be familiar with various types and methods of traverse surveying for detailing.
 To know well about the traverse computation and be fluent in it.
INSTRUMENTSREQUIRED:
 Theodolite with Tripod Stand
 Tape
 Ranging rod
 Pegs and Hammer
 Prismatic Compass with Stand.
THEORY :-
Traversing is that type of survey in which member of connected survey lines from the frame work and the
direction and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help of an angle measuring instrument and
a tape. When the lines form a circuit which ends at the starting points, it is known as closed traverse. It the
circuit ends else. where,it is said to be an open traverse.
The close traverse is suitable for locating the boundaries of lakes, grounds, city maps etc. and for the
survey of large areas,whereas open traverse is suitable for surveying a long narrow strip of land as
required for a road or canal or the coast line.
The main principle of traverse is that a series of the straight line are connected to each other and the
length and direction of each lines are known. The joins of two points of each lines is known as traverse
station and the angle at any station between two consecutive traverse legs is known as traverse angle.
THEODOLITE TRAVERSING:-
Theodolite traversing is a method of establishing control points, their positionbeing determined by
measuring the distances between the traverse stations (which serve as control points) and the
angles subtended at the various stations by their adjacent stations. The traversing in which the
length between two stations of the traverse is measured directly by chaining or taping in the ground
and angle of the station is measured by the theodolite is called theodolite traversing.
PROCEDURE:
- First of all the traverse stations were fixed around the given area to the surveyed keeping
in the ratio of traverse legs 1:2 for major and 1:3 for minor traverse. The stations were
chosen in this place where instrument is easy to setup.
- Measurement of the horizontal distance between one station to another station by using
the tape. And also measure the nearby permanent structure for reference when
unfortunately traverse station is missing.
- Now, with the help of theodolite two sets of horizontal angle between the traverse legs
were measured. i.e. face left and face right.
- The height of the instrument in every set up of theodolite was also measured.
- With the help of prismatic compass, magnetic bearing of one traverse line was measured.

2. CONCLUSION :
Here the traverse computation is done in above tabular form. For complete traverse
computations, following steps were carried out:
- The interior angles were adjusted to satisfy the geometrical conditions, ie sum of interior
angles to be equal to (2n-4)x90
- Starting with observed bearing of one line the bearings of all the others lines were
calculated.
- Consecutive co-ordinates (latitude and departure) were calculated. i.e. ∑ L and ∑ D
- Necessary corrections were applied to the latitudes and departures of the lines so that ∑
L=0 and ∑ D=0. The corrections were applied by the transit rule.
Using the corrected consecutive co-ordinates, the independent value were calculated.
- The correct lengths and the correct bearings of the traverse lines were also calculated
using the corrected consecutive co-ordinates.
i.e. true length (l) =√(L^2+D^2 )
true bearing (θ) = tan-1( D/L )
The traverse lines or legs should be passed through the area to be surveyed.
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Bhaktapur-by-Suman-Jyoti