Civil engineering -jaja
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Compass surveying uses a prismatic compass to measure bearings and a chain or measuring tape to measure distances between survey stations. Bearings are measured as angles clockwise from true north or magnetic north. A traverse is a series of connected survey lines between stations. Traverses can be open, with unmatched starting and ending points, or closed, with the starting and ending points matching. Common instruments used in compass surveying include a prismatic compass, chain or measuring tape, ranging poles, and a plumb bob.
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types of bearing
1. A compass is an instrument that contains a magnetized pointer to indicate magnetic north and measure bearings. The two main types are the prismatic compass and surveyor's compass.
2. A prismatic compass is used for navigation and surveying to determine direction and calculate bearings. A surveyor's compass was used for measuring horizontal angles but has been replaced by the theodolite.
3. There are four types of bearings - true, magnetic, grid, and arbitrary - which are the horizontal angles measured from different reference lines or meridians.
3.compass surveying
Compass surveying involves measuring the magnetic bearing of survey lines using a prismatic or surveyor's compass. It is recommended when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details. The magnetic bearing is measured in a clockwise direction from the magnetic north. A series of connected lines are established through traversing. The lengths are measured with a chain or tape while directions are measured with the compass. This process is known as compass traversing.
Compass Surveying
Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a magnetic compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured with a tape or chain or laser range finder. The compass is generally used to run a traverse line.
Compass surveying
The document discusses various concepts related to compass surveying including true meridian, magnetic meridian, magnetic declination, dip of the magnetic needle, designation of magnetic bearings such as whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing, methods of traversing including compass traversing, theodolite traversing, and plane table traversing, and checks on closed and open traverses. It also provides examples of converting between whole circle and quadrantal bearings and calculating fore and back bearings.
Prismetic compass ppt 3rd sem diploma and b.tech as per mdu and hsbte syllabus
Compass surveying involves measuring directions with a compass and distances with a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating, or has many details. There are two types of compasses used - the prismatic compass and surveyor's compass. The prismatic compass measures bearings in degrees from 0-360 while the surveyor's compass measures in quadrants from 0-90. Traversing involves connecting lines and measuring bearings and distances to determine positions without triangulation. Bearings can be true, magnetic, grid, or arbitrary and are expressed using the whole circle bearing or quadrantal bearing systems. Examples are provided to demonstrate converting between systems and calculating interior angles of traverses.
Surveying & prismatic compass survey
This document discusses various topics related to surveying including: the objectives and processes involved in surveying like decision making, fieldwork, data processing, mapping, and stakeout; different types of surveys like plane, geodetic, topographic, route, hydrographic, land, and military surveys; instruments used like theodolites, tacheometers, planes tables, and compasses; and concepts like bearings, meridians, and reducing bearings. The key aspects covered are the goal of producing maps, the consideration or disregard of earth's curvature depending on survey type, and classification based on area, instruments, or purpose.
Compass survey part 1
This document provides information on compass surveying and the different types of compasses used. It describes the prismatic compass, which consists of a metal box containing a magnetic needle attached to a graduated ring that can be read through a prism. It also describes the surveyor's compass, which is similar but reads angles directly against the needle. When using a prismatic compass for surveying, it must be centered precisely over the station using a plumb bob and levelled so the graduated ring is horizontal. Compass surveying is used for preliminary surveys where speed is important, and it determines directions while a tape is used to measure distances.
Compass surveying
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
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types of bearing
1. A compass is an instrument that contains a magnetized pointer to indicate magnetic north and measure bearings. The two main types are the prismatic compass and surveyor's compass.
2. A prismatic compass is used for navigation and surveying to determine direction and calculate bearings. A surveyor's compass was used for measuring horizontal angles but has been replaced by the theodolite.
3. There are four types of bearings - true, magnetic, grid, and arbitrary - which are the horizontal angles measured from different reference lines or meridians.
3.compass surveying
Compass surveying involves measuring the magnetic bearing of survey lines using a prismatic or surveyor's compass. It is recommended when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details. The magnetic bearing is measured in a clockwise direction from the magnetic north. A series of connected lines are established through traversing. The lengths are measured with a chain or tape while directions are measured with the compass. This process is known as compass traversing.
Compass Surveying
Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a magnetic compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured with a tape or chain or laser range finder. The compass is generally used to run a traverse line.
Compass surveying
The document discusses various concepts related to compass surveying including true meridian, magnetic meridian, magnetic declination, dip of the magnetic needle, designation of magnetic bearings such as whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing, methods of traversing including compass traversing, theodolite traversing, and plane table traversing, and checks on closed and open traverses. It also provides examples of converting between whole circle and quadrantal bearings and calculating fore and back bearings.
Prismetic compass ppt 3rd sem diploma and b.tech as per mdu and hsbte syllabus
Compass surveying involves measuring directions with a compass and distances with a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating, or has many details. There are two types of compasses used - the prismatic compass and surveyor's compass. The prismatic compass measures bearings in degrees from 0-360 while the surveyor's compass measures in quadrants from 0-90. Traversing involves connecting lines and measuring bearings and distances to determine positions without triangulation. Bearings can be true, magnetic, grid, or arbitrary and are expressed using the whole circle bearing or quadrantal bearing systems. Examples are provided to demonstrate converting between systems and calculating interior angles of traverses.
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This document discusses various topics related to surveying including: the objectives and processes involved in surveying like decision making, fieldwork, data processing, mapping, and stakeout; different types of surveys like plane, geodetic, topographic, route, hydrographic, land, and military surveys; instruments used like theodolites, tacheometers, planes tables, and compasses; and concepts like bearings, meridians, and reducing bearings. The key aspects covered are the goal of producing maps, the consideration or disregard of earth's curvature depending on survey type, and classification based on area, instruments, or purpose.
Compass survey part 1
This document provides information on compass surveying and the different types of compasses used. It describes the prismatic compass, which consists of a metal box containing a magnetic needle attached to a graduated ring that can be read through a prism. It also describes the surveyor's compass, which is similar but reads angles directly against the needle. When using a prismatic compass for surveying, it must be centered precisely over the station using a plumb bob and levelled so the graduated ring is horizontal. Compass surveying is used for preliminary surveys where speed is important, and it determines directions while a tape is used to measure distances.
Compass surveying
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
traversing of survey
The document discusses different types of traverses and methods for conducting traverse surveys. It describes two types of traverses: open traverses that begin and end at points of known and unknown positions, and closed traverses that begin and end at points of known positions, including closed-loop traverses that begin and end at the same point. It also outlines four methods for determining directions during traversing: chain angle method, free needle method, fast needle method, and measuring angles between lines. Finally, it discusses instruments used for measuring angles like compasses and theodolites, and defines different types of bearings including true, magnetic, and arbitrary bearings.
Angular measurement
Compass surveying involves measuring magnetic bearings of survey lines using a compass and measuring distances using a chain or tape. There are two main types of compasses used: prismatic compasses and surveyor's compasses. Prismatic compasses have a magnetic needle, graduated circle, prism for sighting bearings, and other parts. Surveyor's compasses are similar but without a prism. Magnetic bearings are measured clockwise from magnetic north between 0-360 degrees in the whole circle system or 0-90 degrees with quadrant specification in the quadrantal system. Compass surveying is well-suited for large, irregular areas.
Compass surveying
Any line has a length and direction that can be measured using instruments like a chain, tape, or theodolite. A compass is used to measure direction with reference to magnetic north. There are two main types of compasses: the prismatic compass and the surveyor's compass. A compass contains a magnetic needle that points to magnetic north and allows the user to determine bearings by aligning the needle with an orienting arrow on a rotating housing marked with degrees.
Compass surveying
This document discusses various concepts related to compass surveying including:
1) Definitions of true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian and grid meridian.
2) Methods for designating magnetic bearings including whole circle bearing (0-360 degrees) and quadrantal bearing (0-90 degrees in four quadrants).
3) Concepts such as magnetic declination, dip of the magnetic needle, and methods to correct for errors in a compass traverse.
4) Different methods for conducting a compass traverse including chain, compass, theodolite and plane table traversing.
5) Checks that can be performed on closed and open traverses.
Compass surveying_Surveying, Civil Engineering
In Compass survey chain or tape is used for linear measurements and compass is used for fixing direction.
In compass freely suspended magnetic needle directs to north- south and the bearing of line is obtained by line of sight.
When large area are involved, compass surveying is used.
There are mainly two methods of land measurement.
Triangulation survey
Traverse survey
Compass Surveying
Compass surveying involves measuring directions of survey lines using a magnetic compass and measuring lengths using a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating and has many details. In compass surveying, a series of connected lines are established through traversing. The magnetic bearing of each line is measured using a prismatic compass or surveyor's compass, and the distance is measured using a chain. Compass surveying is recommended for large and undulating areas without suspected magnetic interference. The key principles are measuring bearings using a compass and distances using a chain to establish connected lines through traversing without requiring triangulation.
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This document discusses different types of bearings used in surveying, including true bearing, magnetic bearing, grid bearing, and arbitrary bearing. It defines bearings as the horizontal angle between a survey line and reference line or meridian. The document also covers designation of bearings using the whole circle bearing system and quadrantal bearing system, computation of included angles from bearings, and the different types of reference meridians used, such as magnetic, true, and arbitrary.
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The document provides information on compass surveying. It defines terms like traverse, compass surveying, bearing, fore bearing, back bearing, closed traverse, open traverse, local attraction and its sources. It discusses instruments used like compass, theodolite, sextant. It explains concepts like true bearing, magnetic bearing, arbitrary bearing, meridian, declination, dip. Methods to detect and correct for local attraction and closing error in closed traverse are outlined. Differences between prismatic compass and surveyor's compass are tabulated. Various questions and their answers on these concepts are provided.
Compass surveying
Compass surveying
Bearing
Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing
Conversion of bearings
Computation of angles
Declination and dip
Local attraction
Isogonic Lines
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Detecting local attraction
For detecting local attraction it is necessary to take both fore bearing and back bearing for each line.
If the difference is exactly 180°, the two stations may be considered as not affected by local
attraction.
If difference is not 180°, better to go back to the previous station and check the fore bearing. If that
reading is same as earlier, it may be concluded that there is local attraction at one or both stations.
Compass surveying
Compass surveying involves measuring the direction of survey lines using a magnetic compass. It is used when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details, making chain surveying difficult. In compass surveying, the directions of connected survey lines are measured with a compass, while the lengths are measured with a tape. The magnetic bearing of each line is recorded. Prismatic and surveyor's compasses are used to measure bearings in whole circle bearing or quadrantal bearing systems. Bearings are designated as fore, back, included, or exterior angles based on survey direction and line intersections. Compass surveying is not suitable for areas with magnetic interference.
Variations in Magnetic Declination
Variations In Magnetic Declination
Isogonic Chart
Use of the Compass
Local Attraction
Types of compass Surveys
COMPASS AND PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
A compass consists of a magnetic needle, graduated circle, and sighting components housed in a box. There are two main types used for angle measurement: a prismatic compass and a surveyor's compass. A prismatic compass has a fixed graduated card and prism for viewing, while a surveyor's compass rotates the graduated circle and has a slit instead of a prism. Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously using a plane table, alidade, and other accessories. Common plane table methods include radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Potential errors in plane table surveying can arise from imperfect instruments, sighting mistakes, or incorrect plotting.
Traverse surveiying
This document discusses concepts related to surveying and leveling. It defines true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian and grid meridian. It describes different methods of designating magnetic bearings including whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing. It discusses the conversion of whole circle bearing to reduced bearing and the relationship between fore and back bearings. The document also provides information about compass surveying and the components and uses of a prismatic compass. It discusses concepts such as magnetic declination and dip and methods of correcting errors in a traverse.
Angular measurement
This document describes various surveying methods including chain surveying. Chain surveying involves measuring lengths of lines marked in the field using tapes and measuring details using offsets and ties from these base lines. The field work involves selecting a framework of base lines and control points, measuring line lengths directly and setting right angles using offsets, determining bearings with a compass, booking measurements, and plotting the survey to produce a detailed map. The objectives are to train students on linear measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting. Apparatus includes tapes, ranging rods, paint, square, compass, and booking board.
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Traverse surveying involves using instruments to measure distance and direction to create a network of points. There are two main types of traverses - open and closed. Open traverses extend in one direction while closed traverses form a closed loop. Common surveying instruments and methods used in traverse surveying include chain, compass, theodolite, and plane table. Key terms in traverse surveying include bearings, meridians, and reductions of bearings. Traverse calculations involve adjusting angles or directions to ensure closure of the network of points. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate conversions between whole circle bearings, reduced bearings, and fore and back bearings.
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This document provides definitions and methods related to compass traversing in civil engineering. It defines true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian, and grid meridian. It describes methods for designating magnetic bearings using whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing. It also discusses reduced bearing, fore and back bearing, magnetic declination, and dip of the magnetic needle. The document outlines two methods for correcting errors in a traverse and checks that can be performed on a closed traverse, including verifying interior and exterior angles sum to expected values and deflection angles sum to 360 degrees.
Compass surveying
The document discusses various topics related to surveying including chain surveying, compass surveying, traversing, prismatic compasses, bearings, latitude and longitude, and compass adjustments. It provides information on when different surveying methods are recommended based on terrain and area size. It also defines key terms like meridians, bearings, declination, inclination, and different bearing systems. Examples are given for calculating bearings and adjusting for magnetic attraction. Adjustments discussed for prismatic compasses include centering, leveling, and focusing the prism.
The Uses of Prismatic Compass Components
The document describes the components and uses of a prismatic compass. It details the cylindrical metal box, pivot, lifting pin and lever, spring brake, magnetic needle, graduated circle, prism, object vane, eye vane, sunglasses, and reflecting mirror that make up the prismatic compass. It then explains that the prismatic compass is a small, handheld instrument used for observing and rough work, and that its prismatic attachment contains a 45 degree reflecting prism to magnify the graduations and allow the user to take readings.
S2 4 angle and directions
1. Angles are usually measured in surveying to determine the positions of points on Earth's surface. Vertical angles are measured between lines of sight in a vertical plane, and can be angles of elevation or depression. Horizontal angles include interior, exterior, and deflection angles.
2. The direction of a line can be described by its azimuth angle or bearing. Azimuths are clockwise angles between the line and a reference direction, usually north. Bearings specify the angle from north or south plus the east or west designation.
3. To determine the back azimuth or bearing of a line, add or subtract 180 degrees to the forward azimuth, or reverse the letters for the bearing. Consistency in designating forward
PROBLEMS ON BEARINGS
1. The document provides examples of problems involving bearings observed in closed traverse surveys. It discusses calculating included angles, checking for angular errors, and correcting bearings based on lines assumed to be free from local attraction effects.
2. The first example shows calculations for a traverse with station positions, observed fore and back bearings, differences between bearings, included angles, and corrected bearings and stations free from attraction.
3. Several multi-part problems are presented involving calculating included angles from observed bearings, checking for errors, correcting bearings, and identifying stations free from local attraction for closed traverses. Step-by-step working is demonstrated for one example.
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traversing of survey
The document discusses different types of traverses and methods for conducting traverse surveys. It describes two types of traverses: open traverses that begin and end at points of known and unknown positions, and closed traverses that begin and end at points of known positions, including closed-loop traverses that begin and end at the same point. It also outlines four methods for determining directions during traversing: chain angle method, free needle method, fast needle method, and measuring angles between lines. Finally, it discusses instruments used for measuring angles like compasses and theodolites, and defines different types of bearings including true, magnetic, and arbitrary bearings.
Angular measurement
Compass surveying involves measuring magnetic bearings of survey lines using a compass and measuring distances using a chain or tape. There are two main types of compasses used: prismatic compasses and surveyor's compasses. Prismatic compasses have a magnetic needle, graduated circle, prism for sighting bearings, and other parts. Surveyor's compasses are similar but without a prism. Magnetic bearings are measured clockwise from magnetic north between 0-360 degrees in the whole circle system or 0-90 degrees with quadrant specification in the quadrantal system. Compass surveying is well-suited for large, irregular areas.
Compass surveying
Any line has a length and direction that can be measured using instruments like a chain, tape, or theodolite. A compass is used to measure direction with reference to magnetic north. There are two main types of compasses: the prismatic compass and the surveyor's compass. A compass contains a magnetic needle that points to magnetic north and allows the user to determine bearings by aligning the needle with an orienting arrow on a rotating housing marked with degrees.
Compass surveying
This document discusses various concepts related to compass surveying including:
1) Definitions of true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian and grid meridian.
2) Methods for designating magnetic bearings including whole circle bearing (0-360 degrees) and quadrantal bearing (0-90 degrees in four quadrants).
3) Concepts such as magnetic declination, dip of the magnetic needle, and methods to correct for errors in a compass traverse.
4) Different methods for conducting a compass traverse including chain, compass, theodolite and plane table traversing.
5) Checks that can be performed on closed and open traverses.
Compass surveying_Surveying, Civil Engineering
In Compass survey chain or tape is used for linear measurements and compass is used for fixing direction.
In compass freely suspended magnetic needle directs to north- south and the bearing of line is obtained by line of sight.
When large area are involved, compass surveying is used.
There are mainly two methods of land measurement.
Triangulation survey
Traverse survey
Compass Surveying
Compass surveying involves measuring directions of survey lines using a magnetic compass and measuring lengths using a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating and has many details. In compass surveying, a series of connected lines are established through traversing. The magnetic bearing of each line is measured using a prismatic compass or surveyor's compass, and the distance is measured using a chain. Compass surveying is recommended for large and undulating areas without suspected magnetic interference. The key principles are measuring bearings using a compass and distances using a chain to establish connected lines through traversing without requiring triangulation.
BEARING AND ITS TYPES
This document discusses different types of bearings used in surveying, including true bearing, magnetic bearing, grid bearing, and arbitrary bearing. It defines bearings as the horizontal angle between a survey line and reference line or meridian. The document also covers designation of bearings using the whole circle bearing system and quadrantal bearing system, computation of included angles from bearings, and the different types of reference meridians used, such as magnetic, true, and arbitrary.
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Surveying - Module II - compass surveying
The document provides information on compass surveying. It defines terms like traverse, compass surveying, bearing, fore bearing, back bearing, closed traverse, open traverse, local attraction and its sources. It discusses instruments used like compass, theodolite, sextant. It explains concepts like true bearing, magnetic bearing, arbitrary bearing, meridian, declination, dip. Methods to detect and correct for local attraction and closing error in closed traverse are outlined. Differences between prismatic compass and surveyor's compass are tabulated. Various questions and their answers on these concepts are provided.
Compass surveying
Compass surveying
Bearing
Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing
Conversion of bearings
Computation of angles
Declination and dip
Local attraction
Isogonic Lines
Agonic Lines
Detecting local attraction
For detecting local attraction it is necessary to take both fore bearing and back bearing for each line.
If the difference is exactly 180°, the two stations may be considered as not affected by local
attraction.
If difference is not 180°, better to go back to the previous station and check the fore bearing. If that
reading is same as earlier, it may be concluded that there is local attraction at one or both stations.
Compass surveying
Compass surveying involves measuring the direction of survey lines using a magnetic compass. It is used when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details, making chain surveying difficult. In compass surveying, the directions of connected survey lines are measured with a compass, while the lengths are measured with a tape. The magnetic bearing of each line is recorded. Prismatic and surveyor's compasses are used to measure bearings in whole circle bearing or quadrantal bearing systems. Bearings are designated as fore, back, included, or exterior angles based on survey direction and line intersections. Compass surveying is not suitable for areas with magnetic interference.
Variations in Magnetic Declination
Variations In Magnetic Declination
Isogonic Chart
Use of the Compass
Local Attraction
Types of compass Surveys
COMPASS AND PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
A compass consists of a magnetic needle, graduated circle, and sighting components housed in a box. There are two main types used for angle measurement: a prismatic compass and a surveyor's compass. A prismatic compass has a fixed graduated card and prism for viewing, while a surveyor's compass rotates the graduated circle and has a slit instead of a prism. Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously using a plane table, alidade, and other accessories. Common plane table methods include radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Potential errors in plane table surveying can arise from imperfect instruments, sighting mistakes, or incorrect plotting.
Traverse surveiying
This document discusses concepts related to surveying and leveling. It defines true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian and grid meridian. It describes different methods of designating magnetic bearings including whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing. It discusses the conversion of whole circle bearing to reduced bearing and the relationship between fore and back bearings. The document also provides information about compass surveying and the components and uses of a prismatic compass. It discusses concepts such as magnetic declination and dip and methods of correcting errors in a traverse.
Angular measurement
This document describes various surveying methods including chain surveying. Chain surveying involves measuring lengths of lines marked in the field using tapes and measuring details using offsets and ties from these base lines. The field work involves selecting a framework of base lines and control points, measuring line lengths directly and setting right angles using offsets, determining bearings with a compass, booking measurements, and plotting the survey to produce a detailed map. The objectives are to train students on linear measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting. Apparatus includes tapes, ranging rods, paint, square, compass, and booking board.
1392741020 traverse survey
Traverse surveying involves using instruments to measure distance and direction to create a network of points. There are two main types of traverses - open and closed. Open traverses extend in one direction while closed traverses form a closed loop. Common surveying instruments and methods used in traverse surveying include chain, compass, theodolite, and plane table. Key terms in traverse surveying include bearings, meridians, and reductions of bearings. Traverse calculations involve adjusting angles or directions to ensure closure of the network of points. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate conversions between whole circle bearings, reduced bearings, and fore and back bearings.
Compasssurveying 160050106053
This document provides definitions and methods related to compass traversing in civil engineering. It defines true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian, and grid meridian. It describes methods for designating magnetic bearings using whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing. It also discusses reduced bearing, fore and back bearing, magnetic declination, and dip of the magnetic needle. The document outlines two methods for correcting errors in a traverse and checks that can be performed on a closed traverse, including verifying interior and exterior angles sum to expected values and deflection angles sum to 360 degrees.
Compass surveying
The document discusses various topics related to surveying including chain surveying, compass surveying, traversing, prismatic compasses, bearings, latitude and longitude, and compass adjustments. It provides information on when different surveying methods are recommended based on terrain and area size. It also defines key terms like meridians, bearings, declination, inclination, and different bearing systems. Examples are given for calculating bearings and adjusting for magnetic attraction. Adjustments discussed for prismatic compasses include centering, leveling, and focusing the prism.
The Uses of Prismatic Compass Components
The document describes the components and uses of a prismatic compass. It details the cylindrical metal box, pivot, lifting pin and lever, spring brake, magnetic needle, graduated circle, prism, object vane, eye vane, sunglasses, and reflecting mirror that make up the prismatic compass. It then explains that the prismatic compass is a small, handheld instrument used for observing and rough work, and that its prismatic attachment contains a 45 degree reflecting prism to magnify the graduations and allow the user to take readings.
S2 4 angle and directions
1. Angles are usually measured in surveying to determine the positions of points on Earth's surface. Vertical angles are measured between lines of sight in a vertical plane, and can be angles of elevation or depression. Horizontal angles include interior, exterior, and deflection angles.
2. The direction of a line can be described by its azimuth angle or bearing. Azimuths are clockwise angles between the line and a reference direction, usually north. Bearings specify the angle from north or south plus the east or west designation.
3. To determine the back azimuth or bearing of a line, add or subtract 180 degrees to the forward azimuth, or reverse the letters for the bearing. Consistency in designating forward
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1. The document provides examples of problems involving bearings observed in closed traverse surveys. It discusses calculating included angles, checking for angular errors, and correcting bearings based on lines assumed to be free from local attraction effects.
2. The first example shows calculations for a traverse with station positions, observed fore and back bearings, differences between bearings, included angles, and corrected bearings and stations free from attraction.
3. Several multi-part problems are presented involving calculating included angles from observed bearings, checking for errors, correcting bearings, and identifying stations free from local attraction for closed traverses. Step-by-step working is demonstrated for one example.
Scale and its types
The document discusses different types of scales used in technical drawings. It explains full size, reducing, and enlarging scales, with representative factors to show the ratio between the actual and drawn dimensions. Full size scales have a ratio of 1:1. Reducing scales are used to shrink large objects to fit on a drawing sheet, while enlarging scales increase tiny objects. Representative factors greater than one indicate enlarging scales. The document also covers plain, diagonal, and vernier scales, with examples of how to construct each type of scale and show distances on them using representative factors and formulas. It defines scales of cords for measuring angles and lists common unit prefixes.
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Modern surveying techniques utilizes advanced electronic equipment for measuring distances, angles, and elevations. This includes digital levels that use electronic image processing of barcoded staff readings, total stations that integrate distance and angle measurements, and electromagnetic distance measurement instruments. Remote sensing involves analyzing sensor data such as satellite imagery to obtain information about areas without direct contact. It has various applications including agriculture, urban planning, hydrology, and disaster management by aiding tasks such as early warning, damage assessment, and recovery efforts.
Surveying instruments
This document discusses various instruments used in surveying operations. It describes tripods, level staffs, total stations, clinometers, compasses, GPS, theodolites, and prisms. Tripods are used to support surveying instruments. Level staffs allow determination of elevation differences. Total stations can read distances electronically. Clinometers measure angles of inclination. Compasses determine directions relative to magnetic poles. GPS uses satellites to calculate positions. Theodolites measure horizontal and vertical angles. Prisms are targets used with total stations.
Modern Surveying Equipment Presentation
Modern Surveying Equipment presentation for members of Land Surveyors United http://landsurveyorsunited.com
Contouring
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 2_ elementary surveying a
This document provides information on surveying techniques and concepts. It discusses chain surveying, compass surveying, and theodolite surveying. It defines key terms like true meridian, magnetic meridian, declination, latitude, and departure. Measurement techniques for horizontal and vertical angles are described for chain surveying, compass surveying, and theodolite surveying. Adjustments, computations, errors, and applications are summarized for different surveying methods.
Plane Table Survey
The document provides information on plane table surveying. It describes plane table surveying as a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, and resection, which involve drawing radial lines from survey stations to locate points.
Modern Surveying
The document discusses the topic of surveying. It provides an overview of the history and evolution of surveying, from its beginnings in ancient Egypt to modern techniques using tools like total stations and GPS. Some key points covered include the various types and categories of surveying work, the traditional equipment used, and how modern digital instruments like total stations integrate distance measurement and angle measurement capabilities into one device.
Planning concepts
The document discusses several important planning concepts including:
1) Garden City Concept by Ebenezer Howard which proposed planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts that combined the benefits of both urban and rural living.
2) Geddesian Triad by Patrick Geddes which emphasized the organic relationship between social, physical, and economic environments in planning.
3) Neighborhood Unit concept by Clarence Perry which proposed planning residential areas with schools, parks, and shops at their core to create self-sufficient neighborhoods.
4) Radburn Concept by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright which pioneered the separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic in planned communities.
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Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 2_ elementary surveying a
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 2_ elementary surveying a
Similar to Civil engineering -jaja
traversing survey principles.docx
Compass traversing involves both linear and angular measurements to determine the directions of survey lines. There are two main types: closed traverses which form a complete circuit back to the starting point, and open traverses which do not return to the starting point. The principal methods of compass traversing are chain traversing using only linear measurements to determine angles, loose needle traversing using a compass at each station, fast needle traversing using a theodolite, and measuring angles directly between successive lines using a theodolite.
SURVEYING
Surveying is used to determine the three-dimensional relationships between locations and record details about an area of land. It involves assessing and measuring an area and can be used to help plan construction projects. Surveying techniques include chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and contouring/leveling. Chain surveying involves measuring lengths with a chain to divide an area into triangles. Compass surveying uses angular and linear measurements taken with a compass and chain/tape. Plane table surveying allows simultaneous field work and plotting through methods like radiation, intersection, and transversing using a drawing board, alidade, and spirit level.
Angular Measurement.pptx
This document discusses angular measurement in surveying. It describes the instruments used - compass, theodolite, total station - and how they are used to measure horizontal angles between survey lines in traversing. Traversing involves measuring linear distances with a tape and horizontal angles with a compass or theodolite. The document focuses on compass surveying, where magnetic bearings are measured with a prismatic compass and distances with a chain. It does not require triangulation networks and interior details are located by offsets from main lines. Finally, it describes the components and use of the prismatic compass.
Prismatic surveying
Prismatic compasses are surveying instruments used to determine bearings along traversing lines. They consist of a prism for accurate observations. Compass surveying involves determining directions with a magnetic compass and measuring line lengths with a tape. Temporary adjustments include fixing, centering, leveling, and sighting the compass. To complete a closed traverse using a prismatic compass, bearings are taken at each station and lengths are measured between stations, with care taken to avoid local magnetic attractions.
Angular measurement
This document discusses various components and uses of compasses in civil engineering. It describes the key parts of a prismatic compass and surveyor's compass. It also explains different types of angular measurements including magnetic bearings, true bearings, arbitrary bearings and grid bearings. The document discusses how bearings are measured in the whole circle system and quadrant system, and how to convert between the two. It also provides information on magnetic declination and variations in declination.
Compass Surveying.ppt
The document discusses compass traversing, which involves measuring both linear distances and angular measurements between survey lines. There are two types of traverses: closed traverses that return to the starting point, and open traverses that extend without closing. Instruments for measuring angles include compasses and theodolites. Bearings are specified using either whole circle bearings from 0-360 degrees or quadrantal bearings indicating clockwise/counterclockwise direction from the meridian. Local attraction from metal objects can affect compass readings and must be corrected. The document provides examples of bearing conversions and corrections.
Chapter No. 04 - Angles and Directions.pptx
This document discusses angles, directions, and surveying instruments. It covers horizontal and vertical angles, azimuths, bearings, magnetic declination, and local attraction. It also describes the basic components and use of a surveyor's compass for measuring angles and directions in the field. Key topics include defining interior, exterior, and deflection angles; converting between azimuths, bearings, and back azimuths; and applying corrections for magnetic declination and local attraction.
Compass surveying (1).ppt
This document discusses compass surveying and compass traversing. It defines important terms used in compass surveying such as true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian, grid meridian, whole circle bearing, quadrantal bearing, reduced bearing, fore and back bearing, magnetic declination, and dip of the magnetic needle. It also describes methods of traversing including chain traversing, compass traversing, and plane table traversing. It discusses checks that can be performed on closed and open traverses including checks on interior angles, exterior angles, deflection angles, and linear measurements. It provides examples of converting between whole circle bearings and quadrantal bearings and calculating fore and back bearings.
Unit3AngularMeasurementpptx__2022_01_08_11_22_11.pptx
This document provides a disclaimer for content used in a YouTube channel's videos. It states that the content is meant for non-commercial, educational purposes only. It acknowledges that some images used may be under copyright but their use was unintentional and for fair use only. The document says that any copyrighted material will be removed if a claim is received.
Traverse Survey Part 1/2
This document provides an overview of basic surveying principles and methods:
1) Surveying works from establishing overall control points before measuring details. Control points are established through precise primary networks of triangles or traverses.
2) Secondary control networks further divide the primary network for less precise work. Survey of details then uses the established control points. This minimizes error accumulation.
3) A traverse connects lines whose lengths and directions are measured to establish a framework. Traverses can be open or closed, with closed traverses returning to the starting point.
4) The direction of lines is defined by their bearing from a reference meridian using different systems like true, magnetic, or arbitrary meridians.
Ss report 2 report
This document contains the report of a field traverse survey conducted by a group of students. It includes the raw field data collected, computations of angular errors and adjustments, calculation of course bearings, horizontal and vertical distances between stations, and determination of station coordinates. The objective was to understand the principles and procedures of closed traverse surveying and apply theory to practice through fieldwork. The report documents the various steps and computations undertaken to analyze the field data collected and determine the accuracy of the closed traverse.
Site surveying report ii
This document is a field work report submitted by 4 students for a site surveying course. It details a traverse survey conducted on site to determine boundary positions. The report outlines the objectives of traverse surveys, apparatus used including a theodolite, and presents the raw and adjusted angle and coordinate results. It discusses taking angle measurements on site and the need for adjustment due to a 1.5 degree angular error. The conclusion notes the adjustment process was needed to achieve the total 360 degrees.
Unit 2
The document discusses compass and plane table surveying methods. It describes compass surveying as using angular and linear measurements to locate object positions, and is used when areas are large or obstacles prevent chaining. Plane table surveying allows simultaneous plotting and field observations. Key methods are discussed, including radiation to plot points from a single station, intersection using two stations, and traversing to connect points in a series of lines. Common equipment for each like compasses, plane tables, alidades, and chains are also outlined.
compasssurveying-130918040430-phpapp01 (1).pdf
Compass surveying involves measuring directions of survey lines using a magnetic compass and measuring lengths using a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating and has many details. In compass surveying, a series of connected lines are established through traversing. The magnetic bearing of each line is measured using a prismatic compass or surveyor's compass, and the distance is measured using a chain. Compass surveying is recommended for large and undulating areas without suspected magnetic interference. The key principles are measuring bearings using a compass and distances using a chain/tape through traversing connected lines.
chain and compass traversing.pptx
The document discusses compass traversing and the components of a prismatic compass used for surveying. It describes open and closed traverses, different types of meridians (true, magnetic, arbitrary), concepts of bearing (whole circle, quadrantal, fore, back), and components of the prismatic compass including the magnetic needle, graduated circle, prism, object vane, eye vane, and glass cover. The document is intended to teach basic surveying concepts and the use of a prismatic compass for taking measurements in the field.
Plane table surveying
Plane table surveying allows for simultaneous field observations and map plotting. It avoids transferring field data to an office and preparing separate maps. The key equipment includes a plane table, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, compass, drafting media sheet, and tripod. Common surveying methods using the plane table are radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Advantages include rapid mapping in the field and eliminating errors from separate field notes and office plotting. Disadvantages include limitations for large or precise surveys.
Ce6304 surveying i-2015_07_16_10_57_06_997
The document provides information on chain surveying and compass surveying. It defines surveying and its fundamental principles such as working from whole to part and locating new stations by at least two measurements. Chain surveying involves measuring linear distances with a chain and establishing a framework of triangles. It discusses the instruments used, types of chains, errors in chaining, and fieldwork procedures. Compass surveying determines directions using a compass and measures distances with a chain. It defines true and magnetic meridians/bearings and methods for recording whole circle and quadrantal bearings.
Compasssurveyin
1) Compass surveying involves measuring the magnetic bearing of connected survey lines using a prismatic or surveyor's compass. It is used for large, undulating areas with many details where chain or triangulation surveying is not suitable.
2) A prismatic compass has a magnetic needle that points north, a graduated circle to measure bearings, and a sighting system to observe bearings. A surveyor's compass is similar but without the sighting prism.
3) The magnetic bearing is the angle between the magnetic meridian and the survey line, measured clockwise. Reduced bearings are also used and range from 0-90 degrees.
4_6041824606606592995.pptx
This document discusses surveying techniques for measuring angles and directions. It introduces the theodolite, an instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. There are two main types of theodolite: optical and digital. The document outlines how to prepare a theodolite for measurement by setting it up, centering it, leveling it, and focusing it. It describes different types of horizontal angles like interior, deflection, and methods for determining direction like bearing and azimuth. The last part discusses traversing by measuring distances and angles between points to determine relative locations and discusses balancing a traverse by adjusting measurements to minimize errors.
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Unit3AngularMeasurementpptx__2022_01_08_11_22_11.pptx
Unit3AngularMeasurementpptx__2022_01_08_11_22_11.pptx
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一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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- 1. ENGINEERING SURVEYING : COMPASS SURVEYING CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES NAME : SITI HAJAR BT. MD. JAMIL CLASS: 5 CIVIL 4 IC NO.:960310-56-5284 TEACHER NAME : PN ZATUL HIDAYAH BT. MOHD SAPIAN
- 2. 5.3 COMPASS SURVEYING INTRODUCTION Compass surveying is a method of surveying by taking bearings and linear distance to produce plan . Bearing is measured using chain survey or measuring tape . Bearing in compass surveying means angle is made by chain line which is made by chain line or survey line by referring it to the magnetic meridian or magnetic north . This survey line will be series of line which is called traverse .
- 3. 5.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF COMPASS SURVEYING I. True North or Magnetic North In compass surveying , bearing is an angle measured clockwise between one survey line with the north direction. Bearing refers to true north known as true bearing , while bearing which refers to magnetic north is known as magnetic bearing . True north is a direction of earth’s north to north pole from any point on earth surface , while magnetic north is the direction of north shown by the magnetic needle in the prismatic compass
- 4. 5.3.2.INSTRUMENT USED IN COMPASS SURVEYING EXAMPLE
- 5. II. Compass Traverse Traverse is a survey line which is continuous from one to another . Traverse is divided into 2 types . OPEN & CLOSED traverse . Bearing reading for compass surveying work is taken using prismatic compass. 5.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF COMPASS SURVEYING
- 7. STEPS : 1.Set up of station A 2.Direct the compass to station B 3.Take the bearing reading . 4.Set up at station B 5.Direct the compass to station A 6.Take the bearing reading. The difference between forward & backward bearing is 180 degree. =260-80 =180 degree 7.Then measure the distance between the distance AB . 5.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF COMPASS SURVEYING
- 8. 5.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF COMPASS SURVEYING EXAMPLE :
- 9. 5.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF COMPASS SURVEYING Other than identification of distance & bearing for survey line , prismatic compass can also be used to determine relative position of an object . The position of an object is identified after bearing and distance of survey line are taken .
- 10. 5.3.2.INSTRUMENT USED IN COMPASS SURVEYING Instruments used in compass surveying are , chain , measuring tape , chaining arrow , ranging pole , prismatic compass , plumb bob , book and recording stationaries
- 11. 5.3.2.INSTRUMENT USED IN COMPASS SURVEYING Prismatic compass is used to measure the bearing of the survey line and others details referring to the magnetic north . Prismatic compass is a graduated compass card attached too magnetic needle and placed on to steel pivot . The graduated compass dial has bearing reading from 0 to 360 degree in a clockwise direction ,
- 12. A CROSS SECTION OF PRISMATIC COMPASS
- 13. 5.3.2.INSTRUMENT USED IN COMPASS SURVEYING II. Plumb Bob A plumb bob is used to center any surveying instruments on to survey station . The instrument is made of metal reverse cone shape and tired with thread on the upper part of the plumb bob so as it easy to hang on the tripod .
- 14. 5.3.2.INSTRUMENT USED IN COMPASS SURVEYING EXAMPLE