This document discusses the development of genetically modified crops, including the history of increasing maize yields in the US since 1875, the multi-billion dollar global market for seeds and traits, and the pipeline of biotech crops in development. It provides details on various genetic engineering techniques used to introduce traits into plants, such as particle bombardment, and the regulatory process for approving GM crops. Key points include increasing global adoption of biotech crops since 1996, their potential to reduce the yield gap in developing countries, and future prospects for high-value and "pharming" crops.
This document provides information about genetically modified wheat. It summarizes the development of Roundup Ready wheat by Monsanto, which was engineered to be resistant to glyphosate herbicide. The document details the genetic constructs and transformation methods used, as well as compositional analyses showing the GM wheat is substantially equivalent to non-GM wheat. It also discusses issues like contamination incidents and opinions on commercializing GM wheat.
Mobilizing wheat gene bank variation to breeding pipelinePrashant Vikram
This document discusses genetic approaches for mobilizing gene bank resources to enhance wheat productivity. It outlines a roadmap including: 1) evaluating wheat gene banks for traits like heat tolerance, rust resistance, and zinc content; 2) developing genomic resources through association mapping and bi-parental mapping; 3) utilizing resources through pre-breeding to develop improved lines; and 4) moving materials to national agricultural research systems breeding pipelines. It highlights efforts to profile and utilize diversity from Mexican landraces, including identifying rare alleles, developing a core set, and genome-wide association studies for heat tolerance.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Ian King (University of Nottingham, UK) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
This document discusses the potential benefits of genetically modified (GM) crops for long-term food and nutritional security. It notes that hundreds of millions of people worldwide suffer from malnutrition and hunger. GM crops could help address this by developing varieties that are drought resistant, salt tolerant, or more nutritious. Current GM crops include Bt cotton, golden rice, Bt brinjal, flavr savr tomato, Bt corn, and roundup ready crops. The document argues that with further development, GM technology could yield crops with improved yields, reduced pesticide use, enhanced nutrition, and other benefits to help ensure global food security.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
Biotech to Bakery - Impacts of Transgenic Crops on Your IndustryUniversity of Florida
Kevin Folta from the University of Florida presents how biotechnology stands to impact products in the bakery industry. Independent Bakers Association, Presented in Orlando, FL March 29, 2015.
Golden Rice is genetically modified rice that contains three introduced genes capable of beta-carotene synthesis, giving the rice kernels a golden yellow color. It was developed to combat vitamin A deficiency, a major cause of blindness and death in children in Southeast Asia where rice is a staple food but does not provide vitamin A. The development of Golden Rice involved transferring three genes - two from daffodils and one from bacteria - to allow the rice to produce beta-carotene. While it provides a sustainable solution and its seeds can be resown, Golden Rice also faces challenges in increasing its beta-carotene levels and transferring the genes to local rice varieties.
This document provides information about genetically modified wheat. It summarizes the development of Roundup Ready wheat by Monsanto, which was engineered to be resistant to glyphosate herbicide. The document details the genetic constructs and transformation methods used, as well as compositional analyses showing the GM wheat is substantially equivalent to non-GM wheat. It also discusses issues like contamination incidents and opinions on commercializing GM wheat.
Mobilizing wheat gene bank variation to breeding pipelinePrashant Vikram
This document discusses genetic approaches for mobilizing gene bank resources to enhance wheat productivity. It outlines a roadmap including: 1) evaluating wheat gene banks for traits like heat tolerance, rust resistance, and zinc content; 2) developing genomic resources through association mapping and bi-parental mapping; 3) utilizing resources through pre-breeding to develop improved lines; and 4) moving materials to national agricultural research systems breeding pipelines. It highlights efforts to profile and utilize diversity from Mexican landraces, including identifying rare alleles, developing a core set, and genome-wide association studies for heat tolerance.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Ian King (University of Nottingham, UK) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
This document discusses the potential benefits of genetically modified (GM) crops for long-term food and nutritional security. It notes that hundreds of millions of people worldwide suffer from malnutrition and hunger. GM crops could help address this by developing varieties that are drought resistant, salt tolerant, or more nutritious. Current GM crops include Bt cotton, golden rice, Bt brinjal, flavr savr tomato, Bt corn, and roundup ready crops. The document argues that with further development, GM technology could yield crops with improved yields, reduced pesticide use, enhanced nutrition, and other benefits to help ensure global food security.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
Biotech to Bakery - Impacts of Transgenic Crops on Your IndustryUniversity of Florida
Kevin Folta from the University of Florida presents how biotechnology stands to impact products in the bakery industry. Independent Bakers Association, Presented in Orlando, FL March 29, 2015.
Golden Rice is genetically modified rice that contains three introduced genes capable of beta-carotene synthesis, giving the rice kernels a golden yellow color. It was developed to combat vitamin A deficiency, a major cause of blindness and death in children in Southeast Asia where rice is a staple food but does not provide vitamin A. The development of Golden Rice involved transferring three genes - two from daffodils and one from bacteria - to allow the rice to produce beta-carotene. While it provides a sustainable solution and its seeds can be resown, Golden Rice also faces challenges in increasing its beta-carotene levels and transferring the genes to local rice varieties.
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops. It defines GM crops as plants that have been genetically engineered, such as by introducing a gene from another organism. The main GM crops grown in India are Bt cotton, and Bt brinjal, tomato, bhindi and rice are under evaluation. GM crops can increase yields, make crops resistant to viruses, pests and drought, and enhance nutrients. By increasing yields and resistance, GM crops help address issues like global hunger and food security. The document argues that GM crops can help improve nutrition and increase food shelf life, benefiting farmers and food supply.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
Golden rice-and-bt-crops-los-banos-phil-08-24-2011Heba FromAlla
Golden Rice and Bt crops: Unanswered safety and efficacy questions
This document outlines several unanswered questions regarding the safety and efficacy of Golden Rice and Bt crops. For Golden Rice, questions remain about how much beta-carotene is retained after storage and cooking. Human feeding trials were canceled after being notified by Greenpeace. There are also environmental and agricultural questions that remain unanswered. For Bt crops, proteomics studies found unintended changes in protein expression levels in Bt maize. Mouse feeding studies also found immune and reproductive system impacts from Bt maize consumption. Carefully designed long-term feeding studies in mice found statistically significant adverse reproductive effects from Bt maize consumption.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
Prepared as a part of assignments for PBGG seminar @ UGA. Discusses misinformation regarding GMOs, backs up assertions with scientific evidences. Target audience: general public. Prepared and presented in 2013.
Using crop wild relatives in crop improvementLuigi Guarino
The document discusses the Global Crop Diversity Trust's initiative to collect, protect, and utilize crop wild relatives to help adapt agriculture to climate change. It focuses on 26 priority crops including wheat, barley, oat, rye, and their wild relatives. Experts were surveyed and identified wheat species like Aegilops tauschii and traits like heat tolerance as important to target. The initiative aims to fill gaps in ex situ collections, conduct pre-breeding to transfer useful traits, and help ensure global food security in a changing climate.
Green revolution in wheat was brought through the "Dwarfing genes". This document describes all relevant information about major dwarfing genes in wheat and the mechanism how they cause dwarfism.
Status of Transgenics in Pest Management: Global and Indian ScenarioJayantyadav94
A transgenic crop plant contains a foreign gene or group of genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. Up to 17 million farmers in 24 countries planted 189.8 million hectares (469 million acres) in 2017, an increase of 3% or 4.7 million hectares (11.6 million acres) from 2016.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Latin American Congress of Chemistry on 30th September 2010, in the symposium on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: the role of the chemical sciences.
18th october ,2018 daily global regional local rice e newlsetter Riceplus Magazine
Loss of a microRNA molecule has striking effects on several yield-related traits in indica rice. Researchers from the National Centre for Biological Sciences in India found that miR397, which is barely detectable in domesticated rice, accumulates to high levels in wild rice. miR397 silences several laccase genes, reducing woody tissue formation. When miR397 expression was increased in domesticated rice, the plants resembled wild rice with low yields. Modifying miR397 expression could improve rice yields and traits in wild and cultivated varieties. The rice gene bank at the International Rice Research Institute conserves 136,000 rice varieties and will receive $1.9 million annually from the Crop Trust to fund operations and distribute seeds for climate-
The Seed Industry’s Questionable Golden Rice ProjectSeeds
The document is a report on the questionable Golden Rice project. It summarizes that Golden Rice was intended to combat vitamin A deficiency but after over 10 years, its ability to do so and its risks are still not properly assessed. No data has been published on important factors like the degradation rate of carotenoids in Golden Rice during storage and cooking or its bioavailability. Trials have still not addressed these technical gaps. There are also concerns about the environmental and health risks of Golden Rice as well as alternatives already in use that have proven effective at reducing vitamin A deficiency.
This document provides information about breeding techniques used in maize. It discusses techniques like mass selection, ear-to-row selection, progeny row selection, hybridization techniques including single cross, three-way cross and double cross hybrids. It also mentions popular varieties developed using recurrent selection like Kisan, Jawahar, Vikram, Sona, Vijay and Amber. The document highlights the importance of maize as one of the major cereals and discusses breeding objectives like increased yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and higher protein and oil content.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits like higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance through techniques like selection and hybridization. The objectives of plant breeding include developing varieties with higher yield, improved quality, resistance to diseases and insects, early maturity, and other desirable agronomic traits. Plant breeding techniques depend on the mode of reproduction of the crop - whether it is self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, or asexually propagated. Rice is one of the world's most important crops and a major focus of plant breeding efforts to develop high-yielding varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in Asia.
021614 yang-rui li--research and development priorities for sugar industry of...nguyenvanlocbh
1) The document summarizes research priorities for China's sugar industry, including sugarcane germplasm innovation using wild species, developing drought resistant varieties, and promoting mechanization.
2) It describes research incorporating Saccharum spontaneum and Erianthus arundinaceus into commercial varieties to improve traits like yield, sucrose content, and disease resistance.
3) Techniques discussed include interspecific hybridization, molecular marker selection, and tracking chromosome transmission over generations.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
The PPP describes the journey of rice breeding in India. It also describes the present status of rice breeding in respect of biotic and abiotic stresses in view of climate change. It also suggests some strategical points for future rice breeding programme.
"Aflasafe: a case study for aflatoxin reduction in crops "ExternalEvents
"Aflasafe: a case study for aflatoxin reduction in crops" presentation by "Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria"
This study reviews and documents available literature on the potential yields of crops such as rice,cassava,maize, e.t.c in Nigeria. The study was done with a view to shedding light on the agriculture production possibility frontier for planning purposes.
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops. It defines GM crops as plants that have been genetically engineered, such as by introducing a gene from another organism. The main GM crops grown in India are Bt cotton, and Bt brinjal, tomato, bhindi and rice are under evaluation. GM crops can increase yields, make crops resistant to viruses, pests and drought, and enhance nutrients. By increasing yields and resistance, GM crops help address issues like global hunger and food security. The document argues that GM crops can help improve nutrition and increase food shelf life, benefiting farmers and food supply.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
Golden rice-and-bt-crops-los-banos-phil-08-24-2011Heba FromAlla
Golden Rice and Bt crops: Unanswered safety and efficacy questions
This document outlines several unanswered questions regarding the safety and efficacy of Golden Rice and Bt crops. For Golden Rice, questions remain about how much beta-carotene is retained after storage and cooking. Human feeding trials were canceled after being notified by Greenpeace. There are also environmental and agricultural questions that remain unanswered. For Bt crops, proteomics studies found unintended changes in protein expression levels in Bt maize. Mouse feeding studies also found immune and reproductive system impacts from Bt maize consumption. Carefully designed long-term feeding studies in mice found statistically significant adverse reproductive effects from Bt maize consumption.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
Prepared as a part of assignments for PBGG seminar @ UGA. Discusses misinformation regarding GMOs, backs up assertions with scientific evidences. Target audience: general public. Prepared and presented in 2013.
Using crop wild relatives in crop improvementLuigi Guarino
The document discusses the Global Crop Diversity Trust's initiative to collect, protect, and utilize crop wild relatives to help adapt agriculture to climate change. It focuses on 26 priority crops including wheat, barley, oat, rye, and their wild relatives. Experts were surveyed and identified wheat species like Aegilops tauschii and traits like heat tolerance as important to target. The initiative aims to fill gaps in ex situ collections, conduct pre-breeding to transfer useful traits, and help ensure global food security in a changing climate.
Green revolution in wheat was brought through the "Dwarfing genes". This document describes all relevant information about major dwarfing genes in wheat and the mechanism how they cause dwarfism.
Status of Transgenics in Pest Management: Global and Indian ScenarioJayantyadav94
A transgenic crop plant contains a foreign gene or group of genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. Up to 17 million farmers in 24 countries planted 189.8 million hectares (469 million acres) in 2017, an increase of 3% or 4.7 million hectares (11.6 million acres) from 2016.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Latin American Congress of Chemistry on 30th September 2010, in the symposium on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: the role of the chemical sciences.
18th october ,2018 daily global regional local rice e newlsetter Riceplus Magazine
Loss of a microRNA molecule has striking effects on several yield-related traits in indica rice. Researchers from the National Centre for Biological Sciences in India found that miR397, which is barely detectable in domesticated rice, accumulates to high levels in wild rice. miR397 silences several laccase genes, reducing woody tissue formation. When miR397 expression was increased in domesticated rice, the plants resembled wild rice with low yields. Modifying miR397 expression could improve rice yields and traits in wild and cultivated varieties. The rice gene bank at the International Rice Research Institute conserves 136,000 rice varieties and will receive $1.9 million annually from the Crop Trust to fund operations and distribute seeds for climate-
The Seed Industry’s Questionable Golden Rice ProjectSeeds
The document is a report on the questionable Golden Rice project. It summarizes that Golden Rice was intended to combat vitamin A deficiency but after over 10 years, its ability to do so and its risks are still not properly assessed. No data has been published on important factors like the degradation rate of carotenoids in Golden Rice during storage and cooking or its bioavailability. Trials have still not addressed these technical gaps. There are also concerns about the environmental and health risks of Golden Rice as well as alternatives already in use that have proven effective at reducing vitamin A deficiency.
This document provides information about breeding techniques used in maize. It discusses techniques like mass selection, ear-to-row selection, progeny row selection, hybridization techniques including single cross, three-way cross and double cross hybrids. It also mentions popular varieties developed using recurrent selection like Kisan, Jawahar, Vikram, Sona, Vijay and Amber. The document highlights the importance of maize as one of the major cereals and discusses breeding objectives like increased yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and higher protein and oil content.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits like higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance through techniques like selection and hybridization. The objectives of plant breeding include developing varieties with higher yield, improved quality, resistance to diseases and insects, early maturity, and other desirable agronomic traits. Plant breeding techniques depend on the mode of reproduction of the crop - whether it is self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, or asexually propagated. Rice is one of the world's most important crops and a major focus of plant breeding efforts to develop high-yielding varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in Asia.
021614 yang-rui li--research and development priorities for sugar industry of...nguyenvanlocbh
1) The document summarizes research priorities for China's sugar industry, including sugarcane germplasm innovation using wild species, developing drought resistant varieties, and promoting mechanization.
2) It describes research incorporating Saccharum spontaneum and Erianthus arundinaceus into commercial varieties to improve traits like yield, sucrose content, and disease resistance.
3) Techniques discussed include interspecific hybridization, molecular marker selection, and tracking chromosome transmission over generations.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
The PPP describes the journey of rice breeding in India. It also describes the present status of rice breeding in respect of biotic and abiotic stresses in view of climate change. It also suggests some strategical points for future rice breeding programme.
"Aflasafe: a case study for aflatoxin reduction in crops "ExternalEvents
"Aflasafe: a case study for aflatoxin reduction in crops" presentation by "Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria"
This study reviews and documents available literature on the potential yields of crops such as rice,cassava,maize, e.t.c in Nigeria. The study was done with a view to shedding light on the agriculture production possibility frontier for planning purposes.
Underperformance of wind farms is a major problem in the industry, with average output around 10-11% below predictions. This can significantly reduce the financial viability of wind farm projects. There are several potential causes of underperformance, including overprediction of wind resource or turbine performance, and underprediction of losses and uncertainty. To maximize performance, operators should develop an asset management strategy focused on normalizing for wind effects, managing outage frequency and duration, increasing spare parts inventory, reducing inspection and repair costs, tracking rotor efficiency, using condition monitoring tools, and managing life cycle costs. With a proactive maintenance approach, life cycle costs can be kept under $0.4 million per turbine, while reactive maintenance can lead to costs over $1
Spatial variability map of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) is crucial for nutrient management. Georeferenced samples were collected at 30 and 60cm depth on 467Ha. Kriging produced spatial distribution of SOC using Geostatistical Analyst. Best fit semivariogram models were Rational Quadratic(topsoil) and K-Bessel(subsoil). The nugget-to-sill ratio was 0.60 (topsoil) and 0.92(subsoil), indicating medium & weak spatial dependence for both depths. Two fertility management zones for SOC were delineated
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document summarizes consumer research conducted to create a niche maternity outerwear line. It analyzes the target market demographics of married or single mothers ages 23-35 who have graduated college. Market surveys found these mothers want comfortable, classic styles in neutral colors like black, grey and cream between $50-75. Inspiration comes from pre-18th century historic costumes like ruffs and draped dresses as well as post-18th century styles like spencer jackets and bishop sleeves. Cultural influences on fashion from items like Indian bangles and Japanese kimonos are also discussed. The document addresses issues like using environmentally friendly antibacterial fabrics and the fashion industry's responsibility to promote healthy body images in models.
Yam is the main staple crop in Nigeria, which is a large tuber that is harvested and can last up to 6 months. Yam farming requires clearing the land, planting slices of yams for planting, and replanting after 3 months. There are large festivals held called the New Yam Festival that celebrate the harvesting of the new yam crop each year and feature much food. Other key crops and foods in Nigeria include kola nuts, palm wine, palm oil, maize, melons, and beans.
This document summarizes agricultural achievements under President Jonathan's administration in Nigeria. Key achievements include ending corruption in fertilizer and seed distribution through direct access for farmers, over 250,000 farmers now engaged in farming, and the development of a database of over 6 million registered farmers. Dry season rice farming was introduced in 10 northern states, increasing rice production. The policy led to the establishment of 13 new integrated rice mills by private investors. Nigeria's food import bill was reduced by over $500 billion and over 8 million metric tons of food were added to domestic supply.
Iron-deficient Indian children under the age of three who ate traditionally-prepared porridges and flat bread made from iron-rich pearl millet flour absorbed substantially more iron
A proposal for governance of sustainability in agriculture. Gérard RassJoanna Hicks
This document proposes a governance structure for sustainable agriculture. It suggests:
1) Establishing stakeholder dialogs between farmers, citizens, and policymakers to agree on objectives and sustainability criteria.
2) Developing indicators to measure farm practices' impacts on ecological services and sustainability over time.
3) Creating an Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAD) to identify and use indicators to assess 160 farms across 7 sustainability themes.
4) Developing a payment system for ecological services (PES) based on IAD indicators to incentivize sustainable practices.
The document discusses the state of global agriculture and its effects on ecosystems. It notes that 15 of 24 key ecosystem services have been degraded or unsustainably used in recent decades due largely to expansion of agriculture. About half of original forests have been lost to agriculture. Agriculture appropriates one third of the planet's net primary productivity and is a major driver of biodiversity loss and carbon emissions. Feeding a growing population while reducing these impacts will require intensifying production on existing farmland and improving sustainability through techniques like irrigation, fertilization, and conservation agriculture.
Promoting Small Businesses for Internally Displaced Persons Toluwalola Kasali
This document proposes three quick impact projects to promote economic integration among internally displaced persons in North-East Nigeria. The three proposed projects are: 1) A petty trading project that would provide business grants and training to displaced women. 2) A tailoring project also aimed at women providing skills training and equipment. 3) A farming project that would provide skills training, start-up grants and potentially access to land for displaced men. The document outlines costs, timelines, and expected outcomes for each project, arguing they could provide sustainable livelihoods and restore dignity for displaced persons.
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Biotechnology for Agriculture in Nigeria - Christian Fatokunb4fa
Presentation by Prof Christian Fatokun, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Ibadan, Nigeria - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
This document provides an overview of agriculture, including different types of farming. It discusses subsistence farming, which focuses on growing enough food for a farmer's family. Types of subsistence farming include shifting agriculture, nomadic herding, and intensive subsistence farming. Commercial farming is described as the large-scale production of crops for sale in distant markets. Types of commercial farming include intensive and extensive commercial farming as well as plantation agriculture. The document concludes by describing several major crops grown globally including maize, wheat, rice, millets, jute, cotton, coffee, and tea.
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1. The document discusses strategies to revitalize the cocoa sector in Ekiti State, Nigeria through cocoa surveys, converting agricultural waste to wealth, and mainstreaming Farmer Business Schools.
2. Key strategies include conducting cocoa surveys to gather baseline data on farmers, encouraging farmers to add value to agricultural waste through activities like animal feeding and composting, and implementing the Farmer Business School curriculum to improve farmers' business and technical skills.
3. The strategies aim to increase cocoa yields and incomes, strengthen farmers' cooperatives, generate jobs, and overall improve livelihoods in the cocoa sector in Ekiti State.
The document discusses agriculture admissions and food production in Nigeria. It notes that Nigeria spends billions on food imports annually due to small-scale traditional farming methods and a lack of equipment and investment. There are only a few agriculture universities in Nigeria despite high demand, with the top fields of study being general agriculture, agricultural economics and extension, food science and technology, and animal science. The document provides statistics on agriculture university admissions from 2011-2013.
This document summarizes strategies for pre- and post-harvest management of aflatoxin in food crops. It discusses how aflatoxin contamination occurs before and after crop maturity due to factors like insect damage, drought, and humidity. It then outlines management strategies including host plant resistance, insect control, biocontrol use of Aflasafe, and post-harvest practices like drying, storage, and sorting. Aflasafe application in multiple countries has shown reductions in aflatoxin of over 80% at harvest and in storage. The conclusion emphasizes applying an integrated approach of Aflasafe use along with best agricultural and storage practices.
Genetically modified foods have been developed since 1983 when the first genetically engineered plant was created. GM foods are produced by inserting genes from other organisms into crops to give them new traits like pest or disease resistance. While GM foods could increase yields and nutrition, there are also health and environmental concerns. In the Philippines, Bt corn was first introduced commercially in 2002 but the Catholic Church and some groups oppose GM foods due to safety issues. The regulatory system for GM foods in the Philippines is also limited.
Genetically modified food and its consequences on human health and nutritionwoolencastle
Genetically Modified Food and Its Consequences on Human Health and Nutrition discusses genetically modified (GM) foods. It begins with an introduction to genetic engineering and how it is used to alter the structure and characteristics of genes. The document then explores the rationale for GM foods, including addressing increasing global food demands and malnutrition. Both the advantages and disadvantages of GM foods are examined, such as increasing crop yields but also potential human health risks. The document concludes that while GM foods may help address global issues like malnutrition, more research is still needed to fully understand their effects on human health.
The document discusses the history and applications of genetically modified plants. The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982 using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. The first genetically modified crop approved for commercial sale in the US was the FlavrSavr tomato in 1994, which had a longer shelf life. Genetic engineering techniques are used to improve crop traits like herbicide and insect resistance, virus resistance, oil and fruit content, and abiotic stress tolerance.
- Kevin Folta is a professor and chairman of the Horticultural Sciences Department at the University of Florida, overseeing 56 faculty members across multiple locations. His research focuses on topics like breeding new plant varieties, crop genetics and genomics, organic production, and more.
- The document discusses GMO technology and its benefits, addressing criticisms and misconceptions. It explains concepts like how genes are added to plants, how traits like Bt toxin production and glyphosate resistance work, and studies showing GMOs are safe.
- The technology holds promise to help farmers and consumers, but progress is slowed by manufactured fear despite scientific consensus that GMOs are as safe as conventional crops. Communicating science is important to ensure
This document provides an overview of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) including their history, applications, mechanisms of action, advantages, and status. It discusses various traits that have been developed through genetic engineering in crops, such as insect resistance using Bt proteins, herbicide tolerance, delayed ripening, cold tolerance, and improved nutritional quality. The document also examines mechanisms such as gene silencing that have been used to develop GM traits. It provides examples of GM crops including Bt cotton, Roundup Ready soybeans, and Golden Rice.
Consumer rights for safe food include the rights for food to be safe, nutritious, affordable, available, and sustainable. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms like crops that have been altered by changing their gene sequence to induce desired traits, such as making crops pest-resistant or herbicide-tolerant. While GMOs may have benefits, there is no long-term research on their safety as human food and growing evidence they can be hazardous. To avoid GMOs, consumers should eat local, unprocessed, organic food and fight for their right to safe food and GMO labeling.
Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14 Angele L'Heureux
This document summarizes information about genetically modified (GM) foods. It discusses what genetic modification means, potential benefits of GM foods like increased crop yields and drought resistance. It also covers controversies around GM foods like safety concerns and social equity issues. The document provides examples of GM products like cheeses made with a genetically modified enzyme called chymosin. It examines reviews of GM crop safety research that have found no differences in risks between GM and traditionally bred crops. The document also discusses debates around the safety of GM salmon and analyses of risks from the growth hormone gene and containment measures.
Transgenic crops are genetically modified crops containing genes artificially inserted from another species. The first GM crop was a tobacco plant in 1982, and the first approved for sale in the US was the FlavrSavr tomato in 1994. GM crops are developed using genetic engineering techniques to speed up traditional breeding and introduce a wider variety of genes. Potential benefits include increased yields, insect and disease resistance, and improved nutrition. However, there are also concerns about the impacts on human and environmental health.
This document discusses issues with food labeling and marketing, as well as harmful chemicals found in some foods and household products. It provides lists of chemicals and ingredients to avoid, such as MSG, GMOs, pesticides, and endocrine disruptors. The document encourages supporting local organic farmers, reading labels, and taking action at the community level to improve food safety and transparency. In summary, it addresses deception in marketing, lists dangerous chemicals and GMOs to avoid, and suggests ways for consumers to make healthier choices.
Production of transgenics in oilseeds by Kanak SaxenaDr. Kanak Saxena
This document provides information about a credit seminar presentation on transgenic production in oilseed crops. It discusses the importance of oilseed crops in India, the need for transgenic technologies to improve oilseed production and address constraints. It outlines the steps involved in transgenic production, including identification of genes, gene transfer methods, regeneration of transformed cells, and field testing. Application of transgenics in various oilseed crops are presented as case studies, including herbicide resistance in soybean and brassica, and disease resistance in sunflower and brassica. Limitations of transgenic technologies are also noted. The conclusion states that transgenics offer potential for genetic improvement of crops and can generate new varieties to complement conventional breeding methods.
Presented at Iowa State University on March 24, 2015. Kevin M. Folta presents new information on the future of food and the utility and risks of biotechnology.
Vitamin C is important for collagen production, iron absorption, and decreasing blood pressure. A lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy. Artificial selection has been used for thousands of years by farmers to select traits like increased yield and quality in major crops like cabbage, broccoli, and wheat. More recently, techniques like gene transfer and genetic engineering have allowed for more targeted introduction of specific genes to produce traits like pest resistance (Bt cotton) or increased nutrient levels (Golden Rice). While these techniques can have advantages, issues around gene flow and insect resistance development still need to be addressed.
The document summarizes issues with conventional farming and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Conventional farming relies heavily on chemicals that degrade soil quality and the environment over time. While GMOs aim to increase yields and reduce costs, they are controversial due to potential health and environmental effects. The document also discusses genetically modified soy and its impacts, including widespread use in the U.S. and links to health issues.
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. The goal is to insert desirable genes from other organisms to produce crops with improved traits like pest or disease resistance, increased yield, or tolerance to environmental stresses. Some examples of transgenic crops include insect-resistant corn and cotton, herbicide-resistant soybeans, and golden rice which is enriched with vitamin A. While transgenic crops offer advantages to farmers and consumers, some concerns exist around their impact on human health, the environment, and traditional farming practices. Ongoing research continues to assess both the promises and risks of this emerging agricultural technology.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and provides examples of GMO crops. It defines GMOs as plants or animals created through gene splicing, and notes debates around their safety. The document then examines four examples of GMO crops in detail: 1) pesticide-resistant rape plants, 2) insecticide-producing corn, 3) vitamin-A enriched "golden rice", and 4) longer-lasting tomatoes. Each example provides advantages and disadvantages. The document concludes by listing GMO crops being tested in the Philippines, including biotech corn, canola, potato, cotton, squash, tomato and papaya engineered for traits like herbicide/pest resistance and virus resistance.
Enhancing Societal Acceptance of GM Crops in IndiaSenthil Natesan
Fate of agricultural biotechnology hinges on how it is perceived by the policy makers and the public
We can help provide information so the stakeholders can make informed choices and pave way for enabling policies
This document discusses genetically modified foods and explores both the positive and negative effects. It defines genetically modified foods as foods derived from organisms that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering. The most common genetically modified crops are soy, corn, cotton, and canola. The document summarizes benefits like increased crop yields and pest resistance, but also lists potential health risks and environmental concerns. It also examines the debate around labeling genetically modified ingredients.
1. Genetically modified (GM) foods are derived from crops that have been altered through genetic engineering to enhance desired traits. Common GM crops include soybeans, corn, cotton, canola, and papaya.
2. Supporters argue that GM crops increase yields, boost nutrition, use fewer pesticides and herbicides, and can be engineered for drought resistance. Critics worry about potential health effects, environmental impacts like loss of biodiversity, and the spread of transgenes to wild plants.
3. Many countries have restrictions or bans on GM foods due to uncertainties about safety and ethics. Sri Lanka banned imports of GM soy, tomato products, and brewer's yeast in 2001.
Similar to B4FA 2012 Nigeria: GM crops production, commercialisation and regulation - Jim Dunwell (20)
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Science Journalism in Tanzania - Joseph Kithamab4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Genes - Out of the Lab into the News - Sharon Schmickleb4fa
This document provides examples of different types of articles about genetics research and crop science. It includes sample press releases, journal articles, and news stories that have been translated for a general audience. The document encourages thinking about how to craft compelling stories about this research for different target audiences like farmers, policymakers, and consumers. It also shares an example of Russian plant scientists who sacrificed themselves during a famine to save valuable seed collections at their research institute. The overall message is about effectively communicating science to non-expert audiences.
Effective interviewing requires preparation with clear questions to get clear answers. Interviewers should ask sources to translate scientific concepts into everyday language and drill down for more explanation if something is not understood. Interviewers also need to understand the source's reason for granting the interview, quote them accurately, double check facts, and maintain a good relationship as the source may be needed again in the future.
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Seed trade environment in Ghana - Daniel Otungeb4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Agricultural biotechnology and the regulatory environment - ...b4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Cassava mosaic disease resistance - Paul Asareb4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Bt cotton production in Ghana - Emmanuel Chambab4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: F1 hybrid seeds and plants - Claudia Canalesb4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Status of maruca-resistant cowpea project in Ghana - IDK Ato...b4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Genetic Engineering - Chris Leaverb4fa
Introduction to genetic engineering technologies and principles at B4FA 2013 Accra media fellowship workshop
For more information please see www.b4fa.org
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Introduction to Genetics - Prof Eric Yirenkyi Danquahb4fa
This document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts including:
- Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, focusing on genes which provide instructions for making proteins.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1850s and discovered the laws of inheritance, including that traits are passed through discrete units (now known as genes) which segregate and assort independently.
- Cells contain DNA, which carries the genetic code in genes arranged on chromosomes. The order of molecules (A, C, T, G) in the DNA determines an organism's traits.
- Sexual reproduction and random mutation create variation within a population, while genes control the traits passed from parents to
B4FA 2013 Ghana: History of agriculture - Bernie Jonesb4fa
This document provides a history of plant domestication and agriculture. It notes that around 10,000 years ago, early farmers began deliberately selecting crops with desirable traits through a process of natural selection and breeding. Over thousands of years, farmers domesticated crops like wheat, barley, potatoes, goats, sheep, rye, chickens and more in different regions. The document discusses how traditional plant breeding techniques have altered crops over millennia through selection, mutation, and crossing, well before modern genetic engineering. It also addresses the migration and colonization of indigenous African crops versus current staple crops.
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Media dialogue Workshop Introduction - Bernie Jonesb4fa
The document provides an outline for a training course on biosciences for farming in Africa. It introduces the 3-year B4FA project, which aims to encourage dialogue on biosciences, farming, and Africa. The project is funded by the John Templeton Foundation and Malaysia Commonwealth Studies Centre. The training course will provide introductions to plant breeding, genetics, biotechnologies and their regulatory aspects. It will include networking, field trips, and lessons in science journalism. Fellows will produce work on the issues and stay engaged with the project after the course. Housekeeping details on the daily format and expenses are also noted.
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Seed trade environment in Tanzania - Daniel Otungeb4fa
This document provides an overview of seed systems and regulation in Tanzania. It discusses the roles of various stakeholders in the formal and informal seed sectors, including national research institutes, universities, seed companies, farmers' groups, and NGOs. It outlines Tanzania's seed classification system and regulatory framework, including the Seed Act of 2003 and legislation protecting plant breeders' rights. Challenges in the seed industry include underfunding of research, weak extension services, low seed quality, and lack of awareness about improved varieties. Strengthening seed systems is important for increasing agricultural productivity and food security in Tanzania.
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
5. Recap
• Ever more sophisticated techniques to
introduce new/desired traits into plants
• But, what if:
– The plants with the traits won’t breed with each
other
– Your crops are sterile
– The desired trait isn’t available
– You don’t have time to follow a conventional
breeding/back-crossing process
– You want to do something new (make a vaccine
etc)
6. Previous technologies
• All technologies and processes described so far are pretty non-
specific, and can be time consuming
• Especially genetic variation aspect. You can want to introduce a
single trait, but breeding “mixes everything up”
• Imagine you want to build a better car. You have a 4x4 which is
good for getting around on your roads, but want it to go faster.
• Current technologies analogous to taking lots of 4x4s and lots of
Porsches; rebuilding new cars from 50% of the pieces of each;
and then seeing which ones work and which don’t.
• When all you want to do is put the engine from one car into the
body of the other one.
7. 7
Desired gene
Traditional plant breeding
Traditional plant
breeding combines
many genes at once.
Traditional donor Commercial variety New variety
Desired Gene
X =
(crosses)
(many genes are transferred)
Plant biotechnology
Using plant
biotechnology, a single
gene may be added to
the strand.
Desired gene Commercial variety New variety
(transfers)
=
Desired gene
(only desired gene is transferred)
8.
9. Ideal Transformation Method
• Can be applied to any genotype
• Produces fertile plants
• Has high efficiency
• Introduced gene is single copy
• Gene is stable and expressed over
time/generations
• No background genetic change
23. “And he gave it for his opinion,
that whoever could make two
ears of corn..to grow upon a
spot of ground where only one
grew before, would deserve
better of mankind, and do more
essential service to his country
than the whole race of politicians
put together” Jonathan Swift, 1726
29. GM Crops 2011
29
•Biotech crops reached 160 million hectares, up 12
million hectares on 8% growth, from 2010, as the
global population reached a historical milestone of 7
billion on 31 October 2011.
•A 94-fold increase in hectarage from 1.7 million
hectares in 1996 to 160 million hectares in 2011
makes biotech crops the fastest adopted crop
technology in the history of modern agriculture.
•Of the 29 countries planting biotech crops in 2011, it is
noteworthy that 19 were developing and 10 were
industrial countries.
30. 30
Approved GM Traits in US
Trait Example
Herbicide tolerance Bromoxynil, glufosinate,
glyphosate, sulfonylurea
Insect resistance Bt kurstaki, Bt tenebrionis
Virus resistance Papaya ringspot, cucumber mosaic,
zucchini yellow mosaic,
watermelon mosaic,
potato leaf roll, potato Y
Male sterility Barnase/barstar
Modified ripening ACC synthase, ACC deaminase
SAM hydrolase, polygalacturonase
Modified oils high lauric, myristic, oleic
33. Advantages of Herbicide Tolerance
• Reduction of pre-emergent sprays
• Treatment can be left until weeds
emerge
• No-tillage systems are possible
• Costs can be reduced
• Ease of agronomy
34. Brazil - Double Cropping without Irrigation
Harvesting Soybean, sowing Corn, with no tillage
50. Why are fish oils important in human diet?
• Specific fatty acids found in fish oils are prevalent in specialised organs (such as
the brain, eyes & testes). These are the n-3/omega-3 long chain polyunsaturates
• Mammals have a very limited ability to synthesise these fatty acids, so we need
to obtain them from our diet
• Some human genetic disorders are directly linked to an inability to make these
fatty acids. There is also some evidence of a reduced capacity to synthesise them
in old age and/or diseased states.
• The fatty acids found in fish oils are NOT the same as those in vegetable oils
• Long chain Omega-3 fatty acids play a role in anti-inflammatory responses
• Long chain Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to play a role in prevention of
cardiovascular disease and re-occurance of infarction. They may also play a role in
childhood IQ, depression and dispraxia.
51. Obesity, CVD and type-2 diabetes are a growing global
problem
• Food security means ensuring optimal nutrition for all
• The increased prevalence of CVD etc represent an ever-
increasing burden on public health services
• Increased global affluence generates shifts in dietary
consumption
Moderate consumption
(0.5-2g/day) of omega-3
long chain polyunsaturated
fatty acids found in fish oils
can help reduce the risk of
CVD and metabolic
syndrome.
Unfortunately, wild fish
stocks (the predominant
source of these fatty acids)
are in decline due to over-
fishing and pollution of the
marine environment. Also
the demands of aquaculture
52. Fish farming is a net consumer of fish oils and is unsustainable…
Unfortunately, marine fish in
aquaculture require dietary
provision of omega-3 LC-
PUFAs. Aquaculture is a
massively expanding
industry, already consuming
a large % of wild capture
fish oil & meal. Vegetable
oils cannot substitute for
the dietary fish oils.
Thus, there is a pressing
need to find a sustainable
source of fish oils for
aquaculture.
53. The synthesis of omegaThe synthesis of omega--3 LC3 LC--PUFAs in transgenic plantsPUFAs in transgenic plants
Identify algal genes for the
synthesis of omega-3
polyunsaturates & transfer them to
oilseeds
Regenerate transgenic plants with novel fatty acid traits.
The sources of
genes for LC-
PUFA
biosynthesis are
marine algae
Timeline – project started 1994 (!!)
54. ALGAE DOESN’T ACTUALLY TASTE THIS GOOD!
Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Algae naturally produce
Omega-3 fatty acids that have
health benefits for humans.
Humans don’t typically eat
algae, but fish do. Fish like
salmon tend to have higher
levels of Omega-3 fatty acids.
Goal: Develop a land-
based source of oil
with a nutritional
profile similar to fish oil
but an improved flavor
SOYBEAN OIL CONTAINS 20% STEARIDONIC ACID (SDA)
Monsanto
55. Establishing a novel oils platform in Camelina sativa.
Most successful Arabidopsis-
evaluated constructs will be
introduced into Camelina sativa.
Most successful Arabidopsis-
evaluated constructs will be
introduced into Camelina sativa.
Camelina is a Brassicaceae
and easily transformed. Oil
profile is similar to
Arabidopsis, so results
should be equivalent or
better to that observed in
the model system. We have
determined baseline
datasets for lipid
composition over seed
development for Camelina
56. 1 Acre of Omega-3 Soybeans:
Comparison
•OMEGA-3 SOYBEANS
Discovery Phase 1
Proof of Concept
Phase 2
Early Development
Phase 3
Adv. Development
Phase 4
Pre-Launch
Launch
Just one acre of Omega-3, SDA-
enriched soybeans is equal to… 13,000
Salmon
=
66. In the period, 2002 to 2008, Bt cotton
generated economic benefits for farmers
valued at $5.1 billion, halved insecticide
requirements, contributed to the doubling of
yield and transformed India from a cotton
importer to the major exporter. In 2008 alone,
the benefits accruing from Bt cotton in India
was US$1.8 billion.
Bt Cotton in India
ISAAA 2010
70. South African Experience: HT Maize 1
Insecticide saving impact of Bt
•Few smallholder farmers apply insecticides = little
insecticide or labour saving
•Higher yields would mean more labour, but this was found
to be minimal
Labour saving impact of HT maize
•A main benefit for HT adopting smallholder farmers is the
labour saving impact
•A labour saving technology is not ideal for a country with a
high unemployment rate but labour is a limiting factor for
many subsistence farmers due to migration to urban areas
and high prevalence of HIV/AIDS
77. Ag Biotech has Lengthy Product Development
Cycle and Large Investment Process
Year 0 1 2 4 6 8 93 5 7 10
Discovery
Gene/Trait Identification
Phase I
Proof of Concept
Phase II
Early Development
Phase IV
Regulatory Submission
• High
throughput
screening
• Model crop
testing
• Gene
optimization
• Crop
transformation
• Trait
development
• Pre-regulatory
data
• Large scale
transformation
• Trait
integration
• Field testing
• Regulatory
data
generation
• Regulatory
submission
• Seed bulk-up
• Pre-marketing
$2-5M
(5%)
$5-10M
(25%)
$10-15M
(50%)
$15-30M
(75%)
$20-40M
(90%)
On Average:
Time to market: 8-10 years
Total expense: ~$100M
Spending
(ProbabilityofSuccessin%)
•Numbers (time duration, spending, and probability of success) are all estimates.
•The actual for individual projects could vary.
R&D TIME AND COST
Phase III
Advanced Development
78. Safety Assessment Occurs
Throughout the Development Process
Evaluation
Line
Selection
Variety
Development
Field
Production
Market
Gene
Discovery
Line
Selection
Product
Concept
}
}
}
Biological/Agronomic
Equivalence
● Greenhouse to field
● Agronomic
performance
● Event screening -
phenotype
● Event selection
(<1%)
Comparative
Product Safety
● Food
● Feed
● Environment
Initial Safety
Assessment
● Choice of
Genes/Proteins
● Source
● Safety
● Ethics
● Environmental
● Gene / crop
Discovery Field testing Product testing Marketing
Post-market
● Post-market
surveillance
● Supplemental
food/feed
studies, as
needed
}
8 to 10 years
79.
80. Brookes et al 2010
Increase in World Commodity Prices
without Biotech
102. Increasing weight is associated
with an overall increase in risk
• Overall mortality up to 2.5-fold in the 30-44 age group,
less at older ages
• Cardiovascular mortality up to 4-fold in the 30-44 age
group, less at older ages
• Diabetes up to 5-fold
• Hypertension
• Gall bladder disease
108. Other Species used for Pharma Production
Arabidopsis Pea
Banana Pigeon pea
Carrot Spinach
(flax) Sunflower
Lotus corniculatus Sweet potato
Lupin Tomato
Papaya White clover
(also duckweeds, moss and algae)
114. The process of consolidation of IPR began in
earnest in August 1996 with AgrEvo’s purchase
of Plant Genetic Systems (PGS) for $730 million,
made when PGS’s prior market capitalization
was $30 million.
According to AgrEvo, $700 million of the purchase
price was assigned to the valuation of the
patent-protected trait technologies owned by PGS.
Pila 2008