This document discusses different patterns of organization that are commonly used in textbooks to present information. It identifies several key patterns including listing, definition, description, time order, contrast, comparison, cause and effect, classification, and mixed organizational patterns. Transitional words are provided as examples to signal each type of organizational pattern. The document serves as a guide for identifying patterns of organization in textbooks and understanding how information and ideas are structured.

1. Chapter 5: Patterns of Organization Bridging the Gap, 8/e Brenda Smith

2. In this Chapter You Will Learn about: Transitional words that signal organizational patterns Different patterns of organization used in textbooks Combinations of organizational patterns

3. What Is a Pattern of Organization? A pattern of organization is the presentation of a plan, format, or structure for the message Serves as blueprint Signals how facts and ideas will be presented

4. Finding Patterns of Organization in Textbooks Identify the main idea Be alert to the signal words Anticipate the overall pattern of organization Place the major supporting details into the outline

5. Transitional Words Transition words signal Levels of importance Connections Directions of thoughts

6. Signal Words Used as Transitions Addition: in addition, furthermore, moreover Examples: for example, for instance, to illustrate, such as Time: first, secondly, finally, last, afterward Comparison: similarly, likewise, in the same manner Contrast: however, but, nevertheless, whereas, on the contrary, conversely, in contrast Cause and effect: thus, consequently, therefore, as a result

7. Simple Listing Items are randomly listed in a series of supporting facts or details Supporting elements are of equal value The order in which they are presented is of no importance Changing the order of the items does not change the meaning of the paragraph Examples of transitional words used for this pattern are in addition, also, another, several, for example, a number of

8. Definition Concept is defined first Examples and restatements expand the concept Defined term is usually signaled by italicized or boldfaced type

9. Description Similar to listing Characteristics are similar to a definition or a simple list of details

10. Time Order or Sequence Items are listed: In the order in which they occurred (Ex: time order) In a specifically planned order in which they must develop (Ex: narrative writing, tells a story) Examples of transition words used are first, second, third, after, before, when, until, at last, next, later

11. Contrast Items are presented according to differences between or among them Examples of transition words are different, in contrast, on the other hand, but, however, bigger than

12. Comparison Items are presented according to similarities between or among them Examples of transition words are similar, in the same way, in comparison

13. Comparison and Contrast Combines both comparisons and contrasts together into a single paragraph

14. Cause and Effect An element is shown as producing another element --One is the cause or the “happening” --The other is the particular result or effect produced by the cause Examples of transition words are for this reason, consequently, because

15. Classification Used to simplify a complex topic Information is divided into a certain number of groups or categories The divisions are named The parts are explained Examples of transition words are two divisions, three groups, four elements, five classes, six levels, seven categories

16. Addition Provides more information to something already explained Example of transition words are furthermore, again, also, further, moreover, besides, likewise

17. Summary Comes at the end of an article or chapter Condenses the main idea into a short concluding statement Examples of transition words are in conclusion, briefly, to sum up, in short, in a nutshell

18. Location or Spatial Order Identifies the whereabouts of a place or an object Examples of transition words are north, next to, near, below, close by, within, around

19. Generalization and Example A general statement or conclusion is supported with specific examples Examples of transition words are to restate that, that is, for example, to illustrate, for instance

20. Mixed Organizational Patterns A long article may have one general overall pattern and contain individual paragraphs that follow other patterns