There are two ways to report what someone says: direct speech and indirect (reported) speech. Direct speech uses the exact words of the speaker within quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the meaning without using the exact words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, there are typically changes to tense, pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verbs depending on whether the original statement was affirmative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect narration. Direct narration reports the exact words spoken without changes, while indirect narration does not report the exact words and changes pronouns, verbs, and other elements according to grammar rules. Some of the key rules for changing direct to indirect speech include changing present tenses to past tenses, changing pronouns according to the subject or object of the reported speech, changing words like today to that day, and changing interrogative sentences by removing question marks and changing verbs and auxiliaries.
- There are two ways to report someone's words: direct speech and indirect speech.
- Direct speech uses quotation marks and reports the exact words. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and changes pronouns, verb tenses, and adverbs of time and place.
- Punctuation like commas and capitalization is used differently between direct and indirect speech. Indirect speech also uses conjunctions like "that."
The document provides rules for summarizing direct and indirect narration in English. It begins by defining direct and indirect narration, also called direct and indirect speech. Direct narration quotes the exact words of the speaker, while indirect narration reports the speaker's words in a narrative form without quotation marks. The document then outlines rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech for different types of sentences, including assertive/statement sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, optative sentences, and exclamatory sentences. It provides examples and explanations for how to change the verb tenses and structures based on the reported verb tense and type of sentence.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses exact words from a speaker and uses quotation marks, while indirect speech does not use the exact words and does not use quotation marks. When changing from direct to indirect speech, pronouns, tenses, adverbs of time and place may need to change according to reporting formulas. Verb tenses only change if the reporting verb is in the past tense.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks and maintains the same verb tenses, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and usually changes pronouns and verb tenses. The document also provides examples of converting direct speech to indirect speech by changing pronouns like "I" to "he" and changing verb tenses like "go" to "went".
The document discusses the differences between active and passive voice in sentences. It provides examples of changing sentences from active to passive voice by making the object the subject and adding "be" verbs and "by" phrases. The rules covered include how to change various tenses like simple present, past, future. Yes/no and wh- questions are also discussed and examples shown of changing them to passive voice. Imperative and "let" structures are addressed as well.
1) Direct and indirect speech differ in the changes made to pronouns, tenses, temporal words and question forms.
2) In indirect speech, pronouns change to reflect the speaker rather than listener, tenses backshift, words like "this" become "that", and questions are reported with if/whether for yes/no questions and the wh- word for wh- questions.
3) Modals, the present/future tense of the original speaker, and wh- questions are transformed following set rules while maintaining the original meaning.
There are two ways to report what someone says: direct speech and indirect (reported) speech. Direct speech uses the exact words of the speaker within quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the meaning without using the exact words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, there are typically changes to tense, pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verbs depending on whether the original statement was affirmative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect narration. Direct narration reports the exact words spoken without changes, while indirect narration does not report the exact words and changes pronouns, verbs, and other elements according to grammar rules. Some of the key rules for changing direct to indirect speech include changing present tenses to past tenses, changing pronouns according to the subject or object of the reported speech, changing words like today to that day, and changing interrogative sentences by removing question marks and changing verbs and auxiliaries.
- There are two ways to report someone's words: direct speech and indirect speech.
- Direct speech uses quotation marks and reports the exact words. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and changes pronouns, verb tenses, and adverbs of time and place.
- Punctuation like commas and capitalization is used differently between direct and indirect speech. Indirect speech also uses conjunctions like "that."
The document provides rules for summarizing direct and indirect narration in English. It begins by defining direct and indirect narration, also called direct and indirect speech. Direct narration quotes the exact words of the speaker, while indirect narration reports the speaker's words in a narrative form without quotation marks. The document then outlines rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech for different types of sentences, including assertive/statement sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, optative sentences, and exclamatory sentences. It provides examples and explanations for how to change the verb tenses and structures based on the reported verb tense and type of sentence.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses exact words from a speaker and uses quotation marks, while indirect speech does not use the exact words and does not use quotation marks. When changing from direct to indirect speech, pronouns, tenses, adverbs of time and place may need to change according to reporting formulas. Verb tenses only change if the reporting verb is in the past tense.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks and maintains the same verb tenses, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and usually changes pronouns and verb tenses. The document also provides examples of converting direct speech to indirect speech by changing pronouns like "I" to "he" and changing verb tenses like "go" to "went".
The document discusses the differences between active and passive voice in sentences. It provides examples of changing sentences from active to passive voice by making the object the subject and adding "be" verbs and "by" phrases. The rules covered include how to change various tenses like simple present, past, future. Yes/no and wh- questions are also discussed and examples shown of changing them to passive voice. Imperative and "let" structures are addressed as well.
1) Direct and indirect speech differ in the changes made to pronouns, tenses, temporal words and question forms.
2) In indirect speech, pronouns change to reflect the speaker rather than listener, tenses backshift, words like "this" become "that", and questions are reported with if/whether for yes/no questions and the wh- word for wh- questions.
3) Modals, the present/future tense of the original speaker, and wh- questions are transformed following set rules while maintaining the original meaning.
This document discusses the rules for reported speech or indirect speech. It explains that reported speech is used to tell someone what another person said without using their exact words. Key changes that can occur in reported speech include changing verb tenses, pronouns, words referring to time and place, and dropping quotation marks. The rules for changing direct to reported speech are provided for verbs, pronouns, time words, place words, questions, requests and more.
This document provides information and rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech. It discusses how pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verb tenses need to be changed. Examples are given for each rule, such as changing "I" to "he/she", "here" to "there", and present tense verbs to past tense verbs. The document also provides exercises for the reader to practice changing direct speech to indirect speech according to the rules outlined.
English Grammar needs an Understanding of the Usage of Various rules of Narration as well as other aspects like voices and tenses as well.
See this presentation by Tri Wahyuni (Source Online-Rights with the Maker only)
This document defines and compares direct and indirect narration. Direct narration reports someone's exact words within quotation marks, while indirect narration reports the general idea without quotations. There are rules for changing between the two: direct to indirect removes quotations, adds "that", changes subjects and tenses; indirect to direct adds quotations and changes subjects and tenses back. Examples are given to illustrate the rules and an exercise is provided to practice changing between direct and indirect narration.
This document contains notes from a freshman English class on verb types. It defines transitive and intransitive verbs, with examples. It also lists three types of verbs: action verbs, helping verbs, and linking verbs. It provides definitions and examples of each verb type.
A brief presentation on narration or reported speech. Describes the change of verbs and tense with examples. Also know what is 1st Person, 2nd Person, and 3rd Person.
by Ankush
This document provides information about a learning activity that teaches the difference between direct and indirect/reported speech. The activity includes concept notes explaining the key differences, such as direct speech using quotation marks while indirect speech does not. It also lists the rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech, such as changing verb tenses and pronouns. Examples are provided to illustrate these changes. The activity also includes exercises for students to practice converting between direct and indirect speech.
This presentation has all the information you need about tenses. The origin of tenses, types of tenses, sub-types, classification of each sub-type with examples. This presentation was made in Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2013. This presentation is also available in HD and rich graphics on YouTube. Hope you'll like it.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It provides examples of how to change direct speech into indirect speech, including changing pronouns, tenses, adverbs of time and place, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamatory sentences. The key differences covered are using "that" instead of commas, changing pronouns according to the SON formula, changing present and past tense verbs, changing adverbs of time and place, changing interrogative sentences into statements, using "to" after imperative verbs, and using "that" after reporting verbs for exclamatory sentences.
The document discusses question tags, which are short questions added to the end of statements. It explains that question tags are used to check information and their form depends on whether the preceding statement is positive or negative. It provides examples of common question tags and how they are answered briefly, often with just "yes" or "no".
Krishna asked Kuldeep what he was going to do tomorrow. Kuldeep replied that he would visit the sea shore. Krishna exclaimed that it was a good idea and asked with whom he would go. Kuldeep replied that he would go with his cousin.
This document defines and provides examples of direct objects and indirect objects in sentences. A direct object receives the action of a transitive verb and answers who or what is being acted upon. An indirect object precedes the direct object and identifies to whom or for whom the direct object is being given or done. Examples are provided to identify the subject, verb, direct object, and indirect object in sentences.
This document provides information on direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken. It does not change verb tenses. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and can change the reported speech without using the exact words. It often changes verb tenses. The document outlines the rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech, including changing verb tenses and pronouns. It provides examples of changing different verb tenses, such as present to past, present perfect to past perfect, and future tenses.
Phrases - what are phrases and types of phrasesMaria Sofea
This document defines and provides examples of different types of phrases. A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and predicate. There are seven main types of phrases: verb phrases, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, appositive phrases, and adverbial phrases. Each type is defined and an example is given to illustrate how it functions within a sentence.
This document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and changes pronouns and tense as needed. The document provides rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech, such as changing present to past tense and changing pronouns. It also discusses changes to time references like "now" becoming "then." Examples are given to illustrate the rules. Finally, the document briefly mentions rules for changing indirect speech to direct speech.
When reporting speech, verb tenses are usually changed to be in the past. This is because reported speech refers to something that was said in the past. Common changes include changing present tenses to past tenses, changing pronouns like "I" and "me" to reflect the person who originally spoke, and adjusting time and place references. Reporting speech involves systematically changing verb tenses, pronouns, and other elements of the original statement while retaining the overall meaning.
This document discusses direct and indirect speech. It defines direct speech as using quotation marks to report someone's exact words. Indirect speech reports the general idea without exact words. When changing direct speech to indirect speech, pronouns and verbs are adjusted based on tense and time. Questions are changed to statements and introduced with if, whether, or a question word. Imperative statements become requests using "to" before the verb. This allows reported conversations and ideas to be restated while adjusting for grammar and context.
This document discusses direct and reported speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while reported speech does not use quotation marks and typically involves changing verb tenses, pronouns, and other elements when reporting what someone said. The document provides numerous examples of how direct statements, questions, requests and other utterances are changed when converting them to reported speech.
The document provides information and examples about reported speech. It discusses:
- Using reported speech to tell someone about a past conversation.
- Changes that are made when moving from direct to reported speech, such as verb tense, pronouns, time/place expressions.
- Different reporting verbs used to report statements, questions, suggestions, requests, orders, and advice.
- Examples of how direct speech is changed to reported speech.
This document discusses the rules for reported speech or indirect speech. It explains that reported speech is used to tell someone what another person said without using their exact words. Key changes that can occur in reported speech include changing verb tenses, pronouns, words referring to time and place, and dropping quotation marks. The rules for changing direct to reported speech are provided for verbs, pronouns, time words, place words, questions, requests and more.
This document provides information and rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech. It discusses how pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verb tenses need to be changed. Examples are given for each rule, such as changing "I" to "he/she", "here" to "there", and present tense verbs to past tense verbs. The document also provides exercises for the reader to practice changing direct speech to indirect speech according to the rules outlined.
English Grammar needs an Understanding of the Usage of Various rules of Narration as well as other aspects like voices and tenses as well.
See this presentation by Tri Wahyuni (Source Online-Rights with the Maker only)
This document defines and compares direct and indirect narration. Direct narration reports someone's exact words within quotation marks, while indirect narration reports the general idea without quotations. There are rules for changing between the two: direct to indirect removes quotations, adds "that", changes subjects and tenses; indirect to direct adds quotations and changes subjects and tenses back. Examples are given to illustrate the rules and an exercise is provided to practice changing between direct and indirect narration.
This document contains notes from a freshman English class on verb types. It defines transitive and intransitive verbs, with examples. It also lists three types of verbs: action verbs, helping verbs, and linking verbs. It provides definitions and examples of each verb type.
A brief presentation on narration or reported speech. Describes the change of verbs and tense with examples. Also know what is 1st Person, 2nd Person, and 3rd Person.
by Ankush
This document provides information about a learning activity that teaches the difference between direct and indirect/reported speech. The activity includes concept notes explaining the key differences, such as direct speech using quotation marks while indirect speech does not. It also lists the rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech, such as changing verb tenses and pronouns. Examples are provided to illustrate these changes. The activity also includes exercises for students to practice converting between direct and indirect speech.
This presentation has all the information you need about tenses. The origin of tenses, types of tenses, sub-types, classification of each sub-type with examples. This presentation was made in Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2013. This presentation is also available in HD and rich graphics on YouTube. Hope you'll like it.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It provides examples of how to change direct speech into indirect speech, including changing pronouns, tenses, adverbs of time and place, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamatory sentences. The key differences covered are using "that" instead of commas, changing pronouns according to the SON formula, changing present and past tense verbs, changing adverbs of time and place, changing interrogative sentences into statements, using "to" after imperative verbs, and using "that" after reporting verbs for exclamatory sentences.
The document discusses question tags, which are short questions added to the end of statements. It explains that question tags are used to check information and their form depends on whether the preceding statement is positive or negative. It provides examples of common question tags and how they are answered briefly, often with just "yes" or "no".
Krishna asked Kuldeep what he was going to do tomorrow. Kuldeep replied that he would visit the sea shore. Krishna exclaimed that it was a good idea and asked with whom he would go. Kuldeep replied that he would go with his cousin.
This document defines and provides examples of direct objects and indirect objects in sentences. A direct object receives the action of a transitive verb and answers who or what is being acted upon. An indirect object precedes the direct object and identifies to whom or for whom the direct object is being given or done. Examples are provided to identify the subject, verb, direct object, and indirect object in sentences.
This document provides information on direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken. It does not change verb tenses. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and can change the reported speech without using the exact words. It often changes verb tenses. The document outlines the rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech, including changing verb tenses and pronouns. It provides examples of changing different verb tenses, such as present to past, present perfect to past perfect, and future tenses.
Phrases - what are phrases and types of phrasesMaria Sofea
This document defines and provides examples of different types of phrases. A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and predicate. There are seven main types of phrases: verb phrases, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, appositive phrases, and adverbial phrases. Each type is defined and an example is given to illustrate how it functions within a sentence.
This document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and changes pronouns and tense as needed. The document provides rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech, such as changing present to past tense and changing pronouns. It also discusses changes to time references like "now" becoming "then." Examples are given to illustrate the rules. Finally, the document briefly mentions rules for changing indirect speech to direct speech.
When reporting speech, verb tenses are usually changed to be in the past. This is because reported speech refers to something that was said in the past. Common changes include changing present tenses to past tenses, changing pronouns like "I" and "me" to reflect the person who originally spoke, and adjusting time and place references. Reporting speech involves systematically changing verb tenses, pronouns, and other elements of the original statement while retaining the overall meaning.
This document discusses direct and indirect speech. It defines direct speech as using quotation marks to report someone's exact words. Indirect speech reports the general idea without exact words. When changing direct speech to indirect speech, pronouns and verbs are adjusted based on tense and time. Questions are changed to statements and introduced with if, whether, or a question word. Imperative statements become requests using "to" before the verb. This allows reported conversations and ideas to be restated while adjusting for grammar and context.
This document discusses direct and reported speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while reported speech does not use quotation marks and typically involves changing verb tenses, pronouns, and other elements when reporting what someone said. The document provides numerous examples of how direct statements, questions, requests and other utterances are changed when converting them to reported speech.
The document provides information and examples about reported speech. It discusses:
- Using reported speech to tell someone about a past conversation.
- Changes that are made when moving from direct to reported speech, such as verb tense, pronouns, time/place expressions.
- Different reporting verbs used to report statements, questions, suggestions, requests, orders, and advice.
- Examples of how direct speech is changed to reported speech.
This document provides information on active and passive voice including:
- The key differences between active and passive voice such as whether the subject is performing or receiving the action.
- How to convert sentences from active to passive voice by changing the subject and object and adding "by".
- Examples of converting sentences to passive voice for different tenses like simple present and past.
- Special cases like sentences with two objects, interrogative sentences, and imperative sentences.
- Quizzes to practice converting sentences to passive voice.
The document provides an overview of reported or indirect speech. It defines reported speech and outlines the main rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech, including tense changes, pronoun changes, and changes to time and place expressions. It also discusses reporting verbs, indirect questions, commands, requests, suggestions and offers in indirect speech, as well as exclamations. The document concludes with examples of changing direct speech to indirect speech and mixed types involving both statements and questions.
The document summarizes various English grammar topics including passive voices, present perfect, relative pronouns, second conditional, and reported speech. It provides examples and exercises for changing sentences between active and passive voice, forming sentences in the present perfect tense, using relative pronouns such as who, which, and that, constructing conditional sentences, and changing direct speech to reported speech by modifying pronouns, verbs, and punctuation.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and usually involves changing the tense and pronouns when reporting what someone said. Some key changes when going from direct to indirect speech include changing the tense, time, and place references. Questions, orders, requests, suggestions, and reported speech about intentions are also discussed.
This document provides information on different tenses used to express future actions in English:
1. The Simple Future tense uses will/shall + verb to express future actions like "I will visit my parents tomorrow."
2. The Future Continuous tense uses will/shall + be + verb-ing to describe future actions in progress like "When she completes her PhD, she will be doing her research."
3. The Future Perfect tense uses will/shall + have + past participle to refer to actions completed in the future before another time like "I will have written the book by tomorrow."
4. The Future Perfect Continuous tense similarly expresses continuous actions completed by a future time like "By 7 o'
Mrs. Cantor asked Andy what he was doing and asked where his sister was. Andy reported that he was fixing his radio and that his sister was in the kitchen making a sandwich. Mrs. Cantor then ran into the kitchen and told Dolores not to eat before dinner, though Dolores had already eaten some cake. Mrs. Cantor told Dolores to buy more cheese for dinner since she was making lasagna, and Dolores said she would go after finishing her homework. When Andy asked when their father was coming home, Dolores reminded him that their father was working late.
The document provides information on various punctuation marks including:
- The colon is used to indicate time and after the salutation in business letters.
- A hyphen links words or parts of words together to form new words.
- A semicolon joins two independent clauses without using a conjunction.
- Italics and underlining are used for titles of books, magazines, and works of art.
- A dash sets off additional information that interrupts the flow of a sentence.
The document provides a summary of grammar rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech in English. It covers changes to pronouns, tenses, time/place words, question forms, imperatives, and exclamations. Examples are provided for each grammar rule to illustrate the proper way to rewrite direct speech as indirect speech in English. Key areas covered include changing pronouns like "I" to "he/she", adjusting tenses, modifying words like "today" to "that day", using "if/whether" for yes/no questions and wh- words for wh- questions, and rewriting imperatives and exclamations as statements.
The document provides information about recognizing and understanding prepositional phrases and infinitive phrases. It defines what comprises a prepositional phrase and infinitive phrase, explains how they function within sentences, and provides examples to illustrate their different roles. It also discusses punctuation rules for using infinitive phrases in sentences.
The document summarizes the key rules for changing reported speech based on changes in place, time, and people involved. It provides examples of direct speech and the corresponding reported speech. It also includes a table showing typical changes to time expressions between direct and reported speech, such as "now" becoming "then" and "tomorrow" becoming "today". Exercises are included to practice reported speech rules.
This document provides information about adjectives ending in -ed and -ing, and how they are used to describe feelings and characteristics. It also covers the passive voice, including how to form sentences in the present simple, present continuous, past simple, future, present perfect, and future passive. Examples are given for each tense. Exercises are included to practice changing sentences between active and passive voice.
This document provides an overview of noun clauses. It begins by defining key terms like phrases, clauses, independent clauses, and dependent clauses. It then focuses on noun clauses, explaining that they function like nouns and can replace individual nouns. Examples are provided to illustrate noun clauses and how they work. Participants are then guided through exercises to practice identifying noun clauses and determining their function as subjects or objects. Additional examples and activities are included to reinforce understanding of noun clauses.
This document provides a grammar summary of unit 6 in Dutch. It covers topics such as the past simple vs present perfect tenses, future tense, passive voice, question tags, conditional sentences, reflexive pronouns, abbreviating sentences, conjunctions, and comparisons. Examples are provided for each grammar point to demonstrate proper usage.
This document provides information about different types of English sentences and homonyms. It discusses the four types of sentences: declarative sentences (statements), interrogative sentences (questions), imperative sentences (commands), and exclamative sentences (exclamations). It also explains homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings), homographs (words that are spelled the same but have different meanings or pronunciations), and homonyms (words that are both spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings). Examples are given for each type.
The document discusses reported speech, which is when someone reports or retells what another person said. It explains that in reported speech, verb tenses change depending on when the reporting verb is, pronouns and time expressions also change, and there are different rules for reporting statements, questions, commands, and suggestions.
The document discusses the use and structure of passive voice in English. It provides examples of changing sentences from active to passive voice and discusses when the passive voice is used and the form it takes. Specific structures discussed include the passive with modal verbs, verbs with two objects, verbs followed by prepositions, and the passive with reporting verbs.
This document provides an overview of how to change direct speech into reported or indirect speech. It discusses how to change verb tenses, pronouns, time and place expressions, and other elements when moving from direct to reported speech. Reporting verbs are categorized based on whether they are reporting statements, questions, commands, suggestions, or advice. Verb tense changes and exceptions are also outlined.
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This document provides information on lesson planning for teaching English as a foreign language. It defines lesson planning as a statement by the teacher of what will be covered in a class period. An effective lesson plan includes objectives, materials, procedures, and assessment. It discusses components like profiling the lesson, setting objectives, listing materials, outlining teaching procedures, and planning assessments. The document also presents models for lesson planning and recommends websites for finding lesson plan examples.
This document discusses social psychology and intergroup tolerance and intolerance. It covers topics such as love versus tolerance, hate crimes, intolerance towards transgenders, domestic violence, honour killings, mob crimes, and ways to promote tolerance such as meditation, respect, and interfaith harmony. The document is a presentation on social psychology and improving intergroup relations.
This document defines cultural heritage and provides examples from Pakistan. It discusses tangible heritage such as ancient civilizations and forts. It also discusses intangible cultural heritage such as folklore, art, and mystic literature. The document then outlines various study methods that can be used to preserve cultural heritage, including 3D modeling, language documentation, and geo-spatial data mining. It concludes by thanking the reader.
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The document discusses various theories related to language learning and acquisition. It covers theories on the origin of language, including natural evolution, invention, and theories related to human communication sounds. It also discusses theories of language acquisition, including Plato's theory of innate knowledge, Descartes' theory of innate rationality and language, Locke's tabula rasa theory, Skinner's behaviorism theory, Chomsky's universal grammar theory, Schumann's acculturation model, and Krashen's monitor model. Finally, it discusses cognitive linguistics and theoretical linguistics frameworks like structuralism, functionalism, and formalism that relate to language.
Watch video: https://youtu.be/zFc3RRVKkxE
This lecture teaches about different types of essays for the O level English (1123) exam. It describes argumentative, descriptive and expository essays.
This lecture directs you how to prepare the Turnitin file to check the similarity index. A demo has been given.
Watch video and subscribe: https://youtu.be/KdnUIfyYJsM
This O level English 1123 lecture teaches about speech writing, O level sample speech, the previous question on speech and marking criteria of O level speech writing.
Watch video and subscribe the channel: https://youtu.be/OUu7FWIY4Mk
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This document discusses the four types of conditional sentences in English:
1) Zero conditional sentences describe commonly known facts using "if" and the simple present tense.
2) First conditional sentences describe possible future situations using "if" and the simple present, and will for the consequence.
3) Second conditional sentences describe imaginary conditions using "if" and the simple past, and would for the consequence.
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This lecture teaches you how to write a book review, templates to write a book and a sample book review of 'Awaken the Gian Within'
Watch video: https://youtu.be/cPAIR8e9GYk
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. Narration/ Direct and Indirect
Lecture No. 16, 17, 18
Zafar Ullah, zafarullah76@gmail.com
2. Why should I Learn Narration?
• Top to bottom, bottom to top, parallel
communication in all job places.
• For effective business communication
• To convey accurate messages
• To give reference to others words/ quotes
2
3. Pre-requisites to Learn Narration
• Parts of Speech
• Pronoun table
• Tenses
• Forms of verbs
• Sentence types
• 3 main rules of narration
3
4. Read Direct and Indirect Statements
• “You see a beautiful girl in a party, you smile at
her and tell her, “ I am a rich guy. Marry me.”
That’s direct marketing.
• Your close friend goes to a pretty girl and points
at you, “He is a rich guy. Marry him.” That’s
advertising.
• You say to a pretty girl, “I am a very rich man.
Why don’t you marry me.” She slaps you and it
is customer’s feedback.
4
5. Cont…
• You tell a gorgeous lady that “I am a rich
man, marry me.” She introduces you to
her husband. That’s demand and supply
gap.
• You say to a gorgeous lady “Hi, I am rich
and so marry me.” Your wife arrives there.
That’s the restriction from entering a new
market.
5
6. Direct VS Indirect Speech
• He says to me, “You work in my company.”
Reporting speech Reported speech
باہر کے کاماز اندر کے ماز کا
(Direct)
He says to me that I work in his company.
(Indirect)
6
7. 1. Change of Certain Words (Applicable
everywhere except universal truth)
This………….that
These……… those
Here………… there
Ago………….. Before
Now…………. Then
Today………… that day
Tonight………… that night
7
8. Cont….
• Yesterday…….. The previous day
• Tomorrow…….. The next day
• Sir/ madam …… respectfully
• Good morning…….greeted
• Good noon………..greeted
• Good afternoon……greeted
• Good evening ……..greeted
• Good night…………greeted
8
10. Shall: (I, we)
Will: (remaining;
you, he, she , it,
they); Modern
grammarians use
“will” with all.
Shall be: (I, we)
Will be: (remaining;
you, he, she , it,
they); Modern
grammarians use
“will be” with all.
Shall have:(I, we)
Will have:
(remaining; you, he,
she , it, they);
Modern
grammarians use
“will have” with all.
Shall have been: (I,
we)
Will have been:
(remaining; you, he,
she , it, they);
Modern grammarians
use “will have been”
Did: with all Was: (S set: he,
she, it, singular
noun)+I
Were:2nd set; we,
you, they, plural
nouns)
Had: (with all) Had been: (with all)
Does: (S set: he,
she, it, singular
noun)
Do: (2nd set; I, we,
you, they, plural
nouns)
Is: (S set: he, she, it,
singular noun)
Am: I
Are:(2nd set; we,
you, they, plural
nouns)
Has: (S set: he, she,
it, singular noun)
Have: 2nd set; I, we,
you, they, plural
nouns)
Has been: (S set:
he, she, it, singular
noun)
Have been: 2nd set;
I, we, you, they,
plural nouns)
10
11. 2. Change of Personal Pronouns (Applicable
everywhere except universal truth)
Narration Persons Subjective Objective Possessive Strong Possessive
1st person
changes
into subject
1st Person
(speaker)
I me my mine
we us our ours
2nd Person
changes
into object.
2nd Person
(listener)
you you your yours
No Change 3rd Person
(about
whom we
discuss)
he him his his
3rd Person she her her hers
3rd Person it it its its
3rd Person they them their theirs
11
12. A. “Say” Type Sentences
• “ ……. that
• He says to me, “You are my bosom friend now.”
• He says to me that I am his bosom friend then.
• She says to us, “I am your new boss from today.”
• She says to me that she is our new boss from that
day.
12
13. B. Universal Truth
• Universal truth is the accepted truth/ reality by
most of the people.
• “……. that
• He says to me, “God is one.”
• He says to me that God is one.
• They said to us, “The sun rises in the east.”
• They said to us that the sun rises in the east.”
13
14. Simple Future Future Progressive Future Perfect Future Perfect
Progressive
Simple Past Past Progressive Past Perfect Past Perfect
Progressive
Simple Present Present Progressive Present Perfect Present Perfect
Progressive
14
15. Forms of Tenses
Simple Future
A.V: shall, will
V: 1st
Future Progressive
A.V: shall be, will be
V: I+ing
Future Perfect
A.V: shall have,
will have
V: 3rd form
Future Perfect
Progressive
A.V: shall have
been, will have
been
V: I+ing
Simple Past
A.V: did
V: 2nd (positive
sentence)
V: 1st (negative,
interrogative sentences)
Past Progressive
A.V: was, were
V: I+ing
Past Perfect
A.V: had
V: 3rd form
Past Perfect
Progressive
A.V: had been
V: I+ing
Simple Present
A.V: does, do
V: 1st
Present Progressive
A.V: is, am, are
V: I+ing
Present Perfect
A.V: has, have
V: 3rd form
Present Perfect
Progressive
A.V: has been,
have been
15
16. 3. Change of Tenses (if “said” is used)
• Change in Auxiliary Verb
• Change in Verb Form
i. All present will change into their respective
past.
ii.All past tenses will jump, if possible.
iii.All will, shall will change into “would”.
16
17. Forms of Tensesi. All present will change into their respective past.
Simple Past
A.V: did
V: 2nd (positive
sentence)
V: 1st (negative,
interrogative sentences)
Past Progressive
A.V: was, were
V: I+ing
Past Perfect
A.V: had
V: 3rd form
Past Perfect
Progressive
A.V: had been
V: I+ing
Simple Present
A.V: does, do
V: 1st
Present Progressive
A.V: is, am, are
V: I+ing
Present Perfect
A.V: has, have
V: 3rd form
Present Perfect
Progressive
A.V: has been,
have been
V: I+ing 17
18. ii. All past tenses will jump, if
possible.
Simple Past
A.V: did
V: 2nd (positive
sentence)
V: 1st (negative,
interrogative sentences)
Past Progressive
A.V: was, were
V: I+ing
Past Perfect
A.V: had
V: 3rd form
Past Perfect
Progressive
A.V: had been
V: I+ing
18
19. iii. All will, shall will change into “would”.
Simple Future
Will,
shall…would
Future
Progressive
Will be, shall be…
would be
Future Perfect
Will have, shall
have….
Would have
Future Perfect
Progressive
Will have been,
shall have been…
would have been
19
20. C. “said” Examples
• Said to… told
1.He said to me, “I did not take your cell phone
yesterday.”
He told me that he had not taken my cell phone
the previous day.
2. You said to me, “I was buying new shoes from
your shop.”
You told me that you had been buying new shoes
from my shop.
20
21. Exercise
1. They said to us, “We have bought a new
house for you.”
2. We said to her, “You will get admission in
Canada through my letter.”
21
22. Cont…
3. They said to him, “We had counted these
mangoes in front of you.”
4. We said to them, “You were constructing
a bridge in your town.”
22
23. D. Exclamatory Sentences
Happiness Hurrah Said to… exclaimed with
joy that
Sadness Alas Said to… exclaimed with
sorrow that
Surprise What a, How
high (adj)
Said to… exclaimed with
wonder that
23
24. Examples
1. He said to me, “ Hurrah! I got US visa yesterday.”
• He exclaimed with joy that he had got US visa a
day before yesterday.
2. They said to us, “Alas! Our uncle was injured by
falling from your bus.”
They exclaimed with sorrow that their uncle had
been injured by falling from our bus.
24
25. Cont…
How…… very (before adjective)
What…… very (before adjective)
Arrange sentence Structure: Subjective+ Auxiliary Verb+Verb
3. He said to me, “ What a tasty food it is!”
He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very tasty food.
4. She said to him, “How beautiful this horse is!”
She exclaimed with wonder that this horse was very
beautiful.
25
26. Exercise
1. He said to me, “Bravo! I won 1 billion
dollars lottery yesterday.”
2. They said to us, “Alack! My cousin’s
family drowned when we were rowing.”
26
27. Cont…
3. She said to me, “What a beautiful jewelry
you are wearing!”
4. You said to me, “How sober your suit is!”
27
28. E. Imperative Sentences
Starts from 1st
form of verb
order Said to…ordered
Please, Kindly request Said to… requested
Do not, Never Forbade Said to… forbade
28
29. Cont…
• “….. To (i. when two verbs are used in 1
sentence, use “to” before the second verb
• He forbade me to waste my time.
Verb 1 verb 2
ii. use 1st form after “to”
Delete words kindly, please, do not, never.
29
30. Examples of Imperative Sentences
1. The boss said to me, “Write a letter to
CDA chairman now.”
The boss ordered me to write a letter to CDA
chairman then.
2. My maid said to me, “ Please give me
your cell phone to call my children.”
My maid requested me to give her my cell
phone to call her children.
30
31. Cont…
3. My uncle said to me, “Never adopt bad
company.”
My uncle forbade me to adopt bad company.
31
32. Exercise
1. She said to me, “Kindly pick my luggage
to the platform.”
2. They said to us, “Leave this area because
of you should not become a victim of
bomb blast.”
32
33. Cont…
3. My aunt said to me, “Do not interfere in
my matters to save your self respect.”
4. He said to her, “Please write an article on
your laptop for me .”
33
34. F. Optative Sentences
• Prayers and wishes
• Sign of exclamation is marked.
• Delete “May”, “would that”, “!”.
34
May…! Prayer Said to…prayed
Said to me…prayed for me
May…might
Would
that…!
wish Said to…wished
35. Order of All Sentences in Indirect
1. All indirect sentences should be in Assertive Form
(Positive sentence/ Typical Sentence Structure/
Sytnactic Pattern
Subject+Auxiliary Verb+Verb+Object+Place+Time
2. You have to arrange this coloured order in
Interrogative, Optative, Exclamatory
(surprise/wonder) types of sentences. Other types
already follow this sequence.
3. All indirect sentences will have full stop in the
end.
35
36. Examples of Optative Sentences
1. My mother said to me, “ May you succeed in all
exams!”
My mother prayed for me that I might succeed in
all exams.
2. My father said, “May you get Canadian
immigration soon!”
My father prayed that I might get Canadian
immigration soon.
Note: If object is not given consider “to me” there.
36
37. Cont…
3. He said, “Would that I were born in UK!”
He wished that he had been born in UK.
4. You said to me, “Would that I were prime
minister of Pakistan!”
You wished that you had been prime
minister of Pakistan.
Note: i. “Would that” Urdu meaning is KAASH
ii. “were” is used with singular for supposition. It is opposite
to the normal rule.
37
38. Exercise
1. Mother said to her daughter, “May you
lead your happy life in your in laws!”
2. He said, “Would that I become a rich
pharmacist soon!”
38
39. G. Interrogative Sentences
• Said to…… asked
• Wh Question word (what, when, where,
why, how, which) will remain same
• In Wh questions, “…x
• Auxiliary verb word Questions, “… if
• Arrange sentence as an Assertive
sentence (Subject+Auxiliary Verb+Verb+
Object+Place+Time)
39
40. Examples
1. He said to me, “Why are you wasting my
time now?”
• He asked me why I was wasting his time
then.
2. She said to him, “Did you hunt a deer with
my gun yesterday?
She asked him if he had hunted a deer with
her gun the previous day.
40
41. Exercise
1. They said to us, “Why do you delay our
project?”
2. She said to me, “Did you take money from
my wallet?”
41
42. Cont…
3. He said to me, “ Where do you live these
days?”
4. You said to her, “Have you called me?
5. I said to him, “will you come to my
birthday party tomorrow?
42
43. If Object is missing, add “to me”
He said, “ You are composing a symphony
on my piano.”
Issue: 2nd person changes into object but
object is missing. What is the solution?
Suppose “to me” is present at the place of
object. Change with the supposed object.
Solution: He said that I was composing a
symphony on his piano.
43
44. Practice makes a man perfect.
• First solve on copy, then tally your
answers. Give marks to yourself.
• https://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/
direct-indirect-speech-exercise/
• https://www.englishgrammar.org/direct-
indirect-speech-exercise-4/
44