The document discusses parametric coordinates and compares them to Cartesian coordinates. It states that parametric coordinates describe a curve using two equations where points are defined by a single parameter value, while Cartesian coordinates use a single equation where points are defined by two number values. The document then provides an example of a parabola with the parametric coordinates x=2at, y=at^2 and discusses how to derive the Cartesian equation from the parametric form. It also identifies the focus of the parabola as (1/4,0) and calculates the parametric coordinates for the curve y=8x^2 as (t/16, t^2/32).
The document describes parametric coordinates and compares them to Cartesian coordinates. It states that in parametric coordinates, a curve is described by two equations involving a single parameter, while in Cartesian coordinates it is described by a single equation involving two variables. The document then gives an example of a parabola with the parametric equations x = 2at, y = at^2 and compares this to the Cartesian equation x^2 = 4ay. It also provides the focus of this parabola as (a, 0).
The document discusses parametric coordinates and compares them to Cartesian coordinates. It states that parametric coordinates describe a curve using two equations where points are defined by a single parameter, while Cartesian coordinates use a single equation where points are defined by two numbers. The document then provides an example of a parabola with the parametric coordinates x=2at, y=at^2 and discusses how to derive the Cartesian equation from the parametric form. It also gives the focus of the parabola as (1/4,0) and calculates the parametric coordinates of the curve y=8x^2 as (t/16, t^2/32).
This document discusses different coordinate systems used to describe points in 2D and 3D space, including polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It provides the key formulas for converting between Cartesian and these other coordinate systems. Examples are given of converting points and equations between the different coordinate systems. The key points are that polar coordinates use an angle and distance to specify a 2D point, cylindrical coordinates extend this to 3D using a z-value, and spherical coordinates specify a 3D point using a distance from the origin, an angle, and an azimuthal angle.
The document discusses trigonometric functions and radians. It defines a radian as the angle subtended by an arc of a circle that is equal to the radius. A full circle is equal to 2π radians. The trigonometric functions can be defined using a unit circle in radians, allowing the description of periodic processes. Conversion between degrees and radians is covered. Polar coordinates are introduced as an alternative to Cartesian coordinates using radial distance and angle. Trigonometric identities and inverse functions are also discussed.
The document provides instructions for a mathematics scholarship test consisting of 3 sections (Algebra, Analysis, Geometry) with 10 questions each. It defines key terms and notations used in the test, such as types of matrices, function notation, and interval notation. It also specifies rules for the test, including that calculators are not allowed and that points will only be awarded if all choices in a question are correct.
The document discusses recurrence relations and the Master Theorem for solving recurrences that arise from divide-and-conquer algorithms. It introduces recurrence relations and examples. It then explains the substitution method, iteration method, and Master Theorem for solving recurrences. The Master Theorem provides a "cookbook" for determining the running time of a divide-and-conquer algorithm where the problem of size n is divided into a subproblems of size n/b and the cost is f(n). It presents the three cases of the Master Theorem and works through examples of its application.
This document discusses key concepts in quantum mechanics including wave functions, operators, linear vector spaces, inner products, orthogonal and orthonormal bases, Hilbert spaces, and the expansion theorem. It defines wave functions and operators as the two main constructs in quantum mechanics. It also explains that the natural language of quantum mechanics is linear algebra and describes concepts like linear vector spaces, inner products, orthogonal and orthonormal bases, and Hilbert spaces in the context of quantum mechanics.
The document describes parametric coordinates and compares them to Cartesian coordinates. It states that in parametric coordinates, a curve is described by two equations involving a single parameter, while in Cartesian coordinates it is described by a single equation involving two variables. The document then gives an example of a parabola with the parametric equations x = 2at, y = at^2 and compares this to the Cartesian equation x^2 = 4ay. It also provides the focus of this parabola as (a, 0).
The document discusses parametric coordinates and compares them to Cartesian coordinates. It states that parametric coordinates describe a curve using two equations where points are defined by a single parameter, while Cartesian coordinates use a single equation where points are defined by two numbers. The document then provides an example of a parabola with the parametric coordinates x=2at, y=at^2 and discusses how to derive the Cartesian equation from the parametric form. It also gives the focus of the parabola as (1/4,0) and calculates the parametric coordinates of the curve y=8x^2 as (t/16, t^2/32).
This document discusses different coordinate systems used to describe points in 2D and 3D space, including polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It provides the key formulas for converting between Cartesian and these other coordinate systems. Examples are given of converting points and equations between the different coordinate systems. The key points are that polar coordinates use an angle and distance to specify a 2D point, cylindrical coordinates extend this to 3D using a z-value, and spherical coordinates specify a 3D point using a distance from the origin, an angle, and an azimuthal angle.
The document discusses trigonometric functions and radians. It defines a radian as the angle subtended by an arc of a circle that is equal to the radius. A full circle is equal to 2π radians. The trigonometric functions can be defined using a unit circle in radians, allowing the description of periodic processes. Conversion between degrees and radians is covered. Polar coordinates are introduced as an alternative to Cartesian coordinates using radial distance and angle. Trigonometric identities and inverse functions are also discussed.
The document provides instructions for a mathematics scholarship test consisting of 3 sections (Algebra, Analysis, Geometry) with 10 questions each. It defines key terms and notations used in the test, such as types of matrices, function notation, and interval notation. It also specifies rules for the test, including that calculators are not allowed and that points will only be awarded if all choices in a question are correct.
The document discusses recurrence relations and the Master Theorem for solving recurrences that arise from divide-and-conquer algorithms. It introduces recurrence relations and examples. It then explains the substitution method, iteration method, and Master Theorem for solving recurrences. The Master Theorem provides a "cookbook" for determining the running time of a divide-and-conquer algorithm where the problem of size n is divided into a subproblems of size n/b and the cost is f(n). It presents the three cases of the Master Theorem and works through examples of its application.
This document discusses key concepts in quantum mechanics including wave functions, operators, linear vector spaces, inner products, orthogonal and orthonormal bases, Hilbert spaces, and the expansion theorem. It defines wave functions and operators as the two main constructs in quantum mechanics. It also explains that the natural language of quantum mechanics is linear algebra and describes concepts like linear vector spaces, inner products, orthogonal and orthonormal bases, and Hilbert spaces in the context of quantum mechanics.
This article provides the existence and uniqueness of a common fixed point for a pair of self-mappings, positive integers powers of a pair, and a sequence of self-mappings over a closed subset of a Hilbert space satisfying various contraction conditions involving rational expressions.
The document provides information about a test for candidates applying for M.Tech in Computer Science. It consists of two parts - Test MIII in the morning and Test CS in the afternoon. Test CS has two groups - Group A containing questions on analytical ability and mathematics, and Group B containing subject-specific questions in one of several sections according to the candidate's choice. The document then provides sample questions for Group A (mathematics-based) and Group B (subject-specific for various domains like mathematics, statistics, physics, computer science, and engineering).
This document discusses recurrence relations and methods for solving recurrences. It introduces recurrence relations and examples. It covers the substitution method, iteration method, and Master Theorem for solving recurrences. The Master Theorem is a technique for solving divide-and-conquer recurrences to determine asymptotic tight bounds. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these techniques.
This document discusses lines and planes in Rn (n-dimensional space). It defines a line as the set of points tv + p, where v is a direction vector, t is a scalar, and p is a point. Similarly, it defines a plane as the set of points tv + sw + p, where v and w are linearly independent direction vectors and t and s are scalars. It provides examples of finding vector and parametric equations for lines and planes. It also discusses concepts like parallel and perpendicular lines, as well as finding the shortest distance from a point to a line or plane.
Chapter 4: Vector Spaces - Part 1/Slides By PearsonChaimae Baroudi
This document defines vectors and vector spaces. It begins by defining vectors in 2D and 3D space as matrices and describes operations like addition, scalar multiplication, and subtraction. It then defines a vector space as a set of vectors that satisfies 10 axioms related to these operations. Examples of vector spaces include the set of 2D and 3D vectors, sets of matrices, and sets of polynomials. The document also defines subspaces and proves that the span of a set of vectors in a vector space forms a subspace.
Here are the steps to find the line of intersection of the two planes:
1) Write the equations of the planes in standard form:
Plane 1: x + 2y - z = 4
Plane 2: 2x - y + z = 1
2) Set the equations equal to each other and solve as a system of equations:
x + 2y - z = 4
2x - y + z = 1
3) Eliminate one variable:
Subtract the second equation from the first:
(x + 2y - z) - (2x - y + z) = 4 - 1
-x + y = 3
4) Substitute back into one of the
This document provides notes on vector spaces, which are fundamental objects in linear algebra. It begins with examples of vector spaces such as R2, R3, C2, C3 and defines vector spaces more generally as sets that are closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication and satisfy other properties like the existence of additive identities. It then provides several examples of vector spaces including the set of all n-tuples over a field, the set of all m×n matrices, the set of differentiable functions on an interval, and the set of polynomials with coefficients in a field.
This document discusses linear independence, basis, and dimension in linear algebra. It defines linear independence as vectors being linearly independent if the only solution that produces the zero vector is the trivial solution with all coefficients equal to zero. A basis is defined as a set of linearly independent vectors that span the vector space. The dimension of a vector space is the number of vectors in any basis of that space. The dimensions of the four fundamental subspaces (row space, column space, nullspace, and left nullspace) of a matrix are defined in terms of the rank of the matrix.
The document discusses recurrences and methods for solving them. It covers:
1) Divide-and-conquer algorithms can often be modeled with recurrences. Examples include merge-sort and matrix multiplication.
2) Common methods for solving recurrences are substitution, iteration/recursion trees, and the master method. The master method provides a general solution for recurrences of the form T(n) = aT(n/b) + nc.
3) Strassen's matrix multiplication algorithm improves on the naive O(n^3) time by using a recurrence with a=7 to achieve O(n^2.81) time via the master method. Changing variables can sometimes simplify recurrences.
The document discusses geometric and analytical thinking. It begins by defining analytical geometry as the science that combines algebra and geometry to describe geometric figures from both algebraic and geometric viewpoints. It then discusses how analytical geometry originated with René Descartes' use of the Cartesian plane. Several geometric figures are then analyzed, including lines, circles, ellipses, and parabolas. Their key parameters and equations are defined. In particular, it provides the canonical equations for circles, ellipses, and parabolas, and discusses topics like slope and parallelism for lines.
The document discusses vector spaces and related linear algebra concepts. It defines vector spaces and lists the axioms that must be satisfied. Examples of vector spaces include the set of all pairs of real numbers and the space of 2x2 symmetric matrices. The document also discusses subspaces, linear combinations, span, basis, dimension, row space, column space, null space, rank, nullity, and change of basis. It provides examples and explanations of these fundamental linear algebra topics.
This document defines key concepts related to lines in the Euclidean plane including:
1. The definition of a line L as the set of points P0 + ta, where P0 is a base point, a is a non-zero direction vector, and t is a real parameter.
2. Methods for finding the equation of a line including the vector form, parametric form, symmetric form, normal form, and point-slope form.
3. Concepts such as the angle of inclination and slope of a line, and conditions for parallelism and orthogonality between lines.
This document discusses real vector spaces and provides examples of determining whether a set with defined operations is a vector space. Some key points covered include:
- The definition of a vector space and properties it must satisfy, such as closure under addition and scalar multiplication.
- Examples of determining if a set is a vector space by checking if it satisfies the necessary properties.
- The definition of a subspace, and using properties of closure under operations to determine if a subset is a subspace.
- The concept of a linear combination of vectors and using an augmented matrix to determine if a vector can be written as a linear combination of other vectors.
The document discusses lines and planes in 3D space. It defines lines as being determined by a point and direction vector, and gives parametric and symmetric equations to represent lines. Planes are defined by a point and normal vector, with standard and general forms for their equations. Methods are provided for finding the intersection of lines or planes, as well as the distance between a point and plane or line. Examples demonstrate finding equations of lines and planes, sketching planes, and determining relationships between lines or planes.
This document discusses algorithms analysis and recurrence relations. It begins by defining recurrences as equations that describe a function in terms of its value on smaller inputs. Solving recurrences is important for determining an algorithm's actual running time. Several methods for solving recurrences are presented, including iteration, substitution, recursion trees, and the master method. Examples are provided to demonstrate each technique. Overall, the document provides an overview of recurrences and their analysis to determine algorithmic efficiency.
The document introduces concepts of vector algebra and geometry in two dimensions. It defines vectors, vector operations like addition and scalar multiplication, and properties including equality of vectors, parallelism, orthogonality, and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. It also covers vector representations geometrically as arrows, vector length, unit vectors, and linear combinations of vectors. Key concepts are illustrated with diagrams of vectors in the Cartesian plane.
The document discusses Cartesian and parametric coordinates. Cartesian coordinates describe a curve with one equation where points have two coordinates. Parametric coordinates describe a curve with two equations, where points have one parameter. Any point on a parabola can be defined parametrically with equations relating x and y to a single parameter t, where a is the focal length. The focus of a parabola has coordinates (1/4a, 0). An example demonstrates converting between parametric and Cartesian forms of a curve.
This document discusses parametric curves and their properties. It contains examples of curves defined by parametric equations in x and y, and explains how to plot these curves. It also describes how to find the Cartesian equation for a parametric curve by eliminating the parameter from the equations. Finally, it shows how to calculate the gradient of tangents to a parametric curve and find the equation of a tangent line for a given value of the parameter.
This document discusses different coordinate systems used to describe points in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces, including polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It provides the key formulas for converting between Cartesian and these other coordinate systems, and gives examples of performing these conversions as well as writing equations of basic geometric shapes in different coordinate systems.
This document discusses finding the equation of the chord of contact of a parabola given an external point. It provides two approaches: (1) using parametric equations to derive the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y) and (2) using Cartesian coordinates to show that the external point lies on the tangent lines, also deriving the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y). It then lists related exercises.
This document discusses finding the equation of the chord of contact of a parabola given an external point. It provides two approaches: (1) using parametric equations to derive the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y) and (2) using Cartesian coordinates to show that the external point lies on the tangent lines, also deriving the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y). It then lists related exercises.
This document discusses finding the equation of the chord of contact of a parabola given an external point. It provides two approaches: (1) using parametric equations to derive the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y) and (2) using Cartesian coordinates to show that the external point lies on the tangent lines, also deriving the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y). It then lists related exercises.
This article provides the existence and uniqueness of a common fixed point for a pair of self-mappings, positive integers powers of a pair, and a sequence of self-mappings over a closed subset of a Hilbert space satisfying various contraction conditions involving rational expressions.
The document provides information about a test for candidates applying for M.Tech in Computer Science. It consists of two parts - Test MIII in the morning and Test CS in the afternoon. Test CS has two groups - Group A containing questions on analytical ability and mathematics, and Group B containing subject-specific questions in one of several sections according to the candidate's choice. The document then provides sample questions for Group A (mathematics-based) and Group B (subject-specific for various domains like mathematics, statistics, physics, computer science, and engineering).
This document discusses recurrence relations and methods for solving recurrences. It introduces recurrence relations and examples. It covers the substitution method, iteration method, and Master Theorem for solving recurrences. The Master Theorem is a technique for solving divide-and-conquer recurrences to determine asymptotic tight bounds. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these techniques.
This document discusses lines and planes in Rn (n-dimensional space). It defines a line as the set of points tv + p, where v is a direction vector, t is a scalar, and p is a point. Similarly, it defines a plane as the set of points tv + sw + p, where v and w are linearly independent direction vectors and t and s are scalars. It provides examples of finding vector and parametric equations for lines and planes. It also discusses concepts like parallel and perpendicular lines, as well as finding the shortest distance from a point to a line or plane.
Chapter 4: Vector Spaces - Part 1/Slides By PearsonChaimae Baroudi
This document defines vectors and vector spaces. It begins by defining vectors in 2D and 3D space as matrices and describes operations like addition, scalar multiplication, and subtraction. It then defines a vector space as a set of vectors that satisfies 10 axioms related to these operations. Examples of vector spaces include the set of 2D and 3D vectors, sets of matrices, and sets of polynomials. The document also defines subspaces and proves that the span of a set of vectors in a vector space forms a subspace.
Here are the steps to find the line of intersection of the two planes:
1) Write the equations of the planes in standard form:
Plane 1: x + 2y - z = 4
Plane 2: 2x - y + z = 1
2) Set the equations equal to each other and solve as a system of equations:
x + 2y - z = 4
2x - y + z = 1
3) Eliminate one variable:
Subtract the second equation from the first:
(x + 2y - z) - (2x - y + z) = 4 - 1
-x + y = 3
4) Substitute back into one of the
This document provides notes on vector spaces, which are fundamental objects in linear algebra. It begins with examples of vector spaces such as R2, R3, C2, C3 and defines vector spaces more generally as sets that are closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication and satisfy other properties like the existence of additive identities. It then provides several examples of vector spaces including the set of all n-tuples over a field, the set of all m×n matrices, the set of differentiable functions on an interval, and the set of polynomials with coefficients in a field.
This document discusses linear independence, basis, and dimension in linear algebra. It defines linear independence as vectors being linearly independent if the only solution that produces the zero vector is the trivial solution with all coefficients equal to zero. A basis is defined as a set of linearly independent vectors that span the vector space. The dimension of a vector space is the number of vectors in any basis of that space. The dimensions of the four fundamental subspaces (row space, column space, nullspace, and left nullspace) of a matrix are defined in terms of the rank of the matrix.
The document discusses recurrences and methods for solving them. It covers:
1) Divide-and-conquer algorithms can often be modeled with recurrences. Examples include merge-sort and matrix multiplication.
2) Common methods for solving recurrences are substitution, iteration/recursion trees, and the master method. The master method provides a general solution for recurrences of the form T(n) = aT(n/b) + nc.
3) Strassen's matrix multiplication algorithm improves on the naive O(n^3) time by using a recurrence with a=7 to achieve O(n^2.81) time via the master method. Changing variables can sometimes simplify recurrences.
The document discusses geometric and analytical thinking. It begins by defining analytical geometry as the science that combines algebra and geometry to describe geometric figures from both algebraic and geometric viewpoints. It then discusses how analytical geometry originated with René Descartes' use of the Cartesian plane. Several geometric figures are then analyzed, including lines, circles, ellipses, and parabolas. Their key parameters and equations are defined. In particular, it provides the canonical equations for circles, ellipses, and parabolas, and discusses topics like slope and parallelism for lines.
The document discusses vector spaces and related linear algebra concepts. It defines vector spaces and lists the axioms that must be satisfied. Examples of vector spaces include the set of all pairs of real numbers and the space of 2x2 symmetric matrices. The document also discusses subspaces, linear combinations, span, basis, dimension, row space, column space, null space, rank, nullity, and change of basis. It provides examples and explanations of these fundamental linear algebra topics.
This document defines key concepts related to lines in the Euclidean plane including:
1. The definition of a line L as the set of points P0 + ta, where P0 is a base point, a is a non-zero direction vector, and t is a real parameter.
2. Methods for finding the equation of a line including the vector form, parametric form, symmetric form, normal form, and point-slope form.
3. Concepts such as the angle of inclination and slope of a line, and conditions for parallelism and orthogonality between lines.
This document discusses real vector spaces and provides examples of determining whether a set with defined operations is a vector space. Some key points covered include:
- The definition of a vector space and properties it must satisfy, such as closure under addition and scalar multiplication.
- Examples of determining if a set is a vector space by checking if it satisfies the necessary properties.
- The definition of a subspace, and using properties of closure under operations to determine if a subset is a subspace.
- The concept of a linear combination of vectors and using an augmented matrix to determine if a vector can be written as a linear combination of other vectors.
The document discusses lines and planes in 3D space. It defines lines as being determined by a point and direction vector, and gives parametric and symmetric equations to represent lines. Planes are defined by a point and normal vector, with standard and general forms for their equations. Methods are provided for finding the intersection of lines or planes, as well as the distance between a point and plane or line. Examples demonstrate finding equations of lines and planes, sketching planes, and determining relationships between lines or planes.
This document discusses algorithms analysis and recurrence relations. It begins by defining recurrences as equations that describe a function in terms of its value on smaller inputs. Solving recurrences is important for determining an algorithm's actual running time. Several methods for solving recurrences are presented, including iteration, substitution, recursion trees, and the master method. Examples are provided to demonstrate each technique. Overall, the document provides an overview of recurrences and their analysis to determine algorithmic efficiency.
The document introduces concepts of vector algebra and geometry in two dimensions. It defines vectors, vector operations like addition and scalar multiplication, and properties including equality of vectors, parallelism, orthogonality, and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. It also covers vector representations geometrically as arrows, vector length, unit vectors, and linear combinations of vectors. Key concepts are illustrated with diagrams of vectors in the Cartesian plane.
The document discusses Cartesian and parametric coordinates. Cartesian coordinates describe a curve with one equation where points have two coordinates. Parametric coordinates describe a curve with two equations, where points have one parameter. Any point on a parabola can be defined parametrically with equations relating x and y to a single parameter t, where a is the focal length. The focus of a parabola has coordinates (1/4a, 0). An example demonstrates converting between parametric and Cartesian forms of a curve.
This document discusses parametric curves and their properties. It contains examples of curves defined by parametric equations in x and y, and explains how to plot these curves. It also describes how to find the Cartesian equation for a parametric curve by eliminating the parameter from the equations. Finally, it shows how to calculate the gradient of tangents to a parametric curve and find the equation of a tangent line for a given value of the parameter.
This document discusses different coordinate systems used to describe points in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces, including polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It provides the key formulas for converting between Cartesian and these other coordinate systems, and gives examples of performing these conversions as well as writing equations of basic geometric shapes in different coordinate systems.
This document discusses finding the equation of the chord of contact of a parabola given an external point. It provides two approaches: (1) using parametric equations to derive the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y) and (2) using Cartesian coordinates to show that the external point lies on the tangent lines, also deriving the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y). It then lists related exercises.
This document discusses finding the equation of the chord of contact of a parabola given an external point. It provides two approaches: (1) using parametric equations to derive the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y) and (2) using Cartesian coordinates to show that the external point lies on the tangent lines, also deriving the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y). It then lists related exercises.
This document discusses finding the equation of the chord of contact of a parabola given an external point. It provides two approaches: (1) using parametric equations to derive the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y) and (2) using Cartesian coordinates to show that the external point lies on the tangent lines, also deriving the chord of contact equation as x0x = 2a(y0 + y). It then lists related exercises.
1) This document discusses how to solve quadratic equations by graphing, including identifying the terms of a quadratic equation, finding the solutions by graphing, and graphing quadratic functions.
2) The key steps for graphing a quadratic function are to find the axis of symmetry using the standard form equation, find the vertex point, and find two other points to reflect across the axis of symmetry to complete the parabolic graph.
3) An example problem walks through graphing the quadratic equation y = x^2 - 4x by first finding the roots, vertex, and axis of symmetry, and then constructing a table to plot points and graph the parabola.
Parametric equations describe curves using two functions, one for the x-coordinates and one for the y-coordinates, rather than a single function relating x and y. They allow curves to be described that cannot be expressed as a single-valued function. The parameter, often representing time or an angle, does not appear in the final graph but is used to generate the coordinates.
APEX INSTITUTE has been established with sincere and positive resolve to do something rewarding for ENGG. / PRE-MEDICAL aspirants. For this the APEX INSTITUTE has been instituted to provide a relentlessly motivating and competitive atmosphere.
The document discusses key concepts about linear equations in two variables including:
1) It describes the Cartesian coordinate plane and how to plot points based on their x and y coordinates.
2) It explains how to find the slope, y-intercept, and x-intercept of a linear equation graphically and algebraically.
3) It provides examples of rewriting linear equations in slope-intercept form (y=mx+b) and using intercepts and slopes to graph lines on the coordinate plane.
The document discusses polar coordinates and vectors. It introduces parametric equations to describe the motion of a particle in the xy-plane over time. The variable t is called the parameter. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to find the graph of parametric equations by plugging in values for t. The document also contains information on standard representation of vectors in 3D space using i, j, and k basis vectors and examples of finding the standard representation of vectors.
Applied Calculus Chapter 1 polar coordinates and vectorJ C
The document discusses polar coordinates and vectors. It introduces parametric equations to describe the motion of a particle in the xy-plane over time. The variable t is called the parameter. Examples are provided to demonstrate forming Cartesian equations by eliminating t from parametric equations and graphing parametric equations by plugging in values of t. The document also discusses standard representation and finding direction numbers of vectors in R3.
1. This document discusses linear equations, slope, graphing lines, writing equations in slope-intercept form, and solving systems of linear equations.
2. Key concepts explained include slope as rise over run, the different forms of writing a linear equation, finding the x- and y-intercepts, and using two points to write the equation of a line in slope-intercept form.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to graph lines based on their equations in different forms, find intercepts, write equations from two points, and solve systems of linear equations.
This document discusses solving locus problems by eliminating parameters from coordinate expressions. It outlines three types of locus problems based on the relationship between the x and y coordinates: 1) No parameters in x or y, 2) An obvious single-parameter relationship, 3) A non-obvious relationship requiring use of another proven relationship. Examples are provided for each type. The document also discusses finding the locus of the point where two tangents or normals to a parabola intersect.
* Plot ordered pairs in a Cartesian coordinate system.
* Graph equations by plotting points.
* Find x-intercepts and y-intercepts.
* Use the distance formula.
* Use the midpoint formula.
This document provides an overview of quadratic functions including:
- The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
- The general form of a quadratic function is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
- Key aspects that must be identified before sketching the graph are the nature of the turning point, y-intercept, x-intercepts, and axis of symmetry.
- Quadratic equations can be solved by factorizing, completing the square, or using the quadratic formula. The discriminant determines the nature of the roots.
The document discusses finding the chord of contact for a parabola given an external point T. It provides two approaches: (1) a parametric approach that involves finding the points P and Q where tangents from T meet the parabola, and showing that PQ is the chord of contact; and (2) a Cartesian approach that directly shows the chord of contact equation by analyzing the tangent lines from T to the parabola through points P and Q. Both approaches conclude that the chord of contact has the equation x0x = 2a(y0 - y).
1) To graph a quadratic function in standard form y=ax^2 + bx + c, one finds the axis of symmetry using the formula x=-b/2a, finds the vertex by substituting the axis into the function, and finds two other points to reflect across the axis and connect with a smooth curve.
2) The axis of symmetry always passes through the vertex. The y-intercept can be found by substituting x=0 into the function.
3) A quadratic function has either 0, 1, or 2 solutions which are found by setting the function equal to 0 and solving the resulting quadratic equation.
This document discusses vector and parametric equations that describe lines. It provides the following key points:
1) A vector equation of a line passing through a point P1 and parallel to a vector a is defined as P1P2 = t*a, where t is a scalar.
2) The parametric equations of a line parallel to a vector a and passing through a point P1 are x = x1 + t*a1 and y = y1 + t*a2, where t is any real number.
3) Each value of t in the parametric equations establishes a point (x,y) on the line. Setting the independent variable t equal in both equations allows
Similar to 11X1 T12 03 parametric coordinates (2011) (20)
Slideshare is discontinuing its Slidecast feature as of February 28, 2014. Existing Slidecasts will be converted to static presentations without audio by April 30, 2014. The document informs users that new slidecasts can be found on myPlick.com or the author's blog starting in 2014. However, myPlick proved unreliable, so future slidecasts will instead be hosted on the author's YouTube channel.
The document discusses different methods for factorising expressions:
1) Looking for a common factor and dividing it out of all terms
2) Using the difference of two squares formula (a2 - b2 = (a - b)(a + b))
3) Factorising quadratic trinomials into two binomial factors by identifying the values that multiply to give the constant term and sum to give the coefficient of the linear term.
The document provides information on index laws and the meaning of indices in algebra:
- Index laws state that am × an = am+n, am ÷ an = am-n, and (am)n = amn. Exponents can be added or subtracted when multiplying or dividing terms with the same base.
- Positive exponents indicate a term is raised to a power. Negative exponents indicate a root is being taken. Terms with exponents are evaluated from left to right.
- Examples demonstrate how to simplify expressions using index laws and interpret different types of indices.
12 x1 t01 03 integrating derivative on function (2013)Nigel Simmons
The document discusses integrating derivatives of functions. It states that the integral of the derivative of a function f(x) is equal to the natural log of f(x) plus a constant. It then provides examples of integrating several derivatives: (i) ∫(1/(7-3x)) dx = -1/3 log(7-3x) + c, (ii) ∫(1/(8x+5)) dx = 1/8 log(8x+5) + c, and (iii) ∫(x5/(x-2)) dx = 1/6 log(x6-2) + c. It also discusses techniques for integrating fractions by polynomial long division and finds
The document discusses logarithms and their properties. Logarithms are defined as the inverse of exponentials. If y = ax, then x = loga y. The natural logarithm is log base e, written as ln. Properties of logarithms include: loga m + loga n = loga mn; loga m - loga n = loga(m/n); loga mn = n loga m; loga 1 = 0; loga a = 1. Examples of evaluating logarithmic expressions are provided.
The document discusses relationships between the coefficients and roots of polynomials. It states that for a polynomial P(x) = axn + bxn-1 + cxn-2 + ..., the sum of the roots equals -b/a, the sum of the roots taken two at a time equals c/a, and so on for higher order terms. It also provides examples of using these relationships to find the sums of roots for a given polynomial.
P
4
3
2
The document discusses properties of polynomials with multiple roots. It first proves that if a polynomial P(x) has a root x = a of multiplicity m, then the derivative of P(x), P'(x), will have a root x = a of multiplicity m-1. It then provides an example of solving a cubic equation given it has a double root. Finally, it examines a quartic polynomial and shows that its root α cannot be 0, 1, or -1, and that 1/
The document discusses factorizing complex expressions. The main points are:
- If a polynomial's coefficients are real, its roots will appear in complex conjugate pairs.
- Any polynomial of degree n can be factorized into a mixture of quadratic and linear factors over real numbers, or into n linear factors over complex numbers.
- Odd degree polynomials must have at least one real root.
- Examples of factorizing polynomials over both real and complex numbers are provided.
The document describes the Trapezoidal Rule for approximating the area under a curve between two points. It shows that the area A is estimated by dividing the region into trapezoids with height equal to the function values at the interval endpoints and bases equal to the intervals. In general, the area is approximated as the sum of the areas of each trapezoid, which is equal to the average of the endpoint function values multiplied by the interval length.
The document discusses methods for calculating the volumes of solids of revolution. It provides formulas for finding volumes when an area is revolved around either the x-axis or y-axis. Examples are given for finding volumes of common solids like cones, spheres, and others. Steps are shown for using the formulas to calculate volumes based on given functions and limits of revolution.
The document discusses different methods for calculating the area under a curve or between curves.
(1) The area below the x-axis is given by the integral of the function between the bounds, which can be positive or negative depending on whether the area is above or below the x-axis.
(2) To calculate the area on the y-axis, the function is solved for x in terms of y, then the bounds are substituted into the integral of this new function with respect to y.
(3) The area between two curves is calculated by taking the integral of the upper curve minus the integral of the lower curve, both between the same bounds on the x-axis.
The document discusses 8 properties of definite integrals:
1) Integrating polynomials results in a fraction.
2) Constants can be factored out of integrals.
3) Integrals of sums are equal to the sum of integrals.
4) Splitting an integral range results in the sum of the integrals.
5) Integrals of positive functions over a range are positive, and negative if the function is negative.
6) Integrals can be compared based on the relative values of the integrands.
7) Changing the limits of integration flips the sign of the integral.
8) Integrals of odd functions over a symmetric range are zero, and integrals of even functions are twice the integral over
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
3. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
4. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y
x
5. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y
x
6. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y x 2 4ay
x
7. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y x 2 4ay Cartesian equation
x
8. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y x 2 4ay Cartesian equation
x 2at , y at 2
x
9. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y x 2 4ay Cartesian equation
x 2at , y at 2 Parametric coordinates
x
10. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y x 2 4ay Cartesian equation
x 2at , y at 2 Parametric coordinates
(2a, a)
x
11. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y x 2 4ay Cartesian equation
x 2at , y at 2 Parametric coordinates
(2a, a) Cartesian coordinates
x
12. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y x 2 4ay Cartesian equation
x 2at , y at 2 Parametric coordinates
(2a, a) Cartesian coordinates
t 1
x
13. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y x 2 4ay Cartesian equation
x 2at , y at 2 Parametric coordinates
(2a, a) Cartesian coordinates
t 1 parameter
x
14. Parametric Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: curve is described by one equation and points
are described by two numbers.
Parametric Coordinates: curve is described by two equations and points
are described by one number (parameter).
y x 2 4ay Cartesian equation
(4a, 4a) x 2at , y at 2 Parametric coordinates
t 2
(2a, a) Cartesian coordinates
t 1 parameter
x
15. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
16. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at
17. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at y at 2
18. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at y at 2
where; a is the focal length
19. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at y at 2
where; a is the focal length
t is any real number
20. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at y at 2
where; a is the focal length
t is any real number
e.g. Eliminate the parameter to find the cartesian equation of;
1 1
x t , y t2
2 4
21. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at y at 2
where; a is the focal length
t is any real number
e.g. Eliminate the parameter to find the cartesian equation of;
1 1
x t , y t2
2 4
t 2x
22. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at y at 2
where; a is the focal length
t is any real number
e.g. Eliminate the parameter to find the cartesian equation of;
1 1
x t , y t2
2 4
1
y 2x
2
t 2x
4
23. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at y at 2
where; a is the focal length
t is any real number
e.g. Eliminate the parameter to find the cartesian equation of;
1 1
x t , y t2
2 4
1
y 2x
2
t 2x
4
y 4x2
1
4
y x2
24. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at y at 2
where; a is the focal length
t is any real number
e.g. Eliminate the parameter to find the cartesian equation of;
1 1
x t , y t2
2 4
1
y 2x
2
t 2x
4
y 4x2
1
4
y x2
(ii) State the coordinates of the focus
25. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at y at 2
where; a is the focal length
t is any real number
e.g. Eliminate the parameter to find the cartesian equation of;
1 1
x t , y t2
2 4
1
y 2x
2
t 2x
4
y 4x2
1
4
y x2
(ii) State the coordinates of the focus
1
a
4
26. Any point on the parabola x 2 4ay has coordinates;
x 2at y at 2
where; a is the focal length
t is any real number
e.g. Eliminate the parameter to find the cartesian equation of;
1 1
x t , y t2
2 4
1
y 2x
2
t 2x
4
y 4x2
1
4
y x2
(ii) State the coordinates of the focus 1
a
1 focus 0,
4 4
29. (iii) Calculate the parametric coordinates of the curve y 8 x 2
x 2 4ay
1
4a
8
1
a
32
30. (iii) Calculate the parametric coordinates of the curve y 8 x 2
x 2 4ay
1
4a
8
1
a
32
1 1
the parametric coordinates are t , t 2
16 32
31. (iii) Calculate the parametric coordinates of the curve y 8 x 2
x 2 4ay
1
4a
8
1
a
32
1 1
the parametric coordinates are t , t 2
16 32
Exercise 9D; 1, 2 (not latus rectum), 3, 5, 7a